Name: Jeremy B.

Demate
Course & Year: BSES-3A

Protected Areas of Biodiversity

And Watershed Management

1. How do you determine what should be included in a forest protected area?

Answer:
Forest nurseries and seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the
forest; forest roads, cleared tracts, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in
national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas, such as those of special
scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest; windbreaks and shelterbelts of
trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m; plantations
primarily used for forestry purposes, including rubber wood plantations and cork
oak stands.

2. What are the particular characteristics of protected areas in the marine

realm that is uncommon on land? And how does tourism affect MPAs?
Answer:
 Full protection may only be necessary at certain times of the year, for
example to protect breeding sites for fish of marine mammals;
 There are usually multidirectional flows (e.g., tides, currents)
 Controlling entry to, and activities in, MPAs is frequently particularly
difficult (and often impossible) to regulate or enforce, and boundaries
or restrictions over external influences can rarely be applied
 MPAs are designed in a fluid three-dimensional environment; in some
instances, different management approaches may be considered at
different depths
  Tenure is rarely applicable in the marine environment; more often
than not, marine areas are considered to be “the commons” to which
all users have a right to both use and access;
 MPAs are subject to the surrounding and particularly “down-current”
influences, which often occur outside the area of management control
and it is even more difficult to manage marine areas separate units
than it is on land;
 The scales over which marine connectivity occurs can be very large.
Today there are around 5,000 MPAs and many have been assigned to one or
more IUCN categories. However, application of the categories in the marine
environment is currently often inaccurate. In addition, in situations where protected
areas cover both land and sea, marine objectives are often not considered when
assigning the site’s category. Such inconsistencies between similar MPA types
reduce the efficacy and relevance of the system as a global classification scheme.

3. Explain the incompatibilities and challenges (give at least 3) that arise

when considering the relationship between protected areas and inland water
conservation.
Answer:
 Full protection may only be necessary at certain times of the year, for
example to protect breeding sites for fish of marine mammals;
 There are usually multidirectional flows (e.g., tides, currents)
 Controlling entry to, and activities in, MPAs is frequently particularly
difficult (and often impossible) to regulate or enforce, and boundaries or
restrictions over external influences can rarely be applied;

4. State five (5) examples on how management of terrestrial protected areas

could better address inland waters.
Answer:
 Aggressively protecting water quality (e.g., careful management of point-
source discharges from recreational facilities);
  Managing aquatic recreational activities (e.g., restricting motorized
watercraft and discharge from boats);
 Protecting headwater flows so that downstream users can enjoy the benefits
of ecosystem services;
 Protecting or restoring riparian buffers both within a park and along a park’s
border if a river demarcates the border (and extending PA boundaries where
possible using appropriate inland wetland ecosystem criteria);
 Special protection for sacred springs or pools that have cultural significance.

5. How would you describe the meaning of parks way back around 500
years ago?
Answer:
The concept of an urban park is one of the oldest and has spread throughout
the world. the world as a result of the migration of English people and culture The
concept of an urban park evolved over time. In a variety of ways, it has been
updated, expanded, and transferred. People go to parks with specific objectives in
mind. These objectives are obviously personal, but they also represent a collective
goal. societal objectives It is critical that park planners and management
comprehend the goals of the park. visitors. A series of park vignettes are used to
give an overview of the different meanings of parks. There will be a presentation
of experience. Each one includes a case study from the literature.

6. Give at least three (3) of the themes or goals on why people visit parks?
Answer:
 The Theme of Wilderness
 Community Social Function
 Physical and Emotional Health

7. Explain the interrelationship between conservation and tourism.

Answer:
 There is a common-sense concept that human impact on parks and protected
areas is inherently negative. This flows from the observation that when humans
enter a Category I, II or III park, they change the system that occurs in their
absence. This naturally leads to the conclusion that all human activities in parks are
interfering and damaging. This concept is shallow. It does not recognize that it is
human action that leads to the creation of a park, and it is ongoing human activity
that establishes a management regime that protects the ecological and cultural
values of a park. In the absence of the legal actions of creation and management,
the landscapes would be used for some other activity. Tourism is the fundamental
element that determines whether a society has sufficient levels of conservation
appreciation to lead to action. This appreciation must be consistent and ongoing.
Other competing forces in society are always present and will subsume the land
and the financial resources going to parks unless a mobilized public park
constituency is always present and active.

8. Explain how parks changed its function over time.

Answer:
During the first half of the 20th century, as industrialization and the federal
government exerted more influence over American life, the function and role of the
park system was considerably expanded. A host of different types of areas – such
as the historical (or ‘cannonball’ parks preserving American Civil War sites),
national recreation areas, national seashores and national wildlife refuges with
purposes that were not as constrained as the original parks – were added to the
system. Parks are very much the products of the culture that creates them: they are
social institutions in the truest sense of the word. Their purpose and management
policy reflect the dominant values and needs of the society in which they are
emplaced.

9. State and explain three (3) process principles in planning for parks and
protected area.
Answer:
 Principle 1: There must be explicit criteria for evaluation of
alternatives
 Principle 2: Park planning requires a variety of forms of knowledge
 Principle 3: Park planning in messy situations requires public
participation