BUILDING SERVICES III

AR8622_Sem06_2022

UNIT I – AIR CONDITIONING – PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEMS

Prepared by Ar. Srinath Venkatesh, Asst. Professor, McGAN’S Ooty School of Architecture
AIR CONDITIONING – PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEMS –
CRUST

- Thermodynamics. Transfer of heat. Refrigeration cycle components.

Vapor compression cycle.

- Refrigerant, Compressor, condenser, evaporator, refrigerant control

devices, electric motors, air handling units, cooling towers.

- Air conditioning systems for buildings of different scales and their

requirements- window type, split system, package unit, direct
expansion system, chilled water system, fan coil unit, district cooling
systems.

- Energy efficient systems, environmental aspects and latest innovations.

- Understanding all the above through product literature/ field visits.

BASIC PRINCIPLES
R Intakes heat
THERMODYNAMICS from space for
cooling

Transfers heated Thermo + Dynamics

R from Evaporator
to Compressor

Heat Energy Movement

Condensed and cool
R transferred again Movement or change of a
for Evaporator process due to heat flow.
Superheated R leaves
Compressor for rapid
condensation

Releases heat in
to the
environment
BASIC PRINCIPLES
THERMODYNAMICS RULE

IInd Law of Thermodynamics Transfer of Heat

The Second Law is the most understandable and useful

in real world applications, and makes heating, air
conditioning, and refrigeration possible. Energy must
flow from a higher state to a lower state. That is, heat
must always flow from the warmer object to a cooler
object and not from the cooler object to the warmer
object.
COMPONENTS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
EVAPORATOR / INDOOR UNIT

- Chilled liquid refrigerant enters inside

evaporator coils.

- Blower intakes and blows the hot indoor air

onto the coil.

- Refrigerant conducts the heat from indoor air

and delivers cold air to the interiors.

- Refrigerant on absorbing the heat converts

itself into vapor.

- Exits the evaporator coil.

 Room air
intake
Casing

Blower

Evaporator
Coil
COMPONENTS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
COMPRESSOR (SCROLL TYPE)

- Vaporized medium hot

refrigerant flows into the
compressor.

- Compressor increases the

pressure of the refrigerant
to make it more hotter than
the outside temperature.

- Refrigerant flows through

the discharge end of the
compressor.

- Compressor can only intake

the vaporized refrigerant.

- Refrigerant leaves to the

condenser.
COMPONENTS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
COMPRESSOR (SCROLL TYPE)

Archimidian
Spiral
COMPONENTS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
COMPRESSOR (SCROLL TYPE)

- Condenser receives the superheat vaporized

refrigerant from compressor.

- Condenser evacuates heat from refrigerant through

a fan. This converts the superheat vapor to cooled
liquid refrigerant.

- The superheat from the refrigerant evacuates to

outdoor environment as it has more temperature
than outside environment. (2nd law of
thermodynamics)

- Chilled refrigerant leaves condenser to Expansion

valve.
COMPONENTS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
COMPRESSOR (SCROLL TYPE)
COMPONENTS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE

- Vaporized refrigerant received at Thermostatic

expansion valve.

- Diaphragm controls the letting of refrigerant into the

evaporator coil.

- The sensing bulb detects the heat at the evaporator

exit, in order to protect liquid refrigerant flowing into
the compressor.

- Expansion valve is not for sensing the room

temperature. It is to control the flow of required
refrigerant to enter the evaporator coil.
COMPONENTS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE
COMPONENTS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
WATER COOLED CHILLER
Condenser Unit Compressor

The Evaporator unit provides chilled water to the system via.,

AHU and equipped with a return pipe for receiving hot water
from AHU’s Evaporator coil.

The Refrigerant flow between the Evaporator and Condenser

units are responsible for heat transfer in the system as like in case
of Split AC system, using the Compressor.

Condenser unit is responsible for releasing heat absorbed by

refrigerant into the outdoor environment via., Cooling towers
placed on the terrace of the building. It is equipped with a return
pipe from Cooling tower for receiving a comparatively less hot
water.

The Centrifugal pumps are responsible for pumping the hot and
cold water from condenser and evaporator units respectively.

Evaporator Unit
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – RETURN AND FRESH AIR MIXING TYPE
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – RETURN AND FRESH AIR MIXING TYPE

This type of AHU has the supply and return side interlinked for
utilizing the return air (with minimum heat) from interior spaces
of the building . This could effectively reduce the energy
consumption in the system. But, the co2 content in the air should
be always ensured and air changes have to occur as per
standards.

AHU consumes air from outdoor and pass it over a series of

removable panels like, dampers, panel filters and bag filter.
Also, the presence of heat coil, cooling coil and humidifier
supports AHU to supply air with consideration to climatic factors.

The Dampers within the AHU controls the air flow and maintains
the pressure within it with the help of pressure sensor placed
above each panels and coils.

The centrifugal fans are responsible for extracting and forcing of

air within the AHU’s supply and return side respectively.
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – RETURN AND FRESH AIR MIXING TYPE

Trash collected in the grill of supply side of AHU Dampers restricting the air Panel filters to restrict larger dust particles
with their pivoting blades

Bag filters to restrict very smaller dust particles Centrifugal fan Dehumidifier Frost block coil
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – TYPICAL AHU

The supply and return sides kept in different places with no interlinks between them. The supply
side intakes the air from outdoor environment, while the return release the used air from indoor
spaces into the outdoor environment directly or to the cooling towers.
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – TYPICAL AHU
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – RUN AROUND COIL AHU

Used where heating is primary need. The supply and return sides kept in different places with interlinks between them
via., the heat exchange loop. The supply side intakes the air from outdoor environment, while the return release the waste
heat to supply side through a heating coil. Thus, maintaining the Return and fresh air mixing type AHU’s loop.
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – RUN AROUND COIL AHU

Used where heating is primary need. The rotating wheel with coil acts as heat transferers through rotation, thereby
thermal energy gets transferred from one part of the system to other part of the system.
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – FAN COIL UNITS

For heating coil, For cooling coil,

from boiler from chiller

Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – FAN COIL UNITS
COMPONENTS – HVAC – CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
AIR HANDLING UNIT – FAN COIL UNITS

FCUs help in decentralizing the air conditioning in buildings. The

building are divided into zones for Air conditioning different
zones differently. Hence, an individual control unit, like FCUs
supply conditioned air as per the needs of that specific zone.

FCUs also help in maintaining the efficiency and effectiveness of

the air conditioning system. The heating and cooling coils are
provided in all AHUs and FCUs in order to eradicate heating and
cooling losses within the system.

FCUs are accommodated with minimum of 2 centrifugal fans that

passes the air over the heating (hot water supplied from boilers)
and cooling coils (chilled water supplied from chiller). The
heating and cooling coils switch as per controls set by the user in
FCUs.