Well Performance

Analysis
Pr, Ps, Qp

IPR

Well
deliverability

VLP

Yes, but … Natural no

Flow well ?
Artificial Lift
Artificial
(start/restart, optimize) yes
lift

Qp

0
 WHAT IS IT?
Artificial lift = introduction of energy from the surface into an oil well
to supplement the natural energy of the reservoir.

This procedure can:

assurance
flow

◦ help the production start, restart ; well clean-up

◦ produce oil from a reservoir with insufficient natural pressure (depleted
wells or non eruptive wells),
performance

◦ increase the production rate from a flowing oil well to optimize the
flow

production cost ratio.

1
WHEN TO USE ARTIFICIAL LIFT?
P

Ps
Prestart
Pr

Restart of the
production
after a
shutdown

q2 q
2
 WHEN TO USE ARTIFICIAL
LIFT? Case of depleted wells

Pressure Pr
WHP
Pr

no more
production no more
intersection

WHP = Well head

pressure

Pwf = bottom hole

flowing pressure
bottom hole
depth Drawdown Drawdown Pr = reservoir
Pwf Pr Pr pressure
Pwf
depth

3
WHEN TO USE ARTIFICIAL
LIFT? Increase of the production rate
P

Pr

actual expected q
qp qp 4
ARTIFICIAL LIFT METHODS
FOR WELL ACTIVATION
Add extra pressure Lighten the column of fluid in the well

Pumps Gas lift

Classification by source of power supply :

• mechanical
• hydraulic
• electrical

Thermal insulation → a passive activation

5
EXAMPLES OF WELL
ACTIVATION

6
ARTIFICIAL LIFT METHODS:
CASE OF PUMPS

Add extra pressure

Pumps

Classification by source of power supply :

• mechanical : rod pump and PCP
• hydraulic: jet and hydraulic pumps
• electrical: ESP overpressure pumping

7
 EFFECT OF PUMPS ON THE
Example of ESP
PRESSURE PROFILE
PWH Pressure

no more
production

PWH = Well head

pressure

pump depth Pwf = bottom hole

flowing pressure
Drawdown
bottom hole depth
Pr = reservoir pressure
Pwf Pr
depth

8
ARTIFICIAL LIFT METHODS:
CASE OF GAS LIFT
Light the column of fluid in the well

Gas lift

Injection of a fluid which density is lower than the effluent one

→The column to be produced is lighter

The pressure loss in the well is lower

→The production can be ensured

9
 EFFECT OF GAS LIFT ON THE
fluid
inj.
PRESSURE PROFILE
PWH
Pressure

gradient of the
produced fluid

gradient of the
lightened fluid

valve
Depth

Drawdown

Pwf Pr
10
GAS LIFT

11
GAS LIFT PRINCIPLE

12
SURFACE FACILITIES FOR A
CLOSED CIRCUIT GAS LIFT

compression
treatment
gas for sale gas for use in

a gas lift system

effluent
separator chocke /
controller

oil
storage

13
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL GAS LIFT

continuous intermittent
14
Sistem Sumur Gas Lift Separator

Flow Line

Gas Injection Line

Wellhead Subsystem :
• Production subsystem
• wellhead Separator Subsystem:
• production choke • separator
Compressor Subsystem
• pressure gauge • manifold
• intake system
• Injection subsystem • pressure gauges
• outlet system
• injection choke • flow metering
• choke
• pressure gauge
• injection rate metering Gas Lift Mandrells

Gas Injection Valve

Pc
Valve Pt Wellbore Subsystem:
Subsystem • perforation interval
• tubing shoe
• packer

ALL THE SUBSYSTEMS ARE

WELL CONNECTED
(INTEGRATED SYSTEM)
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 15
 EFFECT OF GAS LIFT ON THE PRESSURE
PROFILE
fluid injection
PWH
Pressure

gradient of the
produced fluid

gradient of the
lightened fluid

valve
Depth

Drawdown
effluent
Pwf Pr 16
 HOW TO BUILD A GAS LIFT SYSTEM?
Psurf MAIN PARAMETERS
PWH Pinj pressure
0

Pinj tubing
Hinj
qinj Pinj casing
valve
Pvalve

Pwf
bottom HBH
hole
depth

17
WHEN TO USE A GAS LIFT SYSTEM IN THE
WELL LIFE?
P
• start/restart production Ps
Prestart P
• Help well production from a r

low pressure or depleted

reservoir

Or (after a workover) :
q
• optimize/increase the
production rate

18
 GAS LIFT GAS INJECTION RATE
Max Efficiency
q oil (bpd) (with respect to used gas/produced oil)

Max capacity
(GOR optimum)
qoil max

No
0 flow q gas injected (MMscf/d)
qgas opt

19
Parameter pada Sistem Gas Lift
Parameter Tekanan
◦ Tekanan discharge compressor
◦ Tekanan injeksi di wellhead
Paremeter Injection Rate
◦ Laju injeksi gas
Paremeter Production Rate
◦ Inflow Performance Relationship
Parameter pressure drop

GAS LIFT - DESIGN 20

Parameter pada Compressor
Horse Power
Compressor

Pintake Pdischarge Pinjection@wellhead

Pgas
Wellhead
Qgas Qgas
Pinjection@wellhead=Pdischarge - P

Separator Compressor Wellhead

GAS LIFT - DESIGN 21

Parameter pada Compressor
Tekanan intake :
◦ Gas injeksi berasal dari separator atau dari sumber gas
yang lain
Laju Injeksi Gas
Horse Power Compressor
Tekanan discharge :
◦ yang tergantung pada laju injeksi gas, Horse Power
Compressor, serta sifat fisika gas injeksi

GAS LIFT - DESIGN 22

Parameter di Wellhead

Surface Injection
Pressure

Production
Choke
Injection
Choke

Wellhead
Pressure

Production Fluid
Gas Injection

GAS LIFT - DESIGN 23

Parameter di Wellhead
Gas Injection Pressure di Wellhead atau Surface Injection
Pressure
◦ Tekanan gas injeksi setelah sampai di wellhead dari
compressor
◦ Fungsi dari sifat fisik gas, konfigurasi pipa gas injeksi, dan
temperatur aliran
Wellhead Pressure
◦ Tekanan yang akan mengalirkan fluida produksi ke separator

GAS LIFT - DESIGN 24

 Gas Lift Valve

Gas
Injection

Tubing
Pressure

Close condition Open condition

25
 Kriteria Operasi Sumur Gas Lift
There are four categories of
wells in which a gas lift can be
considered:
▪ High productivity index (PI), high
bottom-hole pressure wells
▪ High PI, low bottom-hole pressure
wells
▪ Low PI, high bottom-hole pressure
wells
▪ Low PI, low bottom-hole pressure
wells
Wells having a PI of 0.50 or less are
classified as low productivity wells.
Wells having a PI greater than 0.50
are classified as high productivity
wells.
High bottom-hole pressures will
support a fluid column equal to 70%
of the well depth.
Low bottom-hole pressures will
support a fluid column less than 40%
of the well depth.
26
2 Types of Gas Lift Operation
CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT
A continuous gas lift operation is a
steady-state flow of the aerated
fluid from the bottom (or near
bottom) of the well to the surface.
Continuous gas lift method is used
in wells with a high PI (0:5
stb=day=psi) and a reasonably
high reservoir pressure relative to
well depth.
INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT
Intermittent gas lift operation is
characterized by a start-and-stop flow
from the bottom (or near bottom) of
the well to the surface. This is
unsteady state flow.
Intermittent gas lift method is
suitable to wells with (1) high PI and
low reservoir pressure or (2) low PI
and low reservoir pressure.
27
Evaluation of Gas Lift Potential
Evaluation of gas lift potential requires system analyses to
determine well operating points for various lift gas
availabilities.
The principle is based on the fact that there is only one
pressure at a given point (node) in any system; no matter,
the pressure is estimated based on the information from
upstream (inflow) or downstream (outflow).
The node of analysis is usually chosen to be the gas
injection point inside the tubing, although bottom hole is
often used as a solution node.

28
CONTINUOUS
GAS LIFT
THE GAS IS INJECTED CONTINUOUSLY TO ANNULUS

29
Parameter Design
Amount of injection gas available
Amount of injection gas needed
Injection gas pressure needed at each well
Compressor Pressure Required
Lift Gas Valve Size

30
Continuous Gas Lift Operation
The tubing is filled with reservoir
fluid below the injection point and
with the mixture of reservoir fluid
and injected gas above the
injection point. The pressure
relationship is shown in Fig. 13.4.

31
Gas Lift Operation
Pressure vs Depth

32
Availability amount of Gas
Injection
UNLIMITED AMOUNT OF LIFT LIMITED AMOUNT OF GAS
GAS If only a limited amount of gas
is available for the gas lift, the
In a field-scale valuation, if an
gas should be distributed to
unlimited amount of lift gas is
individual wells based on
available for a given gas lift
predicted well lifting
project, the injection rate of gas
performance, that is, the wells
to individual wells should be
that will produce oil at higher
optimized to maximize oil
rates at a given amount of lift
production of each well.
gas are preferably chosen to
receive more lift gas.

33
 Kebutuhan Gas Injeksi (1)
2500 Nodal Analysis:
◦ IPR Curve
2000 ◦ Tubing Performance Curve
Tekanan Alir Dasar Sumur, psi

◦ GLR formasi
1500
Variasi GLR
◦ GLR-total (assume)
1000 IPR
200 scf/stb ◦ Q g-inj = Qtotal – Qq-f
400 scf/stb

500
600 scf/stb
800 scf/stb
Plot Qg-inj vs Qliquid
1000 scf/stb
1200 scf/stb
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Laju Produksi, stb/d

34
 Kebutuhan Gas Injeksi (2)
Qg-inj >> maka Qliq >>
700

600
Pertambahan Qliq makin kecil
dengan makin meningkatnya Q g-inj
500
Sampai suatu saat dengan
Laju Produksi, stb

400 pertambahan Q g-inj, Qliq berkurang

300
Titik puncak dimana Qliq
200 maksimum disebut sebagai
Qoptimum
100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Perbandingan Gas-Cairan, scf/stb

35
Unlimited Gas Injection Case
If an unlimited amount of gas lift
gas is available for a well, the well 700
should receive a lift gas injection
rate that yields the optimum GLR 600

in the tubing so that the flowing 500

Laju Produksi, stb

bottom-hole pressure is
400
minimized, and thus, oil
production is maximized. 300

The optimum GLR is liquid flow 200

rate dependent and can be found 100

from traditional gradient curves
0
such as those generated by Gilbert 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
(Gilbert, 1954). Perbandingan Gas-Cairan, scf/stb

36
 Unlimited Gas Injection Case
After the system analysis is completed with the optimum
GLRs in the tubing above the injection point, the expected
liquid production rate (well potential) is known.
The required injection GLR to the well can be calculated by

37
Limited amount of gas
injection
700
If a limited amount of gas lift gas is
available for a well, the well 600

potential should be estimated 500

based on GLR expressed as

Laju Produksi, stb

400

300

200

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Perbandingan Gas-Cairan, scf/stb

38
Gas Flow Rate Requirement
The total gas flow rate of the compression station should be
designed on the basis of gas lift at peak operating condition for
all the wells with a safety factor for system leak consideration,
that is,

where
qg = total output gas flow rate of the compression station, scf/day
Sf = safety factor, 1.05 or higher
Nw = number of wells

39
Output Gas Pressure Requirement
Accurate determination of the surface Surface Injection
injection pressure pc,s requires rigorous Pressure
methods such as the Cullender and Smith
method (Katz et al., 1959). Production
However, because of the large cross- Choke
Injection
sectional area of the annular space, the Choke
frictional pressure losses are often
negligible.
Then the average temperature and Wellhead
compressibility factor model degenerates to Pressure
(Economides et al., 1994)

Production Fluid
Gas Injection

40
 Up-Stream Choke / Injection Choke
Surface Injection The pressure upstream of the injection
Pressure choke depends on flow condition at
the choke, that is, sonic or subsonic
Production flow.
Choke Whether a sonic flow exists depends
Injection
Choke on a downstream-toupstream
pressure ratio. If this pressure ratio is
less than a critical pressure ratio, sonic
Wellhead (critical) flow exists.
Pressure If this pressure ratio is greater than or
equal to the critical pressure ratio,
subsonic (subcritical) flow exists. The
critical pressure ratio through chokes
Production Fluid is expressed as
Gas Injection

41
Gas Lift Injection Parameters
Compressor
Pressure

Pwf

42
Point of Injection

43
Output Gas Pressure Requirement (1)
Kickoff of a dead well (non-natural
flowing) requires much higher
compressor output pressures than
the ultimate goal of steady
production (either by continuous gas
lift or by intermittent gas lift
operations).
Mobil compressor trailers are used
for the kickoff operations.

44
 Output Gas Pressure
Requirement (2)
Horse Power
Compressor

Pintake Pdischarge Pinjection@wellhead

Pgas
Wellhead
Qgas Qgas

Pinjection@wellhead=Pdischarge - P

Separator Compressor Wellhead

The output pressure of the compression station should be designed on the basis of
the gas distribution pressure under normal flow conditions, not the kickoff conditions.
It can be expressed as Sf
Pout =
PL

45
COMPRESSOR

46
Output Gas Pressure
Requirement (3)
The injection pressure at valve depth
in the casing side can be expressed as:
Gas
Pc,v = Pt ,v + Pv Injeksi

P
It is a common practice to use pv = Pc Pt c
100 psi. The required size of the orifice
can be determined using the choke- Pt
flow equations presented in
Subsection 13.4.2.3
Fluida
Produksi

47
Tekanan Tubing @ Valve Gas Lift

p @ tubing
Pwf

48
Gas Injection
Allocation
LIMITED TOTAL G AS IN JEC TION

GAS LIFT - DESIGN 49

Distribusi Gas Injeksi
Well B
Well A

Well C

Compressor

Well D
Well E

L a pa n g a n Min ya k “ A”
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 50
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 51
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 52
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 53
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 54
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 55
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 56
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 57
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 58
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 59
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 60
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 61
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 62
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 63
GAS LIFT - DESIGN 64
 Unloading Proces
U N LO A D I N G P R O C E S S
GAS LIFT WELLS

65
Persiapan Operasi Sumur Gas Lift

66
 TAHAP O Choke
Tutup No flow

Permukaan
Killing fluid
Valve 1 : Terbuka Katup Unloading sudah
dipasang.
Valve 2 : Terbuka Sumur masih diisi killing fluid

Valve 3 : Terbuka
Fluida produksi masih belum
mengalir ke dalam tubing
Valve 4 : Terbuka

67
 Tahap I Pada Gambar 1 ditunjukkan penampang sumur
yang siap dilakukan proses pengosongan
No flow (unloading). Pada tubing telah dipasang empat
katup, yang terdiri dari 3 katup, yaitu katup (1), (2)
Permukaan dan (3), yang akan berfungsi sebagai katup
Killing fluid unloading. Sedangkan katup (4) akan berfungsi
Valve 1 : Terbuka sebagai katup operasi. Sebelum dilakukan injeksi
semua katup dalam keadaan terbuka.
Valve 2 : Terbuka Sumur berisi cairan work-over, ditunjukkan dengan
warna biru, dan puncak cairan berada diatas katup
unloading (1).
Valve 3 : Terbuka
Gas mulai diinjeksikan, maka gas akan menekan
permukaan cairan work over kebawah, dan
Valve 4 : Terbuka
penurunan permukaan cairan ini akan mencapai
katup unloading (1). Pada saat ini gas akan
mengalir dalam tubing melalui katup (1) yang
terbuka.

68
 Tahap II Pada Gambar 2 gas injeksi mendorong
permukaan cairan work-over, dan telah me-
lampaui katup unloading (1) dan mencapai katup
unloading (2). Pada saat ini katup unloading (1)
tertutup dan gas injeksi mendorong permukaan
cairan kebawah.
Valve 1 : Tertutup
Bagian bawah tubing yang semula berisi cairan
work-over ditempati oleh fluida for-masi.
Valve 2 : Terbuka
Permukaan
Killing fluid
Pada saat ini gas akan masuk kedalam tubing,
melalui katup unloading (2) yang terbuka. Dengan
Valve 3 : Terbuka masuknya gas injeksi tersebut kedalam tubing
maka kolom cairan dalam tubing akan lebih
ringan dan aliran cairan work over ke permukaan
Valve 4 : Terbuka akan berlanjut.
Permukaan
Fluida Res.

69
 Tahap III
Pada Gambar 3 gas injeksi mendorong permukaan
cairan work-over, sampai me-lampaui katup
unloading (1), (2) dan (3). Setiap saat permukaan
kolom cairan work-over mencapai katup
unloading, maka gas injeksi akan mengalir masuk
Valve 1 : Tertutup
kedalam tubing dan aliran cairan work-over dalam
tubing akan tetap berlangsung. Jika per-mukaan
Permukaan kolom cairan work-over mencapai katup unlaoding
Fluida Res.
(3), maka katup unloading (2) akan tertutup, dan
Valve 2 : Tertutup gas injeksi akan masuk melalui katup unloading
(3).
Selama ini pula permukaan cairan formasi akan
Valve 3 : Tertutup bergerak ke permukaan. Pada saat cairan work-
over mencapai katup terakhir, yaitu katup operasi
(4), maka katup unloading (3) akan tertutup dan
seluruh cairan work-over telah terangkat semua ke
Permukaan Valve 4 : Terbuka permukaan, dan hanya katup operasi yang
Killing fluid terbuka.

70
TAHAP IV Pada Gambar 4 ditunjukkan bahwa semua
cairan work-over telah terangkat dan
Fluida
Produksi sumur berproduksi secara sembur buatan.
Katup operasi (4) akan tetap terbuka,
sebagai jalan masuk gas injeksi kedalam
Valve 1 : Tertutup
tubing. Katup ini diharapkan dapat bekerja
dalam waktu yang lama. Dimasa
Valve 2 : Tertutup mendatang akan terjadi perubahan
perbandingan gas-cairan dari formasi,
Valve 3 : Tertutup yang cenderung menurun serta
peningkatan produksi air, maka jumlah gas
injeksi dapat ditingkatkan dan diharapkan
Valve 4 : Terbuka katup injeksi dapat menampung
peningkatan laju injeksi gas tersebut.
Dengan demikian pemilihan ukuran katup
injeksi perlu direncanakan dengan baik.

71
72
Unloading Valves
Design

GAS LIFT VALVE

GAS LIFT VALVE MECHANICS

73
Gas Lift Valve

74
Gas Lift Valve

75
 Contoh Penampang
Sumur Gas Lift

} Gas Lift Mandrell

Gas Lift Valves

Gas Lift Valves:

• Mandrell + Dummy Valves
• Mandrell + Valves

Valves Operating Conditions:

• Casing pressure
• Test Rack Opening Pressure
• Port Size
• Temperature @ Lab.
• Jenis Valves

76
Gas Lift Valve

Gas
Injeksi

Pc
Pc Pt
Pc = Pt
Pt

Fluida
Produksi

77
Penampang Gas Lift Valve

78
Jenis Gas Lift Valves

79
 Gas Lift Valve

Gas
Injection

Tubing
Pressure

Close condition Open condition

80
Valve Mechanics
MEKANIKA VALVE

CLOSING & OPENING PRESSURE

81
 Mekanika Valve (Membuka+Menutup)
Dome berisi gas Nitrogen yang
mempunyai tekanan tertentu.
Gas Nitrogen ini menekan
bagian dasar dome, Pd, pada
luas penampang bellow, Ab
Port terbuka untuk dilalui gas
masuk kedalam tubing, jika
ujung stem tidak menempel
pada port.
Jika gaya membuka sedikit lebih
besar dari gaya menutup.

82
Posisi Valve Tertutup
Perkalian antara tekanan dalam dome,
Pd, dengan luas penampang bellow, Ab,
menghasilkan gaya kebawah yang
mendorong stem dan ujung stem
kebawah, sehingga menutup port. Gaya
ini disebut sebagai gaya menutup.

Gaya menutup= Fc = Pd Ab

83
Posisi Valve Terbuka
Gaya membuka ini berasal dari
tekanan gas injeksi dari anulus, Pc
yang menekan bellow ke atas,
pada luas penampang efektif
sebesar (Ab-Ap) serta tekanan
fluida dari tubing, Pt (melalui port)
yang menekan ujung stem keatas.

Gaya membuka =
Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap

84
Keseimbangan Gaya Membuka dan Menutup
Dalam keadaan seimbang, yaitu sesaat katup akan
membuka, gaya membuka sama dengan gaya menutup, hal
ini dapat dinyatakan sebagai berikut:
Pinj ( Ab − Ap ) + Pt Ap = Pd Ab

Untuk tekanan tubing, Pt tertentu, gas akan mengalir

Pc ( A b − A p ) = Pd A b − Pt A p
kedalam katup apabila:

Ap Ap
Jika persamaan 1 − dibagi
Pc ((2) ) = Pddengan
− Pt Ab, maka diperoleh
Ab Ab
persamaan berikut:
85
 Penentuan Tekanan Injeksi Katup Terbuka/Tertutup
Apabila R = Ap/Ab, maka

Pinj (1 − R) = Pd − Pt R
Harga tekanan injeksi, Pc, dapat ditentukan dengan persamaan
berikut :

Pd − Pt R
Pinj =
1− R
Persamaan diatas dapat digunakan untuk menentukan tekanan gas
injeksi yang dibutuhkan untuk membuka katup dibawah kondisi
operasi.
86
Contoh Soal
Katup sembur buatan ditempatkan di kedalaman 6000 ft.
Tekanan dome dan tekanan tubing di kedalaman tersebut masing-masing
sebesar 700 psi dan 500 psi. Apabila Ab katup sebesar 1.0 in2 dan Ap = 0.1
in2, tentukan tekanan gas di annulus yang diperlukan untuk membuka katup.
Perhitungan:
R = Ap/Ab = 0.1/1.0 = 0.1
Pd = 700 psi
Pt = 500 psi
Dengan menggunakan persamaan (5), tekanan gas injeksi yang diperlukan
untuk membuka katup sebesar:
Pc = (700 - 500(0.1) / (1.0-0.1) = 722 psi

87
Penentuan Tekanan Dome
Pd = ?

Pada Temperature
Di kedalaman Valve
Pd − Pt R
Pinj =
1− R
Test Rack
Diubah menjadi Tekanan
Opening pada Temperatur Bengkel
Pressure

88
DOME PADA GAS LIFT VALVE
Dome pada Gas Lift Valve, diisi gas Nitrogen sejumlah mole tertentu,
sehingga dapat memberikan tekanan tutup valve yang sesuai.
Sesuai dengan

P V=Z n R T

P-dome
Vol. dome Temperatur di sekitar
dome

89
Penentuan Tekanan Dome

pd = pc (1 − R) + pt R
Tekanan dome @ TD = Pd
Tekanan casing @ D = Pc
@TD Gradien Aliran @ tubing

Gradien gas injeksi

Test Rack (di Bengkel)
Tabel 5-3
Tekanan dome @ TD
convert
Tekanan dome @ 60 oF
Pd @ 60o F = Ct Pd
(Tabel 5-3) Pd @ 60o F
Tekanan buka valve, pvo Pvo =
1− R 90
Temperatur pada Valve
T-surface

Gradient Temperatur
Aliran
Gradient
Geothermal Retreivable valve
(oF/ft)
Non-Retreivable
valve

T-bottom
91
Penentuan
Opening/Closing
Pressure di Bengkel

92
Penentuan Test Rack Opening
Pressure

P1 = Pc
P2 = 0

93
 Ptro (1)
Keseimbangan Gaya Buka dan Gaya
Tutup, pada Pt = Patm :

PdAb = Pvc ( Ab − Ap )
Dimana Pvc = tekanan tutup di
bengkel
Jika R = Ap/Ab, maka
PdT
Pvo =
1− R

P =P-dome
Maka
d P (1di− bengkel
vo R) :

94
Ptro (2) Gaya Buka hanya dipengaruhi oleh
Pvc, yaitu:
PdAb = Pvc ( Ab − Ap ) + Pvc Ap

Pd A b = Pvc A b − −−  atau: Pd = Pvc

Pd di set pada temperatur bengkel

(60oF)
Perlu dilakukan koreksi terhadap
temperatur pada kedalaman valve

95
oF Ct oF Ct oF Ct oF Ct oF Ct oF Ct
61 .998 101 .919 141 .852 181 .794 221 .743 261 .698
62 .996 102 .917 142 .850 182 .792 222 .742 262 .697 Faktor Koreksi Tekanan Gas
63 .994 103 .915 143 .849 183 .791 223 .740 263 .696 Nitrogen Dalam Dome
64 .991 104 .914 144 .847 184 .790 224 .739 264 .695
65 .989 105 .912 145 .845 185 .789 225 .738 265 .694 (pada Temperatur Bengkel 60
66 .987 106 .910 146 .844 186 .787 226 .737 266 .693 oF)
67 .985 107 .908 147 .842 187 .786 227 .736 267 .692
68 .983 108 .906 148 .841 188 .784 228 .735 268 691
69 .981 109 .905 149 .839 189 .783 229 .733 269 .690
70 .979 110 .903 150 .838 190 .782 230 .732 270 .689
71 .977 111 .901 151 .836 191 .780 231 .731 271 688
72 .975 112 .899 152 .835 192 .779 232 .730 272 .687 PV = ZnRT @ Tv
73 .973 113 .898 153 .833 193 .778 233 .729 273 .686
74 .971 114 .896 154 .832 194 .776 234 .728 274 .685
75 .969 115 .894 155 .830 195 .775 235 .727 275 .684 PV = ZnRT @ 60 oF
76 .967 116 .893 156 .829 196 .774 236 .725 276 .683
77 .965 117 .891 157 .827 197 .772 237 .724 277 .682
78 .963 118 .889 158 .826 198 .771 238 .723 278 .681
79 .961 119 .887 159 .825 199 .770 239 .722 279 .680
80 .959 120 .886 160 .823 200 .769 240 .721 280 .679
81 .957 121 .884 161 .822 201 .767 241 .720 281 .678
82 .955 122 .882 162 .820 202 .766 242 .719 282 .677
83 .953 123 .881 163 .819 203 .765 243 .718 283 .676
84 .951 124 .879 164 .817 204 .764 244 .717 284 .675
85 .949 125 .877 165 .816 205 .762 245 .715 285 .674
86 .947 126 .876 166 .814 206 .761 246 .714 286 .673
87 .945 127 .874 167 .813 207 .760 247 .713 287 .672
88 .943 128 .872 168 .812 208 .759 248 .712 288 .671
89 .941 129 .871 169 .810 209 .757 249 .711 289 .670
90 .939 130 .869 170 .809 210 .756 250 .710 290 .669
91 .938 131 .868 171 .807 211 .755 251 .709 291 .668
92 .936 132 .866 172 .806 212 .754 252 .708 292 .667
93 .934 133 .864 173 .805 213 .752 253 .707 293 .666
94 .932 134 .863 174 .803 214 .751 254 .706 294 .665
95 .930 135 .861 175 .802 215 .750 255 .705 295 .664
96 .928 136 .860 176 .800 216 .749 256 .704 296 .663
97 96 .926 137 .858 177 .799 217 .748 257 .702 297 .662
 Perhitungan Tekanan @ Bellow
secara Analitis

P(x) = tekanan rata-rata yang bekerja

pada bellow
Pd ( x)
k Pvi = P(x) yang diperlukan untuk
P( x) = Pvi + x +  dPd
Ab Pdi
membuka katup
z = pergerakan stem dari posisi tertutup
k = cp/cv
Ab = luas permukaan bellow
Pdi = tekanan dome awal
Pd(x)=tekanan dome jika stem bergerak
sejauh x

97
 Penentuan Ukuran Port Valve
Q = laju alir gas, MCF/d
Laju Alir pada kondisi kritik :
Cd = discharge coefficient

Q=
. C dApPu 2gk R − R
1555 ( 2
k
( k + 1)
k
) Ap
Pu
= luas penampang port
= tekanan injeksi gas
dalam
g gT
annulus, psia
k = cp/cv
R = perbandingan antara
tekanan upstream dengan

Atau dengan menggunakan Specific downstream

Gravity gas = 0.65
Grafik, yang dibuat pada kondisi Temperatur alir oF
= 60aliran
T = temperatur
Tekanan dasar = 14.65 psia
k = cgpg/cv = specific gravity gas
= 1.27
Discharge coeficient = 0.865

98
Penentuan Ukuran Port : R

Berdasarkan rate injeksi (di

permukaan – Mscf/d), qgi, sc
tentukan rate injeksi @ TD
Berdasarkan Pt dan Pc, gunakan
q g ,sc ( Tv + 460 )
q gi =
Gambar 5-22, untuk
menentukan ukuran Port
Pt = downstream press
520
Pc = upstream press

99
Unloading Valve
Design
PENEMPATAN VALVE UNLOADING

VALVE SPACING

100
Valve Spacing (1)
Various methods are being used in the industry for
designing depths of valves of different types. They are the
universal design method, the API-recommended method,
the fallback method, and the percent load method.
However, the basic objective should be the same:
1. To be able to open unloading valves with kickoff and injection operating pressures
2. To ensure single-point injection during unloading and normal operating conditions
3. To inject gas as deep as possible

101
Persiapan Operasi Sumur Gas
◦ The design Lift at valve depth
tubing pressure
is between gas injection pressure (loaded
condition) and the minimum tubing
pressure (fully unloaded condition).
◦ Depth of the first valve is designed on the
basis of kickoff pressure from a special
compressor for well kickoff operations.
◦ Depths of other valves are designed on
the basis of injection operating pressure.
◦ Kickoff casing pressure margin, injection
operating casing pressure margin, and
tubing transfer pressure margin are used
to consider the following effects:
◦ Pressure drop across the valve
◦ Tubing pressure effect of the
upper valve
◦ Nonlinearity of the tubing flow
gradient curve.

102
103
 Output Gas Pressure
Requirement (2) Horse Power
Compressor

Pintake Pdischarge Pinjection@wellhead

Pgas
Wellhead
Qgas Qgas

Pinjection@wellhead=Pdischarge - P

Separator Compressor Wellhead

The output pressure of the compression station should be designed on the basis of
the gas distribution pressure under normal flow conditions, not the kickoff conditions.

104
 Pressure, psia UNLOADING
0 VALVE
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
DESIGN
-1000

Gradient Aliran @ Tubing

-2000

Kesetimbangan
Tekanan @ Valve Gradient Killing Fluid
-3000

Depth,ft
-4000
Pc
Pt
-5000

Gradient Gas Injeksi @ Pko

-6000

Gradient Gas Injeksi @ Pso

-7000

-8000

105
Hasil Design Valve Spacing
Untuk menentukan:
◦ temperatur valve
◦ rate injection pada kedalaman valve
◦ ukuran port (Ap/Ab)
◦ opening dan closing pressure setiap unloading valve
◦ test rack opening pressure setiap unloading valve

106
 Continuous Gas Lift Valves Design
The procedure is illustrated graphically by making a plot of pressure versus depth,
such as in Figure bellow.

107
Test Rack Opening
Pressure
CAMCO

SCHLUMBERGER – GAS LIFT DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY

108
109
110
INTERMITTENT
GAS LIFT
INTRODUCTION

AND

DESIGN

111
Pendahuluan
The intermittent-flow mechanism is very different from that of the
continuous-flow gas lift.
It is normally applicable in either high-BHP–low PI or low-BHP–low PI
reservoirs.
In these two reservoir cases, an excessive high drawdown is needed,
which results in a prohibitively high GLR to produce the desired quantity
of oil (liquid) by continuous gas lift.
In many instances, the reservoir simply is not capable of giving up the
desired liquid regardless of drawdown.

112
Pendahuluan
The flow from a well using intermittent gas lift techniques is called
‘‘ballistic’’ or ‘‘slug’’ flow.
Two major factors that define the intermittent-gas lift process must be
understood:
1. Complex flowing gradient of the gas lifted liquids from the well.
2. Contribution of the PI of the well to the actual deliverability of liquid to
the surface.

113
 Fenomena Produksi Sumur Gas Lift
Produksi Tidak Produksi
Gas Injeksi Gas Injeksi

Permukaan
Fluida
Produksi

PI tinggi PI rendah
Pr tinggi Pr rendah

114
 Fenomena Produksi Sumur Gas Lift
Tidak Produksi
Gas Injeksi

?
Permukaan
Fluida
Produksi

PI rendah
Pr rendah

115
 Sumur Gas Lift Intermittent
Tidak Produksi
Gas Injeksi
• Injeksi gas dihentikan
• Fluida reservoir akan mengalir
dari reservoir ke tubing
Permukaan • Permukaan fluida mencapai
Fluida panjang kolom tertentu, yang
Produksi
ekivalen dengan tekanan
statik sumur
• Gas diinjeksikan dan akan
mendorong kolom fluida ke
PI rendah permukaan
Pr rendah • Injeksi Gas berfungsi sebagai
pendorong kolom fluida dalam
tubing

116
 Sumur Gas Lift Intermittent
Gas Injeksi

Fluida Produksi
• seluruh kolom fluida dalam tubing
akan terdorong ke permukaan
dan mengalir ke separator
• setelah fluida sampai di permu-
kaan, injeksi gas dihentikan
dan fluida reservoir kembali
mengalir ke dalam tubing sampai
mencapai kedalaman tertentu
PI rendah
Pr rendah
• siklus diulang kembali

117
 Parameter Design Tidak Produksi
Dua periode dalam operasi

Gas Injeksi Gas Lift Intermittent:

•Periode sumur ditutup (fluida
masuk ke dalam tubing)
Permukaan •Perioda Produksi (fluida
Fluida
Produksi mengalir ke permukaan

Parameter yang perlu diketahui:

PI rendah
Pr rendah

? 118
Pressure Distribution in
Intermittent Gas Lift

119
3 Periode pada Operasi Gas
Lift Intermittent
The lift period, the inflow period,
and the pressure reduction period

The inflow period occurs when fluid

flows from the formation into the
wellbore and collects in the tubing
above the gas lift valve.

The lift period begins when a sufficient

volume of liquid has accumulated and
gas is injected through the operating
valve to lift the slug to the surface

The pressure reduction period begins

after the gas slug reaches the surface
and the gas lift valve closes.
During this period the lift gas pressure is
dissipated, allowing the inflow period
to begin again.

120
 Periode Shut-In
Pada saat sumur ditutup (injeksi gas tidak
dilakukan), fluida dari formasi masuk ke lubang
bor, yang besarnya tergantung pada draw-down
di dasar sumur.
Waktu penutupan ini diatur sedemikian rupa
sehingga jumlah cairan yang terkumpul di
tubing mencapai ketinggian tertentu.
Waktu penutupan ini tergantung pada:
◦ kedalaman sumur
◦ indeks produktivitas
◦ jumlah gas injeksi yang tersedia
◦ dan sebagainya.
Pada dasarnya lamanya waktu penutupan ini,
tergantung pada kombinasi antara tekanan di
permukaan (kepala sumur dan anulus), berat
kolom gas, tekanan hidrostatik cairan dalam
tubing dan tekanan buka katup operasi.

121
 Periode Produksi
Pada saat tekanan gas dalam annulus
cukup untuk membuka katup operasi,
maka gas injeksi akan masuk kedalam
tubing dan mendorong kolom cairan
(slug) kepermukaan.

Gas akan bergerak lebih cepat

dibandingkan dengan slug cairan,
sehingga gas mempunyai
kemungkinan untuk menembus slug
cairan. Hal ini menyebabkan sebagian
dari cairan akan jatuh kembali ke
dasar sumur dalam bentuk tetesan
cairan atau sebagai lapisan tipis/film
di dinding tubing.

122
 Periode Produksi
Jika slug cairan mencapai permukaan,
tekanan tubing pada kedalaman katup
operasi akan menurun sehingga
meningkatkan laju gas injeksi kedalam
katup. Hal ini menyebabkan berkurangnya
gas dalam anulus dengan cepat sehingga
terjadi penurunan tekanan gas dalam
anulus.
Apabila penurunan tekanan tersebut
mencapai tekanan tutup, maka katup
operasi akan tertutup. Periode selanjutnya
setelah penutupan ini adalah periode
stabilisasi yaitu cairan yang jatuh pada
saat periode aliran akan terkumpul ke
dasar sumur dan menjadi bagian dari slug
berikutnya yang akan didorong.

123
 Parameter Design Tidak Produksi
Gas Injeksi
Parameter design yang perlu diketahui:
Akumulasi fluida dalam tubing
Permukaan
Fluida Laju produksi yang dapat
Produksi dihasilkan
Eficiency pengangkatan
Jumlah cyclus injeksi per hari
PI rendah Jumlah gas injeksi yang
Pr rendah diperlukan

124
 q = J ( Ps − Pwe )

 Pto + Pwh   Ptl + Pmin t   Ptl + Pmin t   2D 

  TI +   TII +    Ttot − 
 2   2   2  1000 
Pwe =
Ttot

125
 Tinggi Kolom Cairan
Ptl − Pwh − Ggt D
ht =
Gs − Ggt

Ptl = Pv − P

Pv = Pso + Gg D

126
 Kebutuhan Gas Injeksi
 P  Tsc  1 
(
Volume _ gas = H gc xCap  )    Tsc = temperatur @ kondisi standard, oR
 Psc  T  Z  Psc = tekanan @ kondisi standard, psia

Ts = temperatur di permukaan, oF

(
H gc xCap = 5.4541x10 −3 d 2 L − S 1 − 7 x10 −5 L ) Gs

Gt
= gradient tekanan statik, psi/ft

= gradien temperatur, F / ft

Pc = tekanan casing @ Dvi, psia

Ph = tekanan tubing di permukaan, psia

P=
P + P + (1 − 7 x10 L )SxG 
c h
−5
+ 14.7 s
Hgc

Cap
= panjang kolom gas dalam tubing, ft

= kapasitas tubing - 0.0054541 d2

2 Z = faktor komprtesibilitas, @P dan T

L = kedalaman katup operasi, ft

T=
( −5
)
Ts + Gt 1 − 7 x10 L S + (Ts + Gt L )
+ 460
S = submergence, ft

127
Perencanaan Gas Lift Intermittent
Bahan di Kermit E.Brown Volume 2A
Catatan Kuliah (Bab IX) – beberapa variabel dilengkapi dari Vol. 2A
Pelajari proses perubahan tekanan di dasar sumur dan/atau di kepala
sumur selama periode shut-in dan produksi

128
GAS LIFT
OPTIMIZATION

129
GAS LIFT OPTIMIZATION
SOLUTION
Weatherford offers intelligence at the wellsite with controllers that can
handle single or multiple wells for injection control and parameter
monitoring.
Gas Lift Optimization Solution Highlights
Access to continuous real-time data
Constant gas injection based on controlled setpoint
Supports both orifice meter and turbine meter gas measurement
Twenty-four hour local optimization
Well stability profile (heading detection)
Alarming interface for gas lift specific control unit

130
Benefits Of The Gas Lift Optimization
Solution
General Benefits
Monitor and control gas lift wells by collecting and displaying data from multiple gas lifted wells
Provide grouping of wells by alarm codes, exception conditions or well attributes
Provide interface to comprehensive analysis engine to determine current condition and future
optimization
Unique Benefits
Better utilization of manpower resources
Better utilization of assets
Optimize injection versus production (gas usage)
Reduced deferment
Manage gas allocation
Production acceleration

131
132
133