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 Dinosaurs

• When a meteorite hit earth 65 million years ago, dinosaurs went extinct.
• Weaker species ( mammals) got the chance to evolve faster.
Determining the age of fossils? Radiocarbon dating, x- rays, sophisticated technology

Fossils

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science ancienti ^
- Paleontology anthropology
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- Archaeology person
ili body

- Anthropology 5

Forensic science
 Darwin's Theory
of Evolution

All species change slowly over time

through natural selection.

Darwin has developed his theory

through careful study of the fossils
and different types of organisms. ,

It took 20 years for Darwin

to publish his researches.
His theory is accepted by
the religious hierarchies.
19th century

DNA mutations are the biggest evidence of

evolution. It Darwin's time, the DNA has not been
discovered.
 Human evolution
Our common ancestor was Australopithecus ( very ape -like). He inhabited the Africa between 4- 2
million years ago.

Bipedal, but
small brains

BEAJL
Lucy, Ethiopia
Bone fossils
Australopithecus
After him a first proto-man has evolved, Homo Habilis ( which means "handy") with bigger
brain and he was able to make and use simple stone tools, existed between 2 - 1,4 million
years ago.

Adult male - forensic

reconstruction from
German Museum of Natural

Homo Habilis History

(or Handy ) Fact: they ate more meat than Australopithecus

and shared food with others.
Homo Erectus ( meaning "Upright ") lived around 1,8 million years ago in Africa and Asia.
During their time humanity had discovered how to use fire and possibly have invented
proto- language . Homo Erectus was taller, had bigger brain and ability to walk rather than
climbing the trees. He also made more complex tools and existed at the same time as Homo
Habilis.

Fact: they had body proportions

Homo Erectus like modern humans, with
exception of flat skull, prominent
( or Upright ) nose and body hair. Skin color
varied with location.
More advanced and developed Neanderthals lived between 600.000 - 300.000 years ago
across Europe and West Asia . They went extinct ( evolutionary dead end) . They reproduced
with Homo Sapiens ("thinking" man), the cousin species who started migrating from Africa
around 200.000 years ago. Today the word "Neanderthal" has a negative context.

Neanderthal
Fact: they were muscular and strong. They didn' t
and Homo Sapiens have flat faces - bigger heads, jaws and teeth, but
shorter legs than ours.
(thinking man )
Last link in the Sapiens line is Homo Sapiens Sapiens which means "modern humans" - their
evolution started around 100.000 years ago till our own time.

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

MODERN MAN
 Homo sapiens: 200k yrs ago

600k- 300k yrs ago 100k yrs ago

1.8-1.3 million yrs ago

2-1.4 million yrs ago homo

sapiens

4- 2 million yrs ago

Austra- Homo Homo Homo Homo

lopithecus Habilis Erectus Neander- Sapiens
(Hominid) HANDY UPRIGHT thalensis Sapiens
THINKING
 STONE AGE a
PALEOLITHIC ( OLD STONE) AGE: starts around 2.5 million
yrs bee in Africa ; earliest tools (roughly carved stone and bones) , ends with
the end of the last Ice Age around 9600 bee , era of hunter-gatherers

MESOLITHIC ( MIDDLE STONE ) AGE: transition to neolithic

more advanced tools, ends with beginning of agriculture

NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE ) AGE: beginning of farming and

settlementsaround 10 000 bee . ends in Near East with use of the bronze
in 3500 bee

s
4

Simple jewelry,
painted figurines and cave art
 PALEOLITHIC ERA - OLD STONE AGE
Architecture : temporary shelters ( caves, oval huts and tents)
fire pits, colored floors, storing food and utencils

ICE AGE - scarce food Mammoth bone huts

Tribes crossing from found in Ukraine
Siberia to North
America

spear /arrow heads

"Primitive tools", roughly made

 FIRST ART

First Art : No proof that our ancestors invented language yet, as "talking" gene
and vocal cords were still evolving. However they did communicate non verbally
through images and sculptures.

Scultpures were found across Europe and Asia and they were made of carved
bones ( ivory ), stones and clay. We're not entirely sure about the context ( rituals? )
Animals and women were mostly represented.
First traces of artworks like Sculpture of Lion man were created during the late old stone age
period called Upper Paleolithic . The sculpture looks like a children ' s toy but most likely it was
important social aspect, way of communication with spirits or a lucky charm.

He is the oldest known representation of a being

that does not exist in physical form but symbolizes
ideas about the supernatural.

LION MAN, 40 000

years old, 31cm
Venus of Willendorf is the most famous portable sculpture. It was created approximately
25000 years ago and painted in red ochre clay pigment. It is small, only 11 cm and perfectly
fitted to be carried in a hand or pocket.

Symbols : Fertility, Survival, Motherhood, Mother Earth.. We can only guess.

Author is not known either.
Venus of Brassempoy or "Lady with the Hood" is beautiful and haunting representation of
realistic Paleolithic woman portrait, carved from mammoth tusk 25000 years ago, it is
wrapped in mystery and we don't know who were the authors of the mentioned pieces.

Size: 3,6cm
Cave art in Altamira dating 12.000 BCE, bulls and bisons ; painted
bodies of animals over and around natural irregularities on cave
ALTAMIRA CAVE
walls and ceilings , creating almost sculptural effects. They used
red and brown ochre and charcoal for details.
IN SPAIN

Young daughter from a local nobleman had accidentally

stumbled upon the images. She exclaimed: Look Papa,
oxen! Pictures were declared as "fake" by the scientific
community and accepted 20 years later, after many other
cave art discoveries in Spain and France.

https:// www.youtube.com/ watch ?v=xdAhSZB2lh8 Altamira song

Cave art in Lascaux dates from around 15.000 years BCE. Actual cave
is closed for visitors to prevent further damage.
LASCAU)C CAVE
. 7'
FRANCE

"Bird man" and horses. All animals are

presented from profile and mostly linear .

As it is very famous, Lascaux cave attracted

many tourists. Images suffered heavy damage . A
replica has been created to showcase the
images instead the original.
Cave art In Pech Merle dates back to 16.000 years BCE.
Discovered by two young boys. The most famous panel
PECH MERLE CAVE
depicts two horses back to back and covered with dots.
IN FRANCE

The walls of seven of the chambers at Pech Merle have

fresh, lifelike images of a woolly mammoth, spotted horses,
bovids, reindeer, handprints, and some human figures.
Footprints of children, preserved in what was once clay,
have been found more than a kilometer underground.
Nearly 340 caves have been discovered in France and Spain that contain art from
prehistoric times.
 Sources:

* Marilyn Stokstadt 1995

*Janson's History of Art 7th Ed 2001
* Khan Academy | Free Online Courses, Lessons & Practice

e art of Altamir

This concludes Prehistoric art.

THANK
YOU "

Exploring the past using science: the world of human

early ancestors;
Stone Age and it's 3 main periods: old, middle, new; > Up next : Ancient Middle-East
The oldest types of art ever found, dating from Old cultures !
stone age;
ANCIENT NEAR EAST

Sanja Jankovic CUD

LECTURE 2 9/ 20
 NEOLITHIC ERA NEW STONE AGE
REVOLUTION
Polished tools Megalith structures

Climate has changed at the end of Ice age and life conditions
were getting better for our ancestors between 12.000 and
9.000 BCE. They start domesticating animals and plants:
farming and agricultural revolution.

This led to more steady food supplies and increase in

population. When our ancestors discovered how to mine and
use metal around 3.000 BCE ( bronze, gold and later iron), a
new revolution has replaced Neolithic.
 UNESCO Jericho
Beginning of trading. First Neolithic proto-city
settlement was Jericho (12.000 yrs. BCE, today Palestine)

S Made of clay and mud brick

S People of Jericho knew how to read and write
 Black Sea
MESOPOTAMIA

y Mediterranean
,
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Syrian
Media
S Neolithic farming community emerged
around big rivers;
Bigger population of people
S Each city had a protector deity

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Anatolia ( Turkey ), Mesopotamia (Irak ) and Persia (Iran)

 Sumer|
S Sumerians have invented the wagon wheel, plow, used copper and bronze and invented
writing to keep agricultural records around 3000 BCE. The writing is called cuneiform of
wedge-shaped, had between 600 and 1000 characters. They pressed stylus into the clay
tablets.

S We know that they worshiped Inanna, goddess of love, sensuality, fertility, procreation,
and war. She later became identified as the goddess Ishtar, and further as Ishtar,
Aphrodite, Venus.

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^ ST
' Architecture

Ziggurat is stepped pyramid with a temple on the top that bonds humans and gods.
Ziggurats are made of mud- bricks, the building material of choice in the Near East, as
stone is rare . Ziggurats were not only a visual focal point of the city, they were a symbolic
one, as well — they were at the heart of the theocratic political system.

Great Ziggurat One of the largest and best preserved

ziggurats of Mesopotamia is the Great Ziggurat at Ur .

White temple

The Great Ziggurat

and the temple on its
top were built
around 2100 BCE for
the moon god
Nanna, the divine
patron of the city
state.
S Sumerians had used cone mosaics - cylinders of colored stone pushed in wet plaster or
clay nails ( foundation pegs) carved with cuneiform and baked - to decorate pillars and
walls of their temples. Mosaic is a form of art which is made by using tiny tiles and
pieces to decorate walls, ceiling and floors. Mosaic is considered as an additive medium,
which means one piece is following another .
 Votive figures dedicated to the gods.
Sumer Art

Each sculpture is a stand- in for the Donor

who might have commissioned it.

S Faces and bodies are simplified so that they do not distract attention from the eyes which
are the "window to the soul"

.
S Figures were made of gypsum, alabaster and limestone Mostly men are depicted and few
women.
Babylon is a famous place of ancient legends. Today it is a beloved BABYLON
visiting site of many Iraqis despite political conflicts. Babylon was
originally a small Akkadian town dating from the period of
the Akkadian Empire around 2300 BCE.

Astrology and measurement of time are direct offspring of Babylonian

thinkers - zodiac signs and Babylonian numeration system whose base is
60 is exactly how we calculate seconds and hours till this day.
HAMMURABI, exemplary king of justice
BABYLON
Babylon is mentioned in the ancient documents 3000 yrs. back and came to prominence as the royal
city state of king Hammurabi ( about 1790-1750 BCE ).

^ Hammurabi described himself as "the

king who made the four quarters of
the earth obedient."

He is receiving the laws from the god

Shamash

S There are over 300 laws and the code

is very strict, "an eye for an eye"
punishments for disobedient.

Paris Louvre
Nebuchadnezzar II NEO BABYLON
^ The old Babylon empire fell apart after Hammurabi's death. The Neo- Babylonians came more than
a thousand years later.

S King Nebuchadnezzar II ( 604-561 BCE ) largely rebuilt this ancient city including its 18 km walls and
seven gates ( the Wonders of the World). He reconstructed the Great Ziggurat too.

^ He built the " Hanging Gardens of Babylon " for his wife. We can trace Nebuchadnezzar in Bible as
well - he is the ruler who conquers and destroys Jerusalem and is responsible for the exile of the
 ^ Alternating rows of lion and cattle march
in a relief procession across the gleaming
blue faience surface of the gate .

S Mesopotamians could not use rock for

building like Egyptians, they could use clay
of the river valley to make bricks.

Lions that we see represent Ishtar.

Aancient bull ( auroch ) and Mesopotamia

dragon protect the city.
 T
**
The Ishtar Gate ( today in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin) was the most elaborate of the inner
city gates. The whole gate was covered in lapis lazuli glazed bricks which would have rendered
the facade with a jewel-like shine representing pride and power of Nebuchadnezzar 's rule.
A Military Culture, king AshurbanipaJ
ASSYRIA
^S The Assyrian kings were highly ambitious and aggressive. Assyrian society was entirely military .
The Assyrian kings were very wealthy.

S They built gigantic and luxurious palaces.

What we have preserved are

the stories carved in low
relief also called bass-relief .
Assyrians used art as a
propaganda for political
power.

Some of the found low

reliefs show a very dramatic
lion hunt.
A Military Culture, king AshurbanipaJ

^ Lions were native to Mesopotamia. They

were symbols of violence in nature. There
was a law that said that only king can kill
lions - he is killing them in arena and not in
the wild.
A Military Culture, king Ashurbanipal

S Political message
S Persia was an enormous empire reaching through entire
today's Middle East territory. Heart of Persia is in what is now
southwest Iran.
PERSIA
^ Although Persians were the sworn enemies of ancient Greeks, the Persians were quite tolerant and
ruled a multi-ethnic empire.

Capital of Persia lies some 60 km northeast of Shiraz, Iran. The earliest archaeological remains of the city date to c.
515 BCE Persepolis, a Greek toponym meaning "city of the Persians". Its remains are striking even today, leading
UNESCO to register the site as a World Heritage Site.
S Famous rulers of Persia were Cyrus, Darius I and Darius III.
Cyrus the Great 600-530 BCE founded the Persian empire and PERSIA
allowed the exiled Jews to return to their homes.

J Darius the Great or Darius I c. 550-486 BCE was the fourth Persian king. The Persian Empire was
conquered by Alexander the Great . Alexander buried the last Persian emperor, Darius III who ruled
c. 336-330 BCE.

The twin bulls from Apadana ceremonial building columns in Persepolis. The footprint of the Apadana is c. 1,000 square
meters; originally 72 columns, each standing to a height of 24 meters, supported the roof (only 14 columns remain
standing today).
Glazed tiles from Darius palace in Susa
 Coin money and monetary standard: Daric coins PERSIA
S A mold is the negative or hollow
cavity produced around a sculpted
S A cast is the positive or
piece for use in creating multiples of
that piece. reproduction of the original
piece created by pouring casting
material into a pre- formed mold .
It was not a new coin for the ancient Persian coins,
because it was inspired by the Lydian system, the
oldest in the world.

1 Daric is around $5 worth

Sources:

* Marilyn Stokstadt 1995

\Janson's History of Art 7th Ed 2001
* Khan Academy | Free Online Courses , Lessons & Practice
On the picture: Royal Standard of Ur

Agricultural revolution during the New Stone Age

First city and civilizations of Mesopotamia ( or Near > Up next: Mysteries of
East ) Ancient Egypt !
Art from the different cultures of Mesopotamia
 ffi

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LECTURE 2 9/ 2019
 S Treasures of ancient Egypt

MEDITERRANEAN SEA were discovered by the

DELTA outside world during French
Emperor Napoleon's conquest
Rosetta fiSebennytos Pelusium
But' of Egypt in 1798.
Alexandria

Naucratis'
IWfanis
usjrisL/ /ff Avaris
*
Athribis
1 ^ontopolis
3ubastis
^ Napoleon brought along 150
scientists, engineers and
</ L 0 W E R: E G Y P T
Heliopolis
Giza it CAIRO
'
AbusiM Memphis
Saqqara [
Timna
O
scholars who were to capture
Egyptian culture and history.
^ pahshur SINAI
FA1YUM Lisht
Meidum
Hawara • ihun Serabit el-Khadim
Herakleopolis *
•Wadi Maghara
el-Hiba

>0

Hermopolis '
Beni Hassan
•
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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN WRITING SYSTEM, Hieroglyph

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S A hieroglyph was a character of the ancient Egyptian writing system that had died out. We didn't
understand their meaning until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799. It has the same text
written in three different languages : in the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptians, demotic
( hieratic ) Egyptian and Greek.

^ After many years of studying the Rosetta Stone and other examples of ancient
Egyptian writing, French scholar Jean-Fran$ois Champollion deciphered hieroglyphs in 1822.
 Society and religion:
Anubis

Seth killed Osiris and Egyptian deities

dismembered his presented as half humans
body parts. half animals
Isis collects the parts i
and puts them
together, gives birth
to Horus.
S Agriculture allowed higher population and soon alliances were starting to form resulting
with unification under a single ruler and dynasties.

S Predynastic period started around 3150 BCE, when we believe that upper and lower
Egypt were first united under the king Narmer also called Menes . The kingdom lasted
thousands of years under the rule of 32 dynasties .

ANCIENT EGYPT PERIODS: UP P

^ ,

- Old kingdom
-Middle kingdom * Each of these periods had intermediate
periods where the kingdom or the empire
- New kingdom was a little bit more fragmented or had a
foreign rule.

- Late period
 PREDVNASTIC ART, king Menes (Narmer)
S Palette of king Menes is
made for mixing the
pigments for eye paint .

S Palette is carved in low i

relief and pictographs
describing a victory in
battle and uniting the
upper and lower Egypt.

Here we can see pharaoh Menes wearing crowns of upper and lower Egypt,
his defeated enemies and falcon god Horus.
Palette is 64 cm big and it is so important that it was never allowed to leave
the country.
PREDYNASTIC ART, king Menes (Narmer)

Key terms:

- Composite view

- Hieratic scale

representing power
- Art
and authority
DJOSER ART OF THE OLD KINGDOM
^ In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. 2686-2181 BC.
Over these 400 years, Egypt had a strong central government and a prosperous
economy.

S The Old Kingdom is most famous as a time when many pyramids were built, known
also as the " Age of the Pyramids". This includes the first pyramid, the Pyramid of
Djoser, and the Great Pyramid at Giza that are part of the Seven wonders of the world.

.
Stepped Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara necropolis, 62m Designed by Imhotep (chancellor, architect and artist)
DJOSER ART OF THE OLD KINGDOM
v' The Step Pyramid, initially rectangular Mastaba is made up of a stack of rectangular mounds, each
built of limestone blocks, and decreasing in size upward. Like most Pharaonic pyramids, that of
Djoser has a network of underground passages, galleries and a maze of tunnels with rooms to
discourage robbers and protect the body and grave goods of the king. Sadly, it didn't stop the
robbers and his mummy was stolen.

Sr-V*>

S Temple and grave are inside the pyramid,

below ground. There are a lot of doors known
as false doors, and they were meant for the
king' s use in the afterlife. They functioned as
portals through which the king' s ka could pass
between life and the afterlife.
 ART OF THE OLD KINGDOM
Most famous part of any Egypt historic tour.

The shift from rectangular to pointy pyramids meant relationship to the

sun god Ra - rays of sun.
 SPHINX, KHEFRE STATUE ART OF THE OLD KINGDOM

^ The Great Sphinx is the first colossal sculpture in Egyptian history. It represents lying
lion with the head of a king carved for Khafre. Part of the face is missing and this is
attributed to a Sufi Muslim who destroyed part of the face and was later executed.
ART OF THE MID KINGDOM
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is the period in the history of ancient Egypt following a period of
political division known as the First Intermediate Period . The Middle Kingdom is stretching between
the 11th and 14th Dynasty, between 2030 BC and 1650 BC.

SMALLER OBJECTS
FOUND IN TOMBS

The jewelry held religious and

symbolic significance and it was
treasured for its beauty and
power against evil and death. It
was buried with men and
women.

Part of a necklace from the reign of

Senwosret II

^
•
Pectorals were a type of jewelry commonly worn by the wealthier classes, and could be worn as a
brooch or necklace laid across the chest made from gold and expensive materials such as lapis
,

lazuli and turquoise.

ART OF THE MID KINGDOM
Egyptian faience is a glass-paste substance manufactured expertly by the ancient Egyptians.
Blue-green faience is the most common. It was viewed
as a substitute of sorts for the more precious lapis. The
color symbolized afterlife and river Nile.

Blue faience hippopotamus, Middle Kingdom ( 2033-1710 BC)

^ There's a long list of things we can thank the ancient Egyptians for inventing, and one of them is the
color blue. Considered to be the first ever synthetically produced color pigment, Egyptian
blue was created around 2,200 BC by mixing different minerals with copper.
S Egyptian tombs were adorned with colorful scenes and hieroglyph texts. They were never
intended to be seen — that was simply not their purpose .

^ Images of people show their face, waist, and limbs in profile, but eye and shoulders frontally .
These scenes are complex composite images. Scenes were ordered in parallel lines, known as
registers.

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Bird hunt; 1350 BC; paint on plaster Preliminary sketches, repeating of the same
template
 ART OF THE NEW KINGDOM
The pharaohs of the New Kingdom used their wealth to build massive temples to the gods. The city of
Thebes ( Luxor ) continued to be the cultural center of the empire. The Temple of Luxor was built and
grand additions were made to the Temple of Karnak. Pharaohs also built monumental Mortuary Temples
to honor themselves as gods.

S The most famed collection of elaborate tombs is found at the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the
Queens near Luxor - two royal Necropolis and archaeological sites.
 A R T O F T H E NEW K I N G D O M
RAMESES II
or THE GREAT *
i

Lived 96 yrs k
Had over 100
children m
L i

to-* S He is one of the greatest

pharaohs of ancient Egypt, and
BAWESSESII also one of its most well-

—
sssfe known.
.-
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S He was issued a passport 3000
years after death in order to
pass to France for

iiiiii® <<«««<«<<<<<<<<<<
conservation. He was promptly
returned to Egypt without any
legal trouble.
 ART OF THE NEW KINGDOM

I
S Artworks were also painted on the papyrus scrolls in the New Kingdom and not only for
pharaohs. This scroll from Book of the Dead was specially produced for Hunefer ( a royal
.
scribe) with "instructions" for the afterlife It shows Hunefer with important Egyptian
.
deities who were testing him before introducing him to the Osiris
 Tutankhamun or
King TUT

Supposedly a son of
Akhenaten, he wasn't a
significant pharaoh but
he became popular when
his tomb was discovered.

S His tomb remained hidden for 3,000 years after the pharaoh' s death. The death mask
( above) is considered one of the masterpieces of Egyptian art. The striped head-cloth was
typically worn by pharaohs in ancient Egypt.

S Scientists have performed "visual autopsy" using 2,000 computer scans of his remains,
a team has recreated an image of how the boy pharaoh would have looked.

S His family relations were complicated - his wife was also his half -sister, his father was also
his uncle, his mother was also his mother-in-law, and so forth.
Sources:

* Marilyn Stokstadt 1995

‘Janson's History of Art 7th Ed 2001
* Khan Academy | Free Online Courses, Lessons & Practice

S Ancient Egyptian Kingdoms > Ancient Greece and

Ancient Rome
S Artworks that belonged to each period
 rv
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Sanja Jankovic CUD
LECTURE 6 10/ 20
*
 S Between 5000 and 3000
years BC. First civilizations
located in Mediterranean
sea, with good climate and
connection with other
islands.

V They invented DEMOCRACY

in 508-507 BC and higher
educational system ( we are
using Greek models at
universities). Only adult males
had rights. Women, slaves or
outsiders did not.

The earliest recorded Olympics occurred in 776 BC and the modern Olympic games began in 1896.
RELIGION
 EARLY GREEK ART:

FRESCOES

^ FRESCO is a painting
technique which involves
applying water based
paint onto freshly
plastered walls. The paint
forms a bond with the
plaster that is durable
and long lasting.

Bull-leaping or Toreador fresco, comes from the site of Knossos on the island of Crete.

^ Unlike Egyptians, who painted dry fresco ( less durable - flakes off ), Aegean artists
painted true fresco on wet plaster. True fresco requires quick work .
VASES PAINTING STYLES:

Geometric style c. 900-700 BCE

Orientalyzing style c. 7OO-6OOBCE

Black-figure style c. 625-6OOBCE
Red- figure style c. 525-520 BCE
White-ground style c. 47OB.C.E
Lip
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In addition to being an excellent tool for dating, pottery enables I— 1 landle
researchers to locate ancient sites, religion, daily life, and society. [L Shoulder
They are made of terracotta ( fired clay ) and used for storage,
carrying, mixing, serving, drinking, and as cosmetic and perfume Body
containers.

loot
VASES PAINTING STYLES: Geometric style
( c. 900-700 BCE )

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Geometric style, 750 BCE | Dipylon

Cemetery, Athens

V Geometric motifs in vase painting. These vases were used for funerary purpose and
presenting grief during funeral processions. Death for Greeks is a place of mystery and
obscurity.
VASES PAINTING STYLES: Orientalyzing style

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Oriental vase from c. 600 BCE

Originated in Corinth, the center of trade.

V Mesopotamian and Oriental influence: motifs of imaginary and mythical creatures

marching in horizontal bands on a plain background ( lions, griffins, sphinx ). A liquid
clay called slip that turned black when fired was used further for Black figure style
vases.
VASES PAINTING STYLES: Black-figure style
s One of the first recognizable pottery styles
unique to ancient Greece.

s Black silhouette figures of people and

events were made with slip clay.

With 02 Without 02 With 02

Ajax and Achilles playing a game), c. 540-530
BCE
VASES PAINTING STYLES: Red-figure style
c. 525-520 BCE

Gorgos, Attic Red-figure Kylix

(interior ), c. 500 B.C.E.

S The red-figure technique was invented in Athens around 525 -520 BCE and is the inverse of black -
figure. Here light-colored figures are set against a dark background. Using added color and a brush
to paint in details, red-figure painters watered down or thickened the slip in order to create
different shading and contouring effects.
VASES PAINTING STYLES: White-ground style
c. 470 B.C.E
V Artists used clay that turned white when fired.

V Funerary vessels.

V White-ground requires the craftsman to paint in

the details of forms.

White ground kylix (drinking cup), c. 470 B.C.E.,

terra-cotta, red figure, white ground
ARCHITECTURE
.
S Greek city-states in mainland and islands started to flourish All Greek arts developed
.
rapidly, especially poetry, temples, sculptures and ceramics Potters and vase painters
started signing their work .

S Post and lintel architecture, the most fundamental, basic, oldest kind of architectural
.
system The posts are the vertical elements and they support a horizontal element
.
called a lintel

In the previous lessons, Egyptian

Persian columns were
introduced.
1. Doric 2. Ionic 3. Corinthian columns

tyHUnyjiyj
r S DORIC: Originated in 7th century
BCE in mainland Greece. It is also
called "the masculine"

S IONIC: Originated in Greek

settlements in Turkey shortly after
the Doric order. It's called
"feminine" being taller and
thinner. It's capital is scroll-like
shape known as volute). It has a
base.

^ CORINTHIAN : Most decorative,

have leaf-like shapes on the capital
that represent acanthus leaves.
They are also taller and have
bases.

Around 2,500 years ago, the Greeks invented what have become known as the classical orders . There
are three basic orders, the Doric, the Ionic, and the Corinthian, each of them has a different character.
 Pediment
Frieze
Jriglyphs
metopes

Column
The most recognizably "Greek"
structure is the temple.

cd ]

S Pediment: triangular space at the

very top of the temple

^ Frieze: in the Doric order, it is

decorated in a very specific way,
using triglyphs and metopes.

In ancient Greek architecture, most of

these elements were decorated with
relief sculpture.
Acropolis (UNESCO)
GOLDEN AGE: Parthenon on Acropolis
S The most famous temple on Acropolis is Parthenon, was made between 447 and 438
.
BCE, dedicated to goddess Athens, protector of city Athens It was a Doric temple with
some Ionic elements, covered with sculptures .

Parthenon has been created by

architects Iktinos and Kallikrates in
white marble.

S Persians ruined the pre-existing temples. Most

serious damaging was inflicted by the Ottomans.
They used it as a gunpowder stash.
GOLDEN AGE: Parthenon on Acropolis, sculpture of Athens

S Inside Parthenon was a cult and

colossal statue of the goddess Athena .

S Athena Parthenos ( virgin Athena ) was

kept inside the temple. It was 11
meters high and covered in ivory, gold,
silver, precious stones and glass. Fully
armored, she held Nike ( victory
goddess) in her hands.

S Artist and architect Phidias created the

original with his assistants.
GOLDEN AGE: Erechtheion temple on Acropolis

* It's style is Ionian unlike Parthenon which is Doric.

It is also dedicated to goddess Athena and
completed just before city of Athens fell under
Sparta's rule.

S It was built on a sloppy terrain and has a very

unusual porch - six maidens or Caryatids instead of
regular columns.
FREE-STANDING SCULPTURE

Free- stand sculpture is a new type of

large statue. It was made of white
marble that could be found on the
islands.

KOUROS: Male statues of young

athletes, an ideal youth. Recognizable
"smile" that has no emotions is called
archaic smile.

KORA : The female equivalent of

Kouros, depicted in thick and elaborate
clothes. Korai also functioned as
offerings to the gods or the dead.

Anavysos Kouros and Kora, c. 530 BCE,

marble
 Kouros, 530.bce Kritios boy, 480. bee EVOLUTION OF THE
GREEK SCULPTURE
The discus thrower,
450. bee The scraper, 330. bee

Kouros : stiff, rigid, abstract, geometrical . Kritios boy : contrapposto

Discus thrower and The scraper : athletic bodies
TROJAN WAR, Laocoon and his sons

Laocoon was a Trojan priest

and he knew that the gift that
had arrived outside of the
gates of the City of Troy from
the Greeks, their enemies,
was a trick and he tried to
warn the city .

Goddess Athens, protector of

Greeks, didn't like this, and to
punish him, sent serpents to
strangle him and his sons.

This is a sculpture that is full

of dynamism. His body is
writhing, there's agony, those
serpents are muscular.

Laocoon and his sons, first

century CE, marble
TROJAN WAR

^ Legend of Trojan war ?

Sources:

* Marilyn Stokstadt 1995

*Janson’s History of Art 7th Ed 2001
* Khan Academy | Free Online Courses, Lessons & Practice

1MANM ¥© y
Ancient Greece: inventions, art > Up next: Ancient Rome
and legends
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Jk CANADIAN
UNIVERSITY OF DUBAI
Sanja Jankovic CUD
LECTURE 7 10/20
Location:
Italian peninsula

Roman empire started from the 8th century

BCE all the way to the 4th century CE, when
a split happened between the Eastern and
the Western Roman Empire.

The Eastern, often known as the Byzantine

Empire, goes on until 1453 CE. So another
1,000 years until they are conquered by the
Ottomans.

The Roman Empire Sardinia

to 117 AD, al its greatest extent

r -
ff
v
r< too km

!„ '
v . It is considered that Roman people were
Trojans who escaped Troy and sailed to
) Italy .
Rome, Italy
FOUNDING OF ROME

Ancient Rome was founded by the two brothers, and demi-gods, Romulus and Remus, in 753 BCE.
When they grew up, they founded a city near that river and fought over domination - Romulus killed
Remus and became the first ruler, naming his kingdom Rome, after himself.

Greek culture and civilization,

provided the early Romans with a
model on which to build their own
culture.
From the Greeks they borrowed
literacy and religion as well as the
fundamentals of architecture .
RELIGION OF ROME

As mentioned, Romans were conquering and assimilating other cultures. They used
exactly the same gods from Greek pantheon, but changed their names.

ZEUS ( supreme deity ) = JUPITER They had cremated their deceased

or buried them outside the cities in
HERA ( wife, goddess of marriage ) = JUNO catacombs, underground chambers
used for burial or religious practice.
POSEIDON ( god of the sea ) = NEPTUNE

HADES ( god of the underworld ) = PLUTO

APOLLO ( god of sun, light, music ) = PHOEBUS

ARTEMIS ( goddess of hunt and moon ) = DIANA

APHRODITE ( goddess of love ) = VENUS

ATHENA ( goddess of wisdom and war ) = MINERVA

GOVERNMENT SYSTEM OF ROME AND OTHER INVENTIONS

Romans invented Republic government system in which citizens elected representatives to rule on
their behalf.
In the late Republic, male slaves who were granted their freedom could become full citizens. In fact,
the government of the United States is based partly on Rome's model. They also have senate - the
senate was advisory body of patricians who made decisions for Rome.

Besides that, Romans invented roads, aqueducts ( water transportation), sewers, toilets,
villas, basilica, and very importantly - concrete ( mix of volcanic sand and clay). They made
breakthroughs in architecture with arches, domes and vaults.
ROMAN ART: MURALS AND FRESCOES

Paintings from antiquity rarely survive, but we do have frescoes preserved from ancient Rome. And we
owe that to a big catastrophe.

When volcano Vesuvius erupted in year 79CE, few ancient Roman settlements were buried under tons
of ash and rock. One of them is Pompeii - a thriving city with around 20 000 citizens. It remained frozen
in time until it was discovered by a surveying engineer in 18th century. The city today is an open-air
museum.

Archaeologists discovered streets with forum ( main square)

and shops, public baths and urban gardens, houses with
atriums ( open-roofed entrance hall or central court of a
house).
FRESCOES
Houses in Pompeii were dark and windowless, but spectacularly decorated. A large number of frescoes
has been discovered under the volcanic debris and they are “true" frescoes.

They were characterized by

colorful, patchwork walls of
brightly painted false- marble .
Some of them attempted to
trick the viewer into believing
that they were looking through
a window by painting
illusionistic images framed with
columns and architecture.

Some of them used Egyptian

themes and imagery, including
scenes of the Nile as well as
Egyptian deities and motifs.

House of the Vetii, Pompeii, 1st century C.E.

PORTRAITS: Educated people

Painting was also used for portraiture .

Portrait on the left presents a high society woman and couple portrait on the right shows
husband and wife from mid-class. All of them are holding writing implements to show that
they are educated.
SCULPTURE: Republican portraits
As already mentioned, Romans loved Greek artworks and made a lot of copies of them. They were the
first art collectors who enjoyed artworks in their gardens and public areas. Although they were
majorly under Greek influence, Romans did create something unique - realistic portraits .

Greeks worshiped youth, beauty and idealism, while Romans focused on wisdom, experience,
individual characteristics and imperfections - reflecting the different values of these two cultures.
Roman portraits from Republic period are "veristic" ( Latin word for "true" ) and they represent wealthy
people of older age, bald, wrinkled, without flattery. This style originated from wax death masks of their
ancestors.
Roman portraits were made in form of busts and kept in houses or displayed in communal tombs.
SCULPTUREI Imperial portraits
Many people never got to see their emperor in
person - kind of like nowadays. But unlike us,
they didn't have photography or TV, so they
produced sculptures of their rulers in great
number of copies.

Augustus was one of ancient Rome's most

successful leaders who led the transformation of
Rome from a republic to an empire .
This representation of emperor Augustus is
idealized . We can identify him but he is made to
look younger and more athletic .

Imperial portraits are different from the

Republican style, they are more idealized and
more influenced by Greece.

Augustus sculpture: Augustus of Primaporta, 1st

century CE
SCULPTURE: Flavian women
Women were also honored with portraits. Perfect examples are portraits of Flavian women. We see
their fashion and hairstyle that was created to the very last detail. Both young and elderly women were
presented.

Flavian women from Rome, c. 90 CE.

ARCHITECTURE: COLOSSEUM
Imagine the Colosseum as a gigantic donut. Inside is
the arena. Arena originally in Latin meant sand .

On the floor where gladiators were fighting, they

used sand to absorb blood and body fluids and
between different fights, \
they could simply clean it off. \

Originally, it was Flavian Amphitheater. By using arches

and concrete, Romans were able to build monumental
structures.

Unlike Greeks, Romans had urban planning and

changed the natural environment more
aggressively.
 PANTHEON

I ..*.!«**“ J

This is the best preserved ancient Roman monument, it is a

major tourist attraction today, in fact is perhaps the most
influential building in architecture in the Renaissance and
in the modern era.

It looks like a traditional temple from the front but then opens up into the vast circular space. Unlike a
basilica, this is a radial building.
 The most exciting part of
this space is the oculus . We
can see that the sun moves
inside - it makes visible the
movements of the heavens
and makes them manifest
here on Earth.

Pantheon dome inside. Decorated

with marble imported from Egypt.
This shows not only the wealth of
the empire but also the range.
Precious materials were brought
from all sides of the empire.
GOOD VS BAD EMPERORS
There were 71 emperors in total. Some of them brought great prosperity to the empire and some of
them were malicious and hated by people.
BAD

TIBERIUS CALIGULA NERO COMMODUS DOICLETIAN

ANTONINUS NERVA MARCUS TRAJAN HADRIAN

PIUS AURELIUS
GOOD
 The Colossus of Constantine, c. 312-15
SHIFT IN ART TASTE, more abstract and symbolic
representation than realistic, transition
spiritual
toward
*
Christianity first appeared as a small cult and it
was illegal to practice it in the Empire. So
Christians performed rituals secretly, underground
and went under radar. They were spreading the
faith to the Roman citizens and lived peacefully.
Some Emperors tolerated them and others
persecuted them.

In 313, the Roman emperor Constantine issues

the Edict of Milan, which officially legalizes
Christianity and on his death bed famously gets
baptized, and becomes the first Christian emperor
of the Roman Empire. By the end of the 4th
century it becomes the official state religion.
Sources:

* Marilyn Stokstadt 1995

*Janson's History of Art 7th Ed 2001
* Khan Academy | Free Online Courses, Lessons & Practice

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