A Mini Project Report

On

Emergency Control for Elevator

Submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, ANANTHAPURAMU
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted By

M. AVINASH - (16695A0202)
D. CHAKRAVARTHY - (16695A0203)
R. GOWTHAM KUMAR REDDY - (16695A0206)
Under the Guidance of

Dr. SUMIT VERMA

Senior Assistant Professor,

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

(UGC – AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

AN ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution

P. B. No: 14, Angallu, Madanapalle – 517325

2018-2019
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “Emergency Control for Elevator” is a bonafide
work carried out by

M. AVINASH - (16695A0202)
D. CHAKRAVARTHY - (16695A0203)
R. GOWTHAM KUMAR REDDY - (16695A0206)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology in the
stream of Electrical & Electronics Engineering in Madanapalle Institute of Technology and
Science, Madanapalle, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Ananthapuramu
during the academic year 2018-2019.

Mini Project Guide Head of the Department

Dr. SUMIT VERMA Dr. ASHA RANI M. A

Senior Assistant Professor Head of the Department

Department of EEE Departments of EEE

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the results embodied in this mini project “Emergency Control for
Elevator” by us under the guidance of Dr. SUMIT VERMA, Senior Assistant Professor, Dept. of
EEE in partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Ananthapuramu.

Date :

Place : Madanapalle

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

M. AVINASH-(16695A0202)

D. CHAKRAVARTHY-(16695A0203)

R. GOWTHAM KUMAR REDDY-(16695A0206)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure and honor for us to express our outmost sincere gratitude to our guide

and Mini-Project Coordinator, Dr. SUMIT VERMA, Senior Assistant Professor, EEE

Department, MITS, for his inspiring guidance, encouragement, and guided effectively to a successful

completion of this Mini-Project work.

Our sincere thanks are to Dr. Asha Rani, Head of the EEE Department, MITS, and
Dr. C. Yuvaraj, Principal, MITS, for extending necessary supports as and when required.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to all the Faculty and the
associate colleagues of the EEE Department for their continuous encouragement and
suggestions.

We sincerely thank the Management of MITS for providing excellent infrastructure

and guidance to complete this Mini-Project.

The mini-project report has been carried out in the Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science. We are greatly

indebted to many persons for helping us complete this report.

Finally, we thank Almighty for always showering His blessings on us.

M. AVINASH-(16695A0202)
D. CHAKRAVARTHY- (16695A0203)
K. GOPIKRISHNA- (16695A0205)
R. GOWTHAM KUMAR REDDY-(16695A0206)
 INDEX

S.NO CHAPTER NAME page no

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5

3. COMPONENTS 12
3.1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 12

3.2 BIPOLAR STEPPER MOTOR 14

3.3 L293D H-BRIDGE IC 14

3.4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 15

3.5 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY 16

3.6 PUSH BUTTON SWITCHES 16

3.7 ELEVATOR STRUCTURE 17

4. ARDUINO PROGRAMMING and TESTING OF COMPONENTS 19

4.2.1 TESTING 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY 21

4.2.2 TESTING ULTRA SONIC SENSOR 21

4.2.3 TESTING ULTRA SONIC SENSOR WITH 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY 22

4.2.4 TESTING OF BIPOLAR STEPPER MOTOR 22

5. WORKING and FINAL BUILD 24

6. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTGES and APPLICATIONS 28

7. RESULTS AND OUTCOMES 30

8. CONCLUSION 32
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. (a) Bipolar stepper motor wiring

Fig. (b) L293D H-Bridge Pinout

Fig. (c) Interfacing of L293D IC to Microcontroller

Fig. (d) 7 Segment display

Fig. (e) Push button switches testing

Fig. (f) Arduino Mega 2560 Pinout

Fig. (g) NEMA 17-D Bipolar Stepper Motor

Fig. (h) HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor pinout

Fig. (i) Common cathode 7 segment display pinout

Fig. (j) Push button switches

Fig. (k) Elevator structure

Fig. (l) Connection diagram of testing of 7segment display

Fig. (m) Connection diagram for testing of ultrasonic sensor

Fig. (n) Connection diagram of testing of ultrasonic sensor with 7 segment

display

Fig. (o) Connection diagram for testing of stepper motor

Fig. (p) Block diagram of emergency controlled elevator

Fig. (q) Final build of emergency control for elevator

 ABSTRACT

This project presents the design of emergency switch for elevator. This system is designed to
assist in case of medical emergency arises in any floor in big apartments or industries having ten or
more floors. In such case, this emergency switch serves best. While operating this switch, elevator
will serve for those victims first and remaining floors will be bypassed and it directly goes to ground
floor and then resumes its normal operation. It may also find applications in big hotels when VIP’S
and celebrities arrives. This emergency switch will be placed at every floor except at the ground floor.

This project includes an Arduino MEGA 2560, ultrasonic sensor HCSR04, 7 segment display,
motor driver-L293D and a bipolar stepper motor. The ultrasonic sensor is used to sense the floor in
which the elevator is operating and floor number will be displayed by 7 segment display. A bipolar
stepper motor is used with driver IC for the bi-directional operation i.e., upward and downward
movement of the elevator box. Whenever the emergency switch is operated, the ultrasonic sensor
senses the elevator floor level and according to the floor level as input the elevator will move to the
emergency floor and take them in to ground floor. During this operation, it will bypass all other
commands and hence serving for the emergency cases. However, it doesn’t require any additional cost
and it can be implemented with proper coding. This type of system will be quite helpful in this
modernized and technological world.
CHAPTER-1

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 INTRODUCTION
An Elevator is a vertical transport equipment that moves people or goods between floors of a building,
vessel or other structure. In the past elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water
hydraulic pistons. Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to
pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the elevator car. Now, the modern
elevators are powered by electric motors that either traction cables or counterweight systems like hoist.
Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC motors. The traction-hydraulic elevator has overhead
traction cables and counterweight, but is driven by hydraulic power instead of overhead traction motor.

According to History, the earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the roman
architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built first elevator in 236 BC. In Ancient and medieval
periods, elevators used drive systems based on hoists or windlasses. The invention of a system based on
the screw drive was the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the
creation of modern elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in the
winter palace in 1793 [1]. The hydraulic crane was implemented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846 [1].
The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany. The first electrical
controls were realized by relay techniques. In the 1970’s the principles of relay equipment were applied to
electronic controls. The first completely microprocessor-based control system was developed in the
beginning of the 1980’s. After that, the safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced
by Frank Sprague who added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties.
By 1990’s, completely automated elevators were available and adoption of an emergency stop button,
emergency telephone, and a soothing explanatory automated voice aided adoption was installed. In 2000
a vacuum elevator was offered commercially in Argentina [1]. Different types are passenger elevators
which can be used in apartments and offices, goods elevators are used in constructing sites, stretcher
elevators used in hospitals, panoramic elevators used in shopping malls, automobile elevators used in
industries.

There are different types of hoist mechanisms for moving an elevator:

Traction Elevators

Traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines us worm gears to
control movement of elevator by rolling steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a
gearbox driven by high speed motor.

Climbing Elevators

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 A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be
done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers, in
order to make easy access to parts of the constructions.

Pneumatic Elevator

An elevator of this kind uses a Vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the shaft to
move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. A piston is used as
a brake, if there’s sudden increase in pressure above the cab. To go down, it opens the valve so that the air
can pressurize the top of the shaft allowing the cab to go down by its own weight.

Regenerative drives

It is an energy saving improvement which works analogously to regenerative braking in vehicles.

In this, it uses elevator’s electric motor as a generator to capture some of gravitational potential energy of
descent of cab or an ascent of an empty cab and return it to the building’s electrical system [1].

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 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes a detailed description of emergency control for elevators, components that run the
elevator and also the controls involved in elevator operation.

2.2 ELEVATOR

An elevator (a lift in British English) is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or good
between floors, levels or decks of a buildings, vessels or other structures. They normally powered by
motors that drive traction cables or counterweight systems like hoist or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston like a jack [1].

2.3 STEPPER MOTORS

This is an electromechanical device with ability to convert electrical pulse into discrete mechanical
movements. The shaft of this motor rotates in a discrete step increment when electrical pulses are applied
in a proper sequence. It is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal
steps. Sizing of the motor depends on its torque and speed which determines its applications. This motor
converts its train of input pulses into precisely defined increment in the shaft position with each pulses
moving through a particular angle [2].

2.3.1 Applications of Stepper Motors

This motors find applications in operation controls in computer peripherals, textile industries, IC
fabrications and robotics. They have advantage since position information can be obtained by keeping
count of pulses sent to the motor thus eliminating the need for expensive position sensors and feedback
controls. They also find application in commercial, military and medical fields for mixing, cutting,
striking, metering and blending. However due to their good control over speed and position, they are used
today in elevators since have a robust design, no brushes and a good speed control [2].

2.3.2 Bipolar stepper motor

Bipolar motors have a single winding per phase. The current in a winding needs to be reversed in order to
reverse a magnetic pole, thus the driving circuit must be more complicated; typically, with an H-bridge
arrangement (however there are several off the shelve drive chips that simplify this). There are two leads
per phase, non are common. The static friction effects using an H-bridge have been observed with certain
drive topologies.

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Since the windings are better utilized, they are powerful compared to unipolar motors of the same weight.
This is due to the physical space occupied by the windings. A unipolar stepper motor has twice the
amount of wires in the same space but with only half of them used at any point in time thus is 50%
efficient with only around 70% output torque available. Though bipolar one is more complicated to drive,
it’s more efficient since the drive chips are abundance and easy to achieve [2].

Fig. (a) Bipolar stepper motor wiring

2.3.3 Stepper Motor Drive Circuit

Fig. (b) L293D H-Bridge Pinout

2.3.4 Stepper Motor Controller

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These are systems responsible for coordinating all the aspects of elevator services such as travel, speed,
accelerating and decelerating, door opening speed and delay, levelling and hall lantern signals. It accepts
inputs (e.g. button signals) and produces outputs (e.g. elevator car moving and door opening).

The aim of an elevator control system is to:

i. To bring the lift car to the correct floor.

ii. To maximize passenger comfort by providing a smooth ride.

iii. To accelerate, decelerate with safe speeds.

iv. During emergency cases, it has to serve for the emergency case first and then it should perform its
normal operation.

2.3.5 Interfacing to Micro-Controller

4 micro-controller pins are required to control the motor. It need to provide the L293D with 5 V
supply as well as the voltage at which the motor needs to operate. Since this is using both the drivers of
the IC, it will assert the enable pin for both of them [3].

Interfacing Diagram

Fig. (c) Interfacing of L293D IC to Microcontroller

There are three different ways in which the bipolar stepper motor can drive-

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1. Only one of the phase winding is energized at a time. That is, either AB or CD is energized. Of
course the coils will be energized in such a way that will get correct polarity. But only one phase is
energized. This type of stepping will give less holding torque because only one phase is energized.
2. In this method, both the phases are activated at the same time. The rotor will align itself between two
poles. This arrangement will give higher holding torque than the previous method.
3. The third method is used for half stepping. This method is used generally to improve the stepping
angle. Here, in step 1 only 1 phase is ON, then in step 2, 2 phases are ON, then again only one phase
is ON and the sequence continues.

2.4 ELECTRONIC DISPLAY

2.4.1 Seven Segment Display

A Seven Segment Display (SSD) is one of the most common, cheap and simple to use display. It looks as
below:

Fig. (d) 7 Segment display

SSD consists of a total of 8 segments, out of which 7 are for displaying numbers, and one is for decimal
point. Each segment has 1 led inside it.

Common cathode here, the negative terminal of all the LEDs is commonly connected to the ‘COM’ pin.
A segment can be lighted up when ‘1’ is given to the respective LED segment and ground is connected to
the common. The internals are given as below:

2.5 SWITCHES

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2.5.1 Push-buttons

These are used for connecting two points in a circuit upon pressing them to allow an input signal
to be send in this case to the Arduino.

There are several ways of doing this such as connecting three wires to the board. The first goes
from one leg of the pushbutton through a pull-up resistor to the 5-volt supply. The second goes from the
other limb through the pushbutton to ground. The third connects to a digital input-output pin which reads
the button's state. When the pushbutton is open i.e. not pressed there is no connection between the two
legs of the pushbutton, so the pin is connected to 5 volts (through the pull-up resistor) and it read a HIGH.
When the button is closed (pressed), it makes a connection between its two legs, connecting the pin to
ground, so that it read a LOW.

The Arduino chip has an internal pull-up resistor which can be activated in code. When this is
done the buttons need to be connected to ground not 5V Vcc thus checks when the pin is low not high.
The button pin is declared a digital input and a high written to it [4].

pin Mode (buttonPin, INPUT);

digital Write (buttonPin, HIGH;

Fig. (e) Push button switches testing

2.6 CONCLUSION

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 Stepper motors provide a good control over speed and position. They find applications in moving
elevators today due to their robust design, absence of brushes and good control over position and speed. A
L293D IC has been preferred in this thesis due to ease to connect with the stepper motor for to allow
control pulses to be send to motor. The L293D is found as a best method of controlling a stepper motor.
Bipolar stepper motor has been preferred here due reduced step angle and simplicity and there is reversal
of the current in the bipolar drive for changing the rotation of stepper motor.

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 CHAPTER-3

COMPONENTS
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3.1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560

ARDUINO MEGA 2560 is Microcontroller board based on Atmega2560. There are 54 digital I/O
pins and 16 analog pins incorporated on the board that make this device unique and stand out from others.
Out of 54 digital I/O, 15 are used for PWM (pulse width modulation). A crystal oscillator of 16MHz
frequency is added on the board.

This board comes with USB cable port that is used to connect and transfer code from computer to
the board. DC power jack is coupled with the board that is used to power the board. ICSP header is a
remarkable addition to Arduino Mega which is used for programming the Arduino and uploading the
code from the computer.

This board comes with two voltage regulator i.e. 5V and 3.3V which provides the flexibility to
regulate the voltage as per requirements. Arduino software called Arduino IDE is used to program the
board which is a common software used for all boards belonged to Arduino family. There is a reset button
and 4 hardware serial port called USART which produces a maximum speed for setting up
communication.

There are three ways to power the board. This can either use a USB cable to power the board and
transfer code to the board or power it up using Vin of the board or through Power jack or batter.

3.1.1 Pin Description

5V & 3.3V This pin is used to provide output regulated voltage around 5V. This regulated power supply
powers up the controller and other components on the board. It can be obtained from Vin of the board or
USB cable or another regulated 5V voltage supply. While another voltage regulation is provided by 3.3V
pin. Maximum power it can draw is 50mA.

GND  There are 5 ground pins available on the board which makes it useful when more than one ground
pins are required for the project.

Reset This pin is used to reset the board. Setting this pin to LOW will reset the board.

Vin It is the input voltage supplied to the board which ranges from 7V to 20V. The voltage provided by
the power jack can be accessed through this pin. However, the output voltage through this pin to the
board will be automatically set up to 5V.

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Serial Communication RXD and TXD are the serial pins used to transmit and receive serial data i.e. Rx
represents the transmission of data while Tx used to receive data. There are four combinations of these
serial pins are used where Serial 0 contains RX(0) and TX(1), Serial 1 contains TX(18) and RX(19),
Serial 2 contains TX(16) and RX(17), and Serial 3 contains TX(14) and RX(15).

External Interrupts Six pins are used for creating external interrupts i.e. interrupt 0(0), interrupt 1(3),
interrupt 2(21), interrupt 3(20), interrupt 4(19), interrupt 5(18). These pins produce interrupts by a
number of ways i.e. providing LOW value, rising or falling edge or changing value to the interrupt pins.

LED  This board comes with built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. HIGH value at this pin will turn
the LED on and LOW value will turn it off. This gives the change of nursing your programming skills in
real time.

Analog Pins There are 16 analog pins incorporated on the board labeled as A0 to A15. It is important to
note that all these analog pins can be used as digital I/O pins [5].

Fig. (f) shows the pinout diagram of Arduino Mega 2560.

Fig. (f) Arduino Mega 2560 Pinout

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3.2 BIPOLAR STEPPER MOTOR

A bipolar stepper motor has one winding per stator phase. A two phase bipolar stepper motor will
have 4 leads. In a bipolar stepper there is no common lead like in a unipolar stepper motor. Hence, there
is no natural reversal of current direction through the winding. A bipolar stepper motor has easy wiring
arrangement but its operation is little complex. In order to drive a bipolar stepper, it needs a driver IC
with an internal H bridge circuit. This is because, in order to reverse the polarity of stator poles, the
current needs to be reversed. This can only be done through a H bridge [3].

Fig. (g) NEMA 17-D Bipolar Stepper Motor

3.3 L293D H-BRIDGE IC

There are two reasons to use an H Bridge IC

1. The current draw by a stepper motor is quite high. The micro-controller pin can only provide up to 15
mA at maximum. The stepper needs current which is around ten times this value. An external driver
IC is capable of handling such high currents.
2. Another reason why H Bridge is used is because the stator coils are nothing but inductor. When coil
current changes direction a spike is generated. A normal micro-controller pin cannot tolerate such
high spikes without damaging itself. Hence to protect micro-controller pins, H bridge is necessary
[3].

Fig. (b) shows the pinout diagram of L293D IC

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 Fig. (b) L293D H-Bridge Pinout

3.4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

The ultrasonic sensor detects the distance of the closest object in front of the sensor (from 2 cm up to 3m).
It works by sending out a burst of ultrasound and listening for the echo when it bounces off of an object.
The Arduino board sends a short pulse to trigger the detection, then listens for a pulse on the different pin.
The duration of this second pulse is equal to the time taken by the ultrasound to travel to the object and
back to the sensor. Using the speed of sound, this time can be converted to distance. The ultrasonic sensor
will check the distance of the top of the elevator and where the sensor was mounted. Each floor will be
constraint by cm and the sensor will check this and display the floor level.

Fig. (h) HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor pinout

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3.5 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY

The seven segment display is the most common display device used in many gadgets, and
electronic appliances like digital meters, digital clocks, microwave oven and electric stove, etc. These
displays consist of seven segments of light emitting diodes (LEDs)  and that is assembled into a structure
like numeral 8. Actually seven segment displays contain about 8-segments wherein an extra 8th segment
is used to display dot [6].

A seven segment displays are generally available in ten pin package. In that 8 pins relate to the 8
LEDs, the remaining pins at middle are internally shorted. These segments come in two outlines they are
common cathode and common anode. In common cathode configuration, the negative terminals are
connected to the common pins and the common is connected to the ground. When the corresponding pin
is given high, then particular LED glows. In a common anode arrangement, the common pin is given to a
logic high and the pins of the LED are given low to display a number. The 7 segment displays are used to
display the level of the elevator. This project has five 7 segment displays. There is one at ground level and
two outside of each floor.

Fig. (i) Common cathode 7 segment display pinout

3.6 PUSH BUTTON SWITCHES

In order to implement the buttons, this project needs 5 buttons because it is having ground, first
and second floor that’s three different levels which requires a button for each floor and an emergency
button at first and second floor.  One side of the button is connected to ground and the same side is also

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connected to a digital pin on the Arduino. The other side of the button is connected to 5 volts. repeat the
same process for the remaining 4 buttons.

Fig. (j) Push button Switches

3.7 ELEVATOR STRUCTURE

The elevator structure was made from wood because it’s strong and sturdy and it’s cheaper than
using metal and it’s more durable making pilot holes. This has been done with using spindle of height
45cm which is used as stair barriers i.e. four for each corner. The base and top of the elevator will be
made from wood size of 15cmX15cm. The base and top of the elevator have been secured to each spindle
using 2 screws on each spindle.

Fig. (k) Elevator Structure

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CHAPTER-4

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4.1 ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

Structure

The basic structure of the Arduino programming language is fairly simple and runs in at least two
parts. These two parts, or functions, enclose blocks of statements.

Void setup()

Statements;

void loop()

Statements;

Where setup() is the preparation, loop() is the execution. Both functions are required for the
program to work.

The setup function should follow the declaration of any variables at the very beginning of the
program. It is the first function to run the program, is the run only once, and is used to set pin Mode or
initialize serial communication.

The loop function follows next and includes the code to be executed continuously- reading inputs,
triggering outputs, etc. This function is the core of all Arduino programs and does the bulk of the work.

Setup()

The setup() function is called once when your program starts. Use it to initialize pin modes, or
begin serial. It must be included in a program even if there are no statements to run.

Void setup()

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 {

PinMode(pin.OUTPUT); //set the ‘pin’ as output

LOOP

After calling the setup() function, the loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and
loops consecutively, allowing the program to change, respond, and control the Arduino Board.

void loop()

digitalwrite(pin,HIGH); //turns ‘pin’ on

delay(1000); //pauses for one second

digitalwrite(pin,LOW); //turns ‘pin’ off

delay(1000); //pauses for one second

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4.2 TESTING OF COMPONENTS

4.2.1 TESTING 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY

Fig. (l) Connection diagram of testing of 7 segment display

4.2.2 TESTING OF ULTRA SONIC SENSOR

Fig. (m) Connection diagram for testing of ultrasonic sensor

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4.2.3 TESTING ULTRA SONIC SENSOR WITH 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY

Fig. (n) Connection diagram of testing of ultrasonic sensor with 7 segment display

4.2.4 TESTING OF BIPOLAR STEPPER MOTOR

Fig. (o) Connection diagram for testing of bipolar stepper motor

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CHAPTER-5

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5.1 WORKING

In this project a mini version of a elevator with emergency switch is designed. The aim of this
project is to demonstrate on how emergency switch for elevator works. This elevator should resemble a
real life elevator with all its features and concepts about the elevator. Arduino software, a microcontroller
is used to control the elevator. There will be 3 floors which are Ground, First and second. There will be 3
buttons for each floor and an emergency switch outside for each floor. On each floor there will be display
which tell the user which floor the elevator is on. An ultrasonic sensor that can measure distance
according to the height of the elevator is used. A Stepper motor is used to pull the elevator up and down
with the user interaction of button pressed.

During the normal operation, when normal switch is pressed the elevator move towards respective

floor based on individual priorities. If the emergency switch is pressed it will respond immediately to

this call and moves to the corresponding floor and then moves to ground floor. This specific operation is
done by isolating all other priorities.

Fig. (p) Block diagram of proposed emergency controlled elevator

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5.2 FINAL BUILD

With all the components fixed in place inside the structure, the wiring has been finished inside the
structure. Our project consists of a lot of wire running from each floor to the top and all the components
are connected to the breadboard and the Arduino. Make sure each wire was connected correctly otherwise
the coding wouldn’t work for the component, this can also damage the components. This project is having
an Arduino mega 2560 which has more number of digital I/O pins.

The details of connections for each component is discussed in following section.

Stepper motor is connected to a driver, this take three 5v and one 12v for power, 4 ground
connections and 4 digital pin connection.

Push Button is connected to 5volt, ground and digital pin.

Ultra sonic sensor is connected to 5volt, ground, 2 digital pins.

Each seven segment display is connected to 2 ground connections and 8 digital pin connections.

The above all components should be connected properly with the Arduino Board.

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Fig. (q) Final build of emergency control for elevator system

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 CHAPTER-6
.

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTGES

ADVANTAGES

1) Implementation cost of this system is low.

2) This can be implement it for any type of elevators used in apartments, offices, shopping malls etc.

3) Easily accessible by the user.

4) No additional maintenance is required.

DISADVANTGES

1) There is a chance of misuse by unauthorized persons.

2) Proper protection to this system is required.

APPLICATIONS

1) It greatly serves patients in the hospitals.

2) It can be implemented in big industries and apartments.

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CHAPTER-7

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 RESULTS AND OUTCOMES

The components used were:

i. The Arduino mega 2560 which was the controller device.

ii. The 7 segment display for indicating floor level of the elevator and floor movements (floor display).

iii. Button inputs to send control commands for particular desired elevator response.

iv. Ultrasonic sensor to detect floor level.

v. The stepper motor connected to cab for up-down motion of elevator.

This project will imitate a real life elevator. A structure has been created and implemented a box
within it which will represent an elevator capsule, where this capsule will move to different levels.
Ultrasonic sensor senses the floor level and it is displayed by 7segement display. The elevator will be
controlled by buttons which will need to be pressed to move it to the respective floor.

The elevator will stop at each floor and will wait for the next input whether to either move to the
floor above or below and during emergency operation it will bypass all other commands and serves for
the emergency cases. Using this elevator, a user could see a functionality of a real life elevator with
emergency control.

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CHAPTER-8

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 CONCLUSION

There are several aspects when constructing a physical computing project where there is the
hardware side and then the software side.  Constructing this project has given us both a very wide
overview of both areas mainly being able to control a physical artefact implemented by software.

Programming with the Arduino and creating the electronic circuits it was a much more delicate
procedure. So, each step of adding a component into the project had to be carefully thought of. Planning
all the components and testing each component individually beforehand was an advantage to us this
stopped us from getting confused with the wirings when merging them all together. Planning the project
and doing testing first helped us a lot when it came to actually building the project.

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 REFERENCES

[1]. Elevator introduction : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator

[2]. Stepper Motors : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepper_motor
[3]. Bipolar Stepper motor Interfacing : https://www.electrical4u.com/bipolar-stepper-motor/
[4]. Switch Basics : https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/switches
[5]. Arduino introduction : https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2018/06/introduction-to-
arduino-mega-2560.html
[6]. 7 Segment Display Interface : https://www.elprocus.com/types-of-7-segment-displays-and-
controlling-ways/
[7]. Stepper motor control with l293d IC : https://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-How-to-
control-a-Stepper-Motor-With-L293D-/
[8]. 7 segment display testing : https://youtu.be/MoKeZOdAESU
[9]. Ultrasonic sensor testing : https://youtu.be/HnFyJQLV--k

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