chapter2 : T heG lobaliz at ion of t he

Cold W ar: Chinaand t heim pactof

m ult
ipolarity on I R ( 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 7 1 )
Thepeople
srepublicofChina
proclaimed
: byMaoZedongin194
whenthecommunist ged
emer
victoriesintheChinesecivilwar

Continuous
evolution:
r ContinuousRevolutionaryTheoryforesawt
theCommunistrulingclasscanitselfturnawayfromtherevo
standpointandbecomeanewrulingclassratherthanatrue
theproletariat.

Sino-Sovietsplit:
thebreakingofpoliticalrelationsbetweenth
UnionandthePRCarisingfrom
ferent
dif interpretationsoftheMar
ideology
.

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 1
 ’ T heform at
ion of t
hepeoplesrepublic of China1 9 4 9
confucianisma
: philosophythatrequiredtheChinesepeopletoacceptwith
theirplaceinanunchangingsocial
. order

closedsociety
,isolatedfromforeigninfluences,senseofsuperiorityaboveother

1840$ s%WUK+FRimposethemselvesonChina

result
China
: wasforcedtoopenherportstoforeigncommerce+acept
estern
trade
terms
onW

republicsetupafter
1-butpower
19 strugglebetweenrivalgroupstryingtoassertt
authoritywith2mainpartiesthe: Nationalists(supportedbytheUSA)andthe
Communistparty(maozedong)

endofWW2nationalists
: severlyweakenedbycommunism%Winnationalists
194: were
forcedtotakerefuge
aiwan
onT

MaoandtheCCPwerenowabletoestablishCommunistruleoverthewholeofm
China.

’ w hatisM aoism ?
centrestagetoanon$western,anti-colonialagenda

Russian-stylecommunismshouldbeadaptedtolocal,nationalconditions

revolutionariestotaketheirstruggleoutofthecitiesandtofightguer
countryside

doctrineofvoluntarismpeople
: withthenecessarystrengthofwill$couldt
country

buildamilitarisedone-partystateworshipfulofitssupremeleader

CulturalRevolution(196-7)%Wowncult,indoctrinatedyouth,smashpartyrivals

Hecreatedalanguagethatintellectualsandpeasants,menandwomencoul
disciplinedarmy;asystemofpropaganda

impactbeganinthe1940sinAsia

Maosawhimselfasleaderoftheworldrevolution

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 2
 TheVietnamesecommunistsennemies
: ofUSAbutdisciplesofMao%WBetween1950and
1975,Chinadonatedsome$20bninaidtoNorth
ietnam
V

result
without
: Maoist-Chineseintervention,
ietnamese
theNorth
communists
V wouldnothave
beenabletofighttheFrenchandthentheUStoexhaustionbetween1945and1973

Maoistinterventionleftheavy
ietnam
scars
executions,
: onV violence

Cambodiasuf
: feredevenworseBy
: early197,around2million$some20%ofthe
population$haddiedunnaturaldeaths

FollowingMao$
sdeathin1976,andthePRC$sowndenunciationoftheCulturalRevolut
butIndiaandNepal$hisideasremainedpowerfullyappealing

India$
sMaoistinsurrectionbeganwiththeNaxaliterebellionof1967

’ China srolein t
heCold W ar
Keycasestudy:TheKoreanW ar

China
194: becameCommunist$supportedNK

NK
1950: invadedSK

SeptUN
1950: troopsintoSKatINCHON%WNKpushedbackintoNKorea

OctChinese
1950: invadedNK%WUNtroopspushedbacktoSK

ST
1950-: ALEMA TEaround38thParallel

AprilMacArthur
195: removedfromposition%WreplacedbyGeneralMatthew
Ridgway

Fightingcontinueduntil1952

T1952: rumanreplacedbyEisenhower

JulyArmistice
1953: signedbetweenNKandChina

KeyColdW arCaseStudy:ietnam
V

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 3
 1968RichardNixonbecomesthePresidentoftheU.S.A.
-NixonpromisestoendtheUSinvolvement ietnam
inV
-NixonappointsHenryKissingerashisNationalSecurityAdvisorwhoworksv
hardtoendthe ietnamV ar
W
-NixonalsowantstostopthespreadofCommunism
-NixonsaidSouth ietnamese
V armywouldhavetodomoreto
ietstop
Congthe
andV
Northietnam
V %WVietnamisation

TheUSAwouldhelppayformoresouth
ietnamese
V troopsandweaponsbutitwoul
notsendAmericantroops ietnam.
intoV
-AtthesametimeNixonwouldstarttakingAmerican ietnam.
troopsoutofV
-NixonalsosaidtheUSwouldbombNorth
ietnam
V and
ietV CongbasesinCambodia
soheandtheUSAwouldlookstrong

40US
196-7: troopsleaveV ietnam

ButUSbombingofNorth
ietnam
V andCambodiamakesAmericamoreunpopularat
homeandabroad.USstilllookstobeheavily
ietnam
involvedinV

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 4
 -SouthVietnamlookasiftheystillneedUShelpadvice,
: weapons
. andmoney
-In1972NorthV ietnambeginsamassiveattack
ietnam
onSouth
butV theycannottake
overtheSouth
’ Hardtosayifietnamisation
V isworkingatthispoint

1973theUSA,SouthV ietnamandNorth
ietnam
V agreeonpeace
-AllUStroopsleaveietnam
V
-USCongressdoesnotallowAmericanmoneytohelp
ietnam
South
fight
Vf of
Communism.

1974NorthV ietnamattacksietnam
SouthVagain

1975thesouthfallstotheNorth
ietnam
andV isunitedunderCommunistrule.

%WTheUSisfinallydefeated.Communismspreadsto
ietnam
South
,Cambodia
V andLaos.
Somuchforcontainment

’ Sino- SovietR elat

ions
Borderdisputes:

Strainsover7,0kmbordersincetime
sar
.19Lenin
ofT seizedOuterMongolia(seen
byChinaasinsphereofinfluence)

ManchuriagivenbacktoChinaafterSWWbutRedArmyhadstrippedprovinceof
industrialresources.

Ideologicaldiffer
ences:

ChinesenotseeMarxismasjustapoliticalmovement:MaowantsittomakeCh
nationagain.Maowantsanagriculturalcommunism.CommunisminChinanation
outsideinterferenceunacceptable..butUSSRseesselfastrueinterprete

Stalincan$
tacceptapeasant-basedrevolution$Marxismmustbebased
. onaprole
MaothinksRussiawantsadividedChinaandtheStalinmotivatedbynation

MaoandStalin:aclashofpersonalities:

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 5
 Communistrevolution
ficially of welcomedbytheUSSR$StalinpresumedMaowould
cometohimforsupport.1950MaovisitedMoscowbutfeltthathehadbeenill-treat
leftassoonasatreatywassigned

TheSino-Soviet
reaty
T 1950:

TheUSSRhadstruckahard
gain
bar
:

$30mSovietloantoberepaidwithinterest.

10,Sovieteconomicmilitary
& advisorspaidforbyChina

ChinagavetheUSSRthebulkofitsbullionreserves

Mao$ sfrustrationheightenedduring
ar KoreanW

AllSovietsupplieshadto. bepaidfor

SuspicionStalinkeptwargoingtoexhaustChina

ThePRC sdependenceontheSovietUnion:

Sovietplannersandengineersleftmark:

Architecture

Scientifictechniques

Militaryadvice

Chinaandde-Stalinisation:

ThawafterStalin$
sdeath..newSovietloansandtechnologygrantedbuteventsin
makethingsworse.

February1956KhrushchevlaunchesattackonStalin:Maoreadthisasanattackon
personalitycult.

Mao sconcernsovertheCommunistBloc:

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 6
 Greaterfreedom
fered
of toEasternBlocbutrisingcriticismhadnotbeenpredic
USSR.

HungarianUprisingforMaotheresultofrelaxationoftheideologicalgrip..th
leadershipangeredhim.

Mao sconcernsoverSoviet
evisionism
r détente
and :

Moscowsuggestedtherewereotherwaystoachieverevolutionthananarme
meansMarxist-Leninnotionnolongerapplicable.

UnacceptableforMao,SovietCommunismhadtakenthewrongpath..mustbeafina
struggle.

Mao ssecondvisittotheUSSR1957:

1957Kor ganisedaconferenceinMoscowtorepairdamagewithothercommunist
countries..butMaoonlywentasheito
thought
wouldTbethere.

MaoacknowledgedtheUSSR$
suniquepositioninCommunisthistorybuthealsodem
thatRussiaabandonconcessionsest.
towardstheW

Mao ssuspicionstowardstheSovietUnion:

MaothinkstheUSSRisfollowingdétentetoleaveChinaisolated$DengXiaopin
attemptedtopersuadeRussiandelegatedthatonlyanarmedstrugglewasp

MaoandKhrushchev:

KflewtomeetMaoinBeijingfollowingamisunderstandingoverajointnaval

Kwasnotgivengoodhospitality
.

DengagaincriticisedtheUSSR:-

Chauvinist

Betrayingcommunistmovement

Russiansdelegateswerespies

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 7
 TheTaiwanIssue:

1958Maopreparedfull-scaleinvasion
aiwan
ofT withouttellingtheUSSRandbacked
downwhrnUSmadereadyforattackonChina.

MaoclaimeddidnotinvadeastheUSSR
tgiven
hadn$
itssupport..KretortedthatChina
lostallsenseof. reality

TheUSSRwithdrewitsadvisorsandstoppeditscommercialcontracts.

Soviet
eaction
r toChina
sGreatLeapForward:

195MaoangeredthatMoscowdismissedtheGLFasaneconomicblunder

Sino-SovietrivalryoverAlbania:

ChinahadcondemnedRussiaoverde-StalinisationbutthensupportedAlba
defiedtheUSSR(196).

WhenUSSRwithdrewsupporttoAlbania,thePRCsteppedin

China
swalkout
omfr
the196MoscowConfer ence:

ZhouEnlaiwalkedoutofconferencewhereChinahadobservers:KhadberatedA
itsbackwardStalinistwaysandChinahadtakenthisasanattackonitsel

Thisledtoseveringofdiplomaticrelations.

KcalledM$anAsianHitler
$and$alivingcorpse$whileMcalledK$aredundantoldboot$.

Anincreaseinlocaldisputesalongtheborder:-

USSRstationed50divisionsthere

ChinaangeratSovietrefusaltoreturnterritoriesduringcolonialp

TheSino-IndiaWar1962:

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 8
 USSRneutralbutprovidedIndiawithfighterplanesandmoralsupport..Maore
Sovietfer
of tomediateashypocrisy
.

TheCubanMissileCrisis1962

MridiculedtheSoviet$
sclaimtoleadershipoftheworldrevolution:Maocondemned
$capitulationism$.

Sino-Sovietdisagr
eementovercoexistencewith
estthe
: W

CoexistencewasabetrayaloftherevolutionforM:it
estern
settled
terms.
issuesonW

Coexistencecouldonlyexistbetweenequalnations
fcapitalism.
whohadshaken
. of

SovietsayMirresponsibleandarrogant..

ThecollectiveSovietleadershipafterKcontinuedtoisolateChina:theC
(196)wasassociatedwiththe$yellowperil$.

Mao$ sconceptionofcontinuingrevolution

McondemnedSovietcommunismasareturntocapitalismandcalledonworker
China$
smodelofcontinuingrevolution.

Spreadrevolutionacrosstheworldbutpreventthemfromstoppingasthen
preytoreaction.

Rivalryovertheleadershipofinternationalcommunism:

InMarxisttheoryonlyanindustrialproletariatcouldhaveatruerevolut
saidChinanotafullydevelopedCommuniststate

TheNuclearIssue:

1963T estBan
reaty
T dispute:theSovietUnionwasaccusedbyMofcollaboratingw
W estratherthanconfrontingimperialism.

KsaidMwantedWestandEasttodestroyeachothersoChinacoulddominate.

TheUSSRhasinsistedthatifChinawantedthebombithadtoletitcontrol
policy
.thismadeMmoredeterminedtohavehisown.

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 9
 195SovietscientistshadwithdrawnbuttheChineseputbacktogetherthes
documents.

1964Chinadetonateditsfirstatomicdevice..1967thePRCgotitsfirstH-bomb

Mao swillingnesstocontemplatenuclearwar:

Mreferredtoatomicweaponsas$papertigers$.HetoldKhewasnotafraidofnucle
China$
spopulationwassobig!

MbelievedChina$
semer
genceasasuperpoweranditslackoffearmadeitthetrue
championoftheoppressedpeople.

MaoandBrezhnev(sovietpolitician):

B(late1960sto1982)wasaStalinisthardlinerinforeignpolicy-1968the$PragueSpring$
wascrushedbyRussiantanks.

MaorejectedSovietsrighttoimposeitsauthorityonmembersofMarxistcam

Sino-Sovietconfr
ontation196:

BorganisedinternationalcommunistconferencetohaveChinaoutlawedbu
Czechoslovakiahadweakenedhisprestige
tgeta$he
unanimous
didn$ vote.

Internationalcommunismwasseriouslyfragmented..

196therewereseriousborderincidentsandbothsuperpowerspointedtheir
inwardstowardseachother!

TheimpactofMaosdeath:

1976Maodiedandtheanti-SovietGangofFourwasoverthrownremovingdangerof
nuclearconfrontation.

XiaopingadoptedEnlai$
smoretolerantapproachtowardsinternationalrelati
tensionswiththeUSSRlessened.

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 10
 ’ Sino- U S rapprochem ent:
WHY:

KeyconsequenceofSino-Sovsplit

InChina$
sinteresttoseekrapprochementwiththeirenemy

MaosoughttostrengthenhispositionasleaderofChinaandmovementforwo

USAnowconsideredtobeadecliningpowerandtheUSSRtobeastrongthreatt

WHA T:

American
197; tabletennisteaminvitedtoChina(ping-pong
rade
diplomacy)
andtravel
T
restrictionsrelaxed

JulyKissinger,
$71; USSecretaryofState,visitedChinaanddevelopedgoodworking
relationshipwithEnlai

Nixon
1972; visitedChina;success;communiquéproducedatendofsummit

Ford,
1975; newUSPresident,visitedChina

Chinese.visited
gov countriesinEasternEuropetostrengthentieswithChi
USSR

TradebetweenUSAChina
& grew;from$5mto$50minayear

USissued$Ł
wo
T China$s$Øpolicysupport
& for
aiwan
T diminished;backedexpulsionof
TaiwanfromUNin197andgavediplomaticrecognitiontocomm.RegimeinChina,
withdrewitfrom
aiwanT

improvedlinkswithUSAcausedtensionswithChinaits
& ietnam
allies;
irritated
NorthV as
USAondefensiveinthe
,Albania
war accusedChinaofbetrayingworldproletarian
revolution

linkswithUSAhelpedrestore
sdamaged
Mao$ standingwithChinaafterCulturalRev;
enhancedpowerofEnlai

forUSA,linkswerevaluablewayofexertingpressureofUSSRtoextractconcessi
them

chapterThe
2: Globalizationofthear:
Cold
China
W andtheimpactofmultipolarityonIR(194-7) 1 1