JGU Id. No.

_____________

O.P. Jindal Global University

Jindal Global Law School
End-term Examination – Semester B

Course Name : English - II

Course Code : L-CA-0007
Programme : B.A., LL.B, B.B.A., LL.B & B.COM..LL.B.
Session : 2021-22
Time Allowed : 12 hours
Maximum Marks : 50 marks

This question paper has 4 printed pages (including this page).

Instructions to students:

1. DO NOT write your Name and Student Id. No. anywhere on the answer book.
2. Start each response on a new page.
3. Students undertaking the examination are requested to adhere to the University norms related to
examinations.
4. The maximum word limit of all the answers combined shouldn’t exceed more than 3000 words.
5. In case of the questions on long and short fictional narratives, the student must attempt questions on
those texts that the instructor has taught in the specific class.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
This is a take-home examination.  

Warning: Plagiarism in any form is prohibited.

JGLS [End-term Examination - Semester B, 2021 - 2022] Page 1

Q.1 Analyze the scenario given below and draft a formal letter. Attempt any one. 1 X 10 = 10 marks.
Up to 400 words.

Sharda Suman, a fifth-year law student subscribed to a law journal ‘Legal Chronicle’ for one year for
the cost of Rs. 4500 annually. After the expiry of subscription period 1st of January 2022, the publisher,
LLW Publishers continued the supply of journal by the post. Ms. Suman continued to use it and did not
send any communication for stopping the supply of the journal. The publishers want to demand the cost
of journal supplied between January to May, 2022, bi- monthly after the expiry of one year period. On
behalf of the publishers, send a letter to Ms. Sharda Suman.

Applicable Law

Section 73 in The Indian Contract Act, 1872

73. Compensation for loss or damage caused by breach of contract.—When a contract has been broken, the party who
suffers by such breach is entitled to receive, from the party who has broken the contract, compensation for any loss or
damage caused to him thereby, which naturally arose in the usual course of things from such breach, or which the parties
knew, when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach of it. —When a contract has been broken, the
party who suffers by such breach is entitled to receive, from the party who has broken the contract, compensation for any
loss or damage caused to him thereby, which naturally arose in the usual course of things from such breach, or which the
parties knew, when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach of it." Such compensation is not to be
given for any remote and indirect loss or damage sustained by reason of the breach. Compensation for failure to discharge
obligation resembling those created by contract. —When an obligation resembling those created by contract has been
incurred and has not been discharged, any person injured by the failure to discharge it is entitled to receive the same
compensation from the party in default, as if such person had contracted to discharge it and had broken his contract. —
When an obligation resembling those created by contract has been incurred and has not been discharged, any person
injured by the failure to discharge it is entitled to receive the same compensation from the party in default, as if such
person had contracted to discharge it and had broken his contract." Explanation. —In estimating the loss or damage
arising from a breach of contract, the means which existed of remedying the inconvenience caused by the non-
performance of the contract must be considered

Section 74: Compensation for breach of contract where penalty stipulated for. 
1
[When a contract has been broken, if a sum is named in the contract as the amount to be paid in case of such breach, or if
the contract contains any other stipulation by way of penalty, the party complaining of the breach is entitled, whether or
not actual damage or loss is proved to have been caused thereby, to receive from the party who has broken the contract
reasonable compensation not exceeding the amount so named or, as the case may be, the penalty stipulated for.

Explanation.-- A stipulation for increased interest from the date of default may be a stipulation by way of penalty.]
Exception.-- When any person enters into any bail-bond, recognizance or other instrument of the same nature, or, under
the provisions of any law, or under the orders of the 2 [Central Government] or of any 3[State Government], gives any
bond for

JGLS [End-term Examination - Semester B, 2021 - 2022] Page 2

the performance of any public duty or act in which the public are interested, he shall be liable, upon breach of the
condition of any such instrument, to pay the whole sum mentioned therein.
Explanation.-- A person who enters into a contract with Government does not necessarily thereby undertake any public
duty, or promise to do an act in which the public are interested.

Section 75. Party rightfully rescinding contract, entitled to compensation. Previous Next

A person who rightfully rescinds a contract is entitled to compensation for any damage which he has sustained through the
non-fulfilment of the contract.
Illustration
A, a singer, contracts with B, the manager of a theatre, to sing at his theatre for two nights in every week during the next
two months, and B engages to pay her 100 rupees for each night's performance. On the sixth night, A willfully absents
herself from the theatre, and B, in consequence, rescinds the contract. B is entitled to claim compensation for the damage
which he has sustained through the non-fulfilment of the contract

OR

a) In 1961, the Indian Parliament passed the Maternity Benefits Act, aiming to regulate the employment of
women in certain establishments for certain periods of time after childbirth. The woman is entitled to 12
weeks of leave post childbirth, but she cannot take more than six months before her expected delivery. If
the employer fails to grant maternity benefit, the penalty is imprisonment for one year with a fine of
Rs. 5000. If the employer discharges the woman, he can still face imprisonment and pay a fine of
Rs2000.
This Act was revised as the Indian Maternity Benefit (Amendment Act) of 2017 wherein the paid
maternity leave was extended to 26 weeks applicable to companies with at least 10 employees. Apart
from the extended leave, the company needs to (i) provide creche (day care) facilities for the working
mother (ii) recognize the rights of a commissioning mother (using a surrogate to bear a child) for the
first time when claiming a paternity leave for 12 weeks (iii) have a “work from home” option. Failure to
comply with this act can result in severe consequences. You have been approached by Prof. Geeta
Kapoor working for KKL University seeking legal information on the matter. Write a letter to the client
informing about the maternity leave laws.

Q.2 Attempt any one of the following questions. 1 X 5 = 5 marks

Up to 500 words

a. Discuss the significance of the title of George Orwell’s essay - “Politics and the English Language”.
OR
b. How, in Orwell’s opinion, is thought connected to language?

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Q.3 Answer any one of the following questions. 1 X 10= 10 marks
Up to 700 words

a. Critically comment on Chughtai’s depiction of the Child narrator in the short story “The Quilt”.
b. While “The Quilt” focusses on the idea of female sexuality and it leaves other important issues depicted
in the narrative at the periphery, much like they are left out in the society. Critically comment on “The
Quilt” in view of this observation. 
c. What does madness signify in Saadat Hasan Manto’s short story, “Toba Tek Singh”? Substantiate
your answer with textual evidence.
d. How does Saadat Hasan Manto’s short story, “Toba Tek Singh”, compel us to think about the
spatialization of identity during the Partition of India, when religion became the primary marker
of identity? Support your answer with references to the text.
e. Explain the ways in which Ryka Aoki’s “To the New World” challenges the trans-exclusionary politics.
f. Explain how the stream of consciousness technique used in the short story allows one to understand
Millie’s sense of her racial, ethnic and gender identity?
g. What can you discern about the rehabilitation of abducted women after partition from Bedi’s short story,
“Lajwanti”?
h. Discuss the significance of the tile of Rajinder Singh Bedi’s story, “Lajwanti”.
i. Italo Calvino’s short story – “The Adventure of the married couple” dramatizes the relationship of a
married working-class couple. Describe how ‘Class’ effects the everyday life and intimacy of the
couple?
j. With reference to Italo Calvino’s short story – “The Adventure of the married couple”, talk about the
representation of ‘common folks’ and lives in Literature.
k. Critically examine Chekhov’s treatment of the theme of time in the story “The Student”.
l. Critically examine the function of the biblical story in Chekhov’s story “The Student”.

Q.4 Answer any one of the following questions. 1 X 15 = 15 marks

Up to 900 words

a. How does reality and illusion collide in Marquez’s Chronicles of a Death Foretold?

b. Explain, with examples, the narrative strategy and voice of the narrator in Gabriel Garcia
Marquez's Chronicle of A Death foretold?
c. Throughout Mohsin Hamid’s novel, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, the American stranger remains
silent. What purpose does the silence of the American stranger serve in Hamid’s narrative technique?
d. For Changez, the protagonist of The Reluctant Fundamentalist, “there are adjustments one must make if
one comes [to Lahore] from America; a different way of observing is required.” Discuss the various
ways in which the novel engages with the act of observing, or seeing, from different perspectives.
e.  How do the women characters symbolize the crisis of honour and dishonour in post-Partition
South Asia an interplay between history and fantasy in Salman Rushdie's Shame?
f. How does Salman Rushdie talk about the crisis of "belonging" of the post-colonial condition
in Shame?
g. Does Amir’s guilt help to mitigate the class hierarchy between Amir and Hassan in The Kite Runner?
Discuss your view with textual examples.
h. What are the different levels of oppression in The Kite Runner? Discuss.
i. How is power constructed and thwarted in William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies? With adequate
evidence from the novel, critically analyze the language of power in the novel.

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 j. By examining the opposition between civilization and savagery in William Golding’s novel The Lord of
the Flies, critically comment on Piggy’s statement in Chapter 11: ‘Which is better—to have rules and
agree, or to hunt and kill?’

Q.5 Identify and explain the type of discrimination in any three of the following sentences.
3x2 = 6
Up to 300 words
a. Sangitha is wonderful. It’s so inspiring how she participates in everything despite being confined to a
wheelchair.
b. Our new chairman has doubled our incentives for the next fiscal year.
c. Beneficiaries of reservation have an unfair advantage.
d. The Gringo can never be an American.

Q.6 Identify the applicable foreign legal term in any of the two sentences. Rewrite the sentences while retaining
their meanings. 2x2 = 4
Up to 200 words

a. Since the Adama Foundation has gone bankrupt and liquidated, all shareholders must take equal
responsibility to pay off the debt.
b. When a corporation violates the national laws, the state must intervene.
c. We need to understand the criminal’s method of operation to prevent future crimes in the city.

Saadat Hasan Manto's most renowned short tale, "Toba Tek Singh," was published in 1954.
"Toba Tek Singh," which depicts the exchange of patients in a Lahore mental hospital after partition, utilises the
prisoners' insanity as a mirror to reflect the insanity of the outside world. After reading the book, the reader
realises that the asylum prisoners are much saner than the politicians in charge of their future. The protagonist,
Bishan Singh, is a metaphor for the millions of people who fled their homes during the partition and are now
living as refugees in other countries. A real exchange of patients between mental institutions in Lahore and
Amritsar occurred in 1950, despite the fact that the narrative is fictitious. Manto's life and work have been
extensively studied, but his psychology and mental health have received little attention. Manto's life and work
may be examined through the prism of "Toba Tek Singh," a novel by Manto that examines the role of mental
illness on the Indian subcontinent at the time of the partition.

In "Toba Tek Singh," mental illness serves as an essential, recurrent, and maybe even defining motif throughout
the novel. In point of fact, the decision to write about segregation through the prism of a mental institution is
quite important in and of itself. It was quite effective how Manto used the patients to mirror the "insanity" of
what was going on outside. The institution, in a way, stands in for the whole of the subcontinent, with the
insanity of its residents serving as a metaphor for the insanity caused by the violence of the partition. It is
becoming more and more obvious that the "lunatics" being held at the asylum are acting more rationally than
the government officials who are making choices on their exchange. The inmates of the institution make
insightful observations that show the folly of partition.

The insane patients at the institution, those few of them who still had some semblance of sanity, were not sure if
they were in Pakistan or India According to the prisoners, "If they were in India, where on Earth was Pakistan?
And if they were in Pakistan, then how come that until only the other day it was India?" It is these crazy people
JGLS [End-term Examination - Semester B, 2021 - 2022] Page 5
that speak for the rest of the population in claiming that they have been left behind and forgotten in a nation
they have called home for so long.

After Manto's stay in the hospital, he wrote "Toba Tek Singh," which was undoubtedly impacted by his
experience. Perhaps even the decision to write about a mental institution was a direct result of his time spent in
the hospital. Manto's forthright engagement with the issue would have been unique but effective in the setting in
which mental illness was often viewed as repulsive and disgraceful. This would have helped to strongly bring
attention to the lunacy that was caused by the partition of India.

The traumatic experience of being uprooted is reflected in the figure of Bishan Singh, who serves as a symbolic
reflection on that experience. His severe pain is comparable to that of refugees during the split. The persistent
interrogation and requests for information about his native place conjure up images of shattered identities and a
diminished feeling of belonging. In the aftermath of Manto's relocation to Lahore, it's possible that his persona
is a mirror of the author's own anguish and uncertainty over his own identity. In his writing, Manto said, "I
noticed that my ideas were dispersed." Despite my best efforts, I was unable to differentiate between India and
Pakistan or between Pakistan and India (Hasan 1984, 89). 'I felt it hard to select which of the two nations was
now my country,' he said somewhere else (Ispahani 1988,192). In this sense, the figure of Bishan Singh may be
interpreted in two different ways: first, as a reflection of the universal sense of dislocation experienced by a
great number of people, and second, as a more precise description of Manto's own individual encounter with
this phenomenon. The anguish and emotional distress caused by being uprooted are substantial from any point
of view, and they often play a role, either implicitly or explicitly, in the development of psychopathology.

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