AP BIOLOGY 12 LABS

What is the main concept of each lab?

LAB 1: DIFFUSION
AND OSMOSIS
 Semi-permeable membrane
 Must be small enough to fit through pores
 Transport proteins
 Active transport

 Glucose/Starch/Iodine

 6 varying M of solutions placed in distilled water

 1 piece of potato placed in 6 varying solutions

 % change =

Final-initial/initial x 100
 LAB 2:
ENZYMES

 Speeds up reactions
 2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O
 Catalase speeds up

 This lab measured the rate (what else to measure?)

 Disappearance of substrates or appearance of
products
 Normally will have a maximum rate when all enzymes
working
 Stopped enzyme by using acid to denature

 Could use salinity or temp

 Disrupts 4*, 3* or 2* bonds, esp the active site

 KMNO was an indicator

4
 pink meant no more H O
2 2
LAB 3: MITOSIS AND
MEIOSIS
 Onion root cells b/c dividing rapidly
 (div/elong/maturation, meristem, etc)
 Counted # of cells to determine longest part of cell
cycle
 Interphase (G1, S, G2) vs. Mitosis (PMAT) and Cyotkinesis

 Meiosis = reduce chromosome # and increase

variation
 Sordaria= fungi with sexual spores that show c.o.
 Measure rates by comparing %
LAB 4: PIGMENTS AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Pigments = proteins that use light
energy to excited e-
 Primary = chlorophyll a/b
 Secondary = accessory = carotenoids =
beta carotene and xanthophyll
 Separate using chromatography (paper and
solvent, gas)
 Physical properties such as size, mass, polarity

 Rf value = distance pigment/ distance solvent

 Light rxns = capturing of light energy

into electron carriers to be used to fix
carbon
 Normally NADP, substitute DPIP (must
be more…)
 Measure effect if (no light, boiled,
combinations)
 Heat sink to remove light
 Spectrophotometer measures light passing
through
 DPIP becomes more clear as it gets reduced
LAB 5: RESPIRATION
 In PEAS!!
 Dry, germinating, beads
 C6H12O6 + 602 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
 Measure consumption or production
 Respirometer
 KOH removes CO
2
 Gas laws PV=nRT
 Loss of gas means decreased pressure

 water moved in

 Don’t forget anaerobic

LAB 6: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 Transformation
 Taking up of foreign genes into host (bacteria)
 Requires restriction enzymes to cleave DNA, ligase to reseal
 Source = bacterial protection from invading viruses

 Use same restriction enzyme

 Need vector (plasmid)

 Heatshock to get plasmid in, CaCl2 to attract

 Grow on restrictive media to test
 Gel Electrophoresis
 Compare DNA samples (could require PCR if sample is small)
 Enzymes cut at sites that are unique RFLPs
 Separate based on size using gel with pores
 Use electricity as force
 Buffer to prevent damage
LAB 7: GENETICS
 Examine offspring to determine pattern of
inheritance
 Dom/rec, Codom, Incompl, Sex-linked,
Multiple Alleles
 P1, F1, F2
 Make predicitions
 Red x white (two options)
 Red x red

 Are you statistically correct?

LAB 8: EVOLUTION
 Is evolution occuring?
 Hardy-Weinberg
Black is recessive to
pink. Can you count the
 p+q = 1, p2+2pq+q2=1 # of recessive alleles?
 Are allele values staying constant?
 Also help determine % of genotypes
 If occuring:
 Gene flow, gene drift, natural selection, mutation,
non-random mating
 H-W’s conditions
 Heterozygote Advantage
 “a” never disappears
 Lab 9: Transpiration
 Structures and Adaptations

 Lab 10: Circulatory

 Different heart rates and bp
 PQRS wave
 Ecto/Endo

 Lab 11: Animal Behavior

 Innate vs. Learned
 Design Experiment

 Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Primary Production

 DO varies according to temp, other dissolved nutrients
 Represents biological processes (photo and resp)
 Photo = produce O2 and produce food = primary productivity
 Gross (amount available + whatever was consumed)

 Net (amount available)

 Light, existing, dark

 Graphing!!
 Good titles, Good labels, Good units
 Extrapolation of data
 Design
 Control, limited variable, designated IV, DV
 Prediction of data