Professional Documents
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S.N.B.P College of Arts Commerce Science & Management Studies
S.N.B.P College of Arts Commerce Science & Management Studies
SOCIETY’S
S.N.B.P COLLEGE OF ARTS COMMERCE SCIENCE
& MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Morwadi, Pimpri, Pune-18
(Affiliated to SPPU and Recognized by Govt. of Maharashtra) PU/PN/305ACS/2008
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. /Miss Ajit Baburao Jamdade.........................................................of
as laid down by the University of Pune for the academic year ..2021-22.....
Project Examination
Seat No: Date:
To,
The Manager (HR),
B.R Surte Waste Paper Supplies PVT.LTD.
Kishor Surte
Subject: - Request for inclusion of students of our college for Internship Programme…
Madam / Sir,
Savitribai Phule Pune University has introduced ‘Internship Programme’ for Third Year BBA. Students
in its revised syllabus.
The purpose of the internship programme is to provide hands-on training and experience to the students
about various aspects of business and commercial activities. The internship will also enhance employability of
students.
In view of this, I request you to provide following students of our college (List enclosed) with an
opportunity for internship in your esteemed organization.
We would appreciate if you could provide exposure of the following business activities to these students:-
We look forward to a mutually rewarding academic association with your organization.
Thank you.
To,
The Principal,
SNBP College of ACS & MS,
Morwadi, Pimpri.
Subject: Undertaking …..
I assure that I will follow all the rules and instruction issued by the internship providing organization. I
will be responsible for my behavior and performance during the internship period. We are aware that if any
injury or accident happens with my ward/ me college & concerned internship providing organizing will not be
responsible for it.
Thank you.
Students Name- Ajit.B.Jamdade Parents Name- Baburao Jamdade
Contact No.- 9834065099 Relation With Ward- Father
Sign- Contact No- 9922430105
Date-19/05/2022 Sign with Date-19/05/2022
S. E. Society’s
SNBP College of Arts, Commerce, Science & Management Studies,
Morwadi, Pimpri-18
Department of BBA
To,
The Manager (HR),
- B.R Surte Waste Paper Supplies PVT.LTD.
Kishor Surte
Subject: Undertaking of completion of internship…
I assure that I will follow all the rules and instruction issued by you. I will be solely responsible for my
behavior and performance during the internship period. If any injury or accident happens with me, I solely will
be responsible for it and I will not indulge college and internship providing organization in any legal issues.
I will not disclose any information that is made available to me to anyone during or after the internship
period.
I assure you that I will do my best and the internship opportunity provided to me will be a mutually
rewarding experience.
To,
The Principal,
SNBP College of ACS & MS,
Morwadi, Pimpri-18
Subject: Internship Completion Certificate …….
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
These students have been provided with adequate exposure and necessary hands on training pertaining to their
special subject. I am confident that these students will perform effectively in similar type of organizations.
I wish them every success in future endeavors.
Thank you.
Name & Signature
(Authorised Signatory)
S. E. Society’s
SNBP College of Arts, Commerce, Science & Management Studies,
Morwadi, Pimpri-18
Department of BBA
1. Name of the Student : Ajit Baburao Jamdade Date-19/05/2022
2. Class : T.Y.BBA
Please provide your rating about following aspects pertaining to your Internship Experience on the scale of 10;
where 10 means strongly agree and 0 means do not agree at all.
Sr. Response
Paramet
No. er 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10
8
1. The pre- internship training provided by the college was very
useful
9
2. I was properly introduced to the task assigned to me in the
organisation
8
3. I was given proper guidance to carry out my responsibility
9
4. My supervisor / officer was very cooperative and supportive
8
5. I found my task interesting and worth learning
8
6. My supervisor / officer addressed to my queries/ doubts quickly
9
7. I received due respect from my colleagues in the organisation
8
8. The contents of the syllabus match with the practical work
9
9. The knowledge that I gained in the college was useful to carry
out internship programme in a satisfactory manner
9
10. The Internship Programme is very useful to enrich my knowledge
Please give your suggestions to make the internship programme more productive and effective.
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First of all I really thankful to my SNBP College of ACS & MS, Morwadi
because of them I could achieve the target. I express my sincere thanks
to my project guide Mr. Ajit Jamdade who had guide to me throughout
my project.
Also I would like to express my inner feeling for all the people for co-
operating and helping me throughout the project.
Last but not the least I am thankful to my parents and friends who have
provided me with their constant support throughout this project.
Qestionnaire
Process[
Paper only takes 34 days to decompose The process of waste paper recycling most
often involves mixing used/old paper with water and chemicals to break it down. It is
then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of cellulose, a
type of organic plant material; this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is
strained through screens, which remove plastic (especially from plastic-coated paper)
that may still be in the mixture then cleaned, de-inked (ink is removed), bleached, and
mixed with water. Then it can be made into new recycled paper.[4]
The share of ink in a wastepaper stock is up to about 2% of the total weight.[5]
MEANING AND CONCEPT
Industrialized paper making has an effect on the environment both upstream (where
raw materials are acquired and processed) and downstream (waste-disposal
impacts).[6]
Today, 40% of paper pulp is created from wood (in most modern mills only 9–16% of
pulp is made from pulp logs; the rest comes from waste wood that was traditionally
burnt). Paper production accounts for about 35% of felled trees,[7] and represents
1.2% of the world's total economic output.[8] Recycling one ton of newsprint saves
about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly
more than 2 tons of wood.[9] This is because kraft pulping requires twice as much
wood since it removes lignin to produce higher quality fibres than mechanical pulping
processes. Relating tons of paper recycled to the number of trees not cut is
meaningless, since tree size varies tremendously and is the major factor in how much
paper can be made from how many trees.[10] In addition, trees raised specifically for
pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production, old growth forests 9% and
second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance.[7] Most pulp
mill operators practice reforestation to ensure a continuing supply of trees.[citation
needed]
The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and
the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certify paper made from trees harvested
according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.[11]
1996: it was estimated that 95% of business information is still stored on paper.[27]
2006: recycling 1 short ton (0.91 t) of paper saves 17 mature trees,[28] 7 thousand
US gallons (26 m3) of water, 3 cubic yards (2.3 m3) of landfill space, 2 barrels of oil
(84 US gal or 320 l), and 4,100 kilowatt-hours (15 GJ) of electricity – enough
energy to power the average American home for six months.[29]
1993: although paper is traditionally identified with reading and writing,
communications has now been replaced by packaging as the single largest
category of paper use at 41% of all paper used.[30]
no date: 115 billion sheets of paper are used annually for personal computers.
[31]
The average web user prints 16 pages daily.[32][citation needed]
1997: on that year, 299,044 metric tons of paper was produced (including
paperboard).[33]
1999: on that year, in the United States, the average consumption of paper per
person was approximately 354 kilograms. This would be the same consumption for
6 people in Asia or 30 people in Africa.[28]
2006–2007: Australia 5.5 million tons of paper and cardboard was used with 2.5
million tons of this recycled.[34]
2009: Newspaper manufactured in Australia has 40% recycled content.[35]
By region[edit]
European Union[edit]
Cardboard salvaging in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1975.
Paper recycling in Europe has a long history. The industry self-initiative European
Recovered Paper Council(ERPC) was set up in 2000 to monitor progress towards
meeting the paper recycling targets set out in the 2000 European Declaration on
Paper Recycling. Since then, the commitments in the Declaration have been renewed
every five years. In 2011, the ERPC committed itself to meeting and maintaining both
a voluntary recycling rate target of 70% in the then E-27 plus Switzerland and Norway
by 2015 as well as qualitative targets in areas such as waste prevention, ecodesign
and research and development. In 2014 the paper recycling rate in Europe was
71.7%, as stated in the 2014 Monitoring Report.
Japan[edit]
Municipal collections of paper for recycling are in place. However, according to
the Yomiuri Shimbun, in 2008, eight paper manufacturers in Japan have admitted to
intentionally mislabeling recycled paper products, exaggerating the amount of
recycled paper used.[citation needed]
United States[edit]
Recycling has long been practiced in the United States. In 2012, paper and
paperboard accounted for 68 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in the
U.S., down from more than 87 million tons in 2000, according to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.[36] While paper is the most commonly recycled
material—64.6 percent was recovered in 2012—it is being used less overall than at
the turn of the century.[36] Paper accounts for more than a half of all recyclables
collected in the US, by weight.[37]
The history of paper recycling has several dates of importance:
In 1690: The first paper mill to use recycled linen was established by the
Rittenhouse family.[38]
In 1896: The first major recycling center was started by the Benedetto family in
New York City, where they collected rags, newspaper, and trash with a pushcart.
In 1993: The first year when more paper was recycled than was buried in landfills.[39]
Today, over half of all paper used in the United States is collected and recycled.
[40]
Paper products are still the largest component of municipal solid waste, making up
more than 40% of the composition of landfills[when?].[41][42] In 2006, a record 53.4% of the
paper used in the US (53.5 million tons) was recovered for recycling, up from a 1990
recovery rate of 33.5%.[43] The US paper industry set a goal of recovering 55 percent
of all paper used in the US by 2012. Paper products used by the packaging industry
were responsible for about 77% of packaging materials recycled, with more than 24
million pounds recovered in 2005.[44]
By 1998, some 9,000 curbside recycling programs and 12,000 recyclable drop-off
centers existed nationwide. As of 1999, 480 materials recovery facilities had been
established to process the collected materials.[45] Recently, junk mail has become a
larger part of the overall recycling stream, compared to newspapers or personal
letters. However, the increase in junk mail is still smaller compared to the declining
use of paper from those sources.[36]
In 2008, the global financial crisis caused the price of old newspapers to drop in the
U.S. from $130 to $40 per short ton ($140/t to $45/t) in October.[46]
The environmental impact due to excessive use of paper has negative effects on trees
and forest. Paper production utilizes nearly 40% of world's commercially cut timber.
Millions of acres of forests are destroyed leading to deforestation disturbing the
ecological balance. Many initiatives are being taken in India for recycling paper and
reducing the hazards associated with it. Shree Aniruddha Upasana Foundation
(Mumbai, India) is one such organization which undertakes used paper recycling
projects. The foundation encourages using paper bags instead of plastic ones which
again are a serious hazard to environment. They accept old newspapers, notebooks
and so on and recycle the same into paper bags, teaching aids and toys for children.
The foundation also makes eco-friendly Lord Ganesh (a Hindu Deity) idols from paper
pulp which are worshiped in Indian homes every year during Ganesh Chaturthi
Festival (a Hindu Festival celebrated on birthday of Lord Ganesh). These paper
recycling activities are carried out throughout the year by the volunteers of the
foundation converting waste paper into "No Waste" [47][48]
In recent years, paper recycling has increased and Indian imports of waste paper
have increased following stringent restrictions by China on waste imports. However,
only 25-28 percent of local waste paper is recycled[49]
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in
papermills accounting for about 75% of raw materials.[50]
South Africa[edit]
In 2018, South Africa recovered 1.285 million tonnes of recyclable paper products,
putting the country's paper recovery rate at 71.7%. More than 90% of this recovered
paper is used for the local beneficiation of new paper packaging and tissue.[51]
Limitations and effects[edit]
Along with fibres, paper can contain a variety of inorganic and organic constituents,
including up to 10,000 different chemicals, which can potentially contaminate the
newly manufactured paper products.[52] As an example, bisphenol A (a chemical
commonly found in thermal paper) has been verified as a contaminant in a variety of
paper products resulting from paper recycling.[53] Furthermore, groups of chemicals
as phthalates, phenols, mineral oils, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxic
metals have all been identified in paper material.[54] Although several measures might
reduce the chemical load in paper recycling (e.g., improved decontamination,
optimized collection of paper for recycling), even completely terminating the use of a
particular chemical (phase-out) might still result in its circulation in the paper cycle for
decades
Mill broke or internal mill waste – This incorporates any substandard or grade-
change paper made within the paper mill itself, which then goes back into the
manufacturing system to be re-pulped back into paper. Such out-of-specification
paper is not sold and is therefore often not classified as genuine reclaimed
recycled fibre; however most paper mills have been reusing their own waste fibre
for many years, long before recycling became popular.
Preconsumer waste – This is offcut and processing waste, such as guillotine trims
and envelope blank waste; it is generated outside the paper mill and could
potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source; it includes de-inked
preconsumer waste (recycled material that has been printed but did not reach its
intended end use, such as waste from printers and unsold publications).[11]
Postconsumer waste – This is fibre from paper that has been used for its intended
end use and includes office waste, magazine papers and newsprint. As the vast
majority of this material has been printed – either digitally or by more conventional
means such as lithography or rotogravure – it will either be recycled as printed
paper or go through a de-inking process first.
Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin
pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from
the latter.
Additives
Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay,[12] which
improve its characteristics for printing or writing.[13] Additives for sizing purposes may
be mixed with it or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the
purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit
ink or paint.
Producing paper
Main articles: Paper machine and papermaking
Card and paper stock for crafts use comes in a wide variety of textures and colors
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in
thousandths of an inch in the United States and in micrometres (µm) in the rest of the
world.[19] Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in)
thick.[20]
Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight is the weight
of a ream (bundle of 500 sheets) of varying "basic sizes" before the paper is cut into
the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in
(216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds because it has been cut from larger
sheets into four pieces.[21] In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb,
28 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is
considered card stock.
In Europe and other regions using the ISO 216 paper-sizing system, the weight is
expressed in grams per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing
paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered
card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its
thickness.
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based
on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.
The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a
sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in
1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest
standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square metre (approx. 1189 ×
841 mm). A1 is half the size of a sheet of A0 (i.e., 594 mm × 841 mm), such that two
sheets of A1 placed side by side are equal to one sheet of A0. A2 is half the size of a
sheet of A1, and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and
A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).
The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper
to 1500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some specialty paper. Printing paper is about
800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).[22]
Paper may be classified into seven categories:[23]
Bank paper
Banana paper
Bond paper
Book paper
Coated paper: glossy and matte surface
Construction paper/sugar paper
Cotton paper
Fish paper (vulcanized fibres for electrical insulation)
Inkjet paper
Kraft paper
Laid paper
Leather paper
Mummy paper
Oak tag paper
Sandpaper
Troublewit, specially pleated paper
Tyvek paper
Wallpaper
Washi
Waterproof paper
Wax paper
Wove paper
Xuan paper
A book printed in 1920 on acidic paper, now disintegrating a hundred years later.
Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum,
a variety of aluminium sulfate salt that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper
to assist in sizing,[24] making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or
spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added
liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would be
eventually detrimental.[25] The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by
acid, and the presence of alum eventually degrades the fibres until the acidic
paper disintegrates in a process known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag
paper are significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is
becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.
Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major
component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow
materials,[26] which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age.
Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts
of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications
where whiteness of the paper is essential.
Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The
aging behaviour of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of
the fibres.[27] Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all
paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic
and oxalic acids.[28]
Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is
why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost
twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market
paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers
tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps
for hardback and trade paperback books.
Environmental impact
Main articles: Environmental impact of paper and Deforestation
The production and use of paper has a number of adverse effects on the environment.
Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years[clarification
needed]
leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for
paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests.
Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp,[29] but is one of
the most controversial issues.
Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each
year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States
alone.[30] The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day.[31] Americans
also use in the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.
Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases
into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including
chlorinated dioxins.[32] Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant,
regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include
reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be
carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish
and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.[33]
The paper pulp and print industries emitted together about 1% of world Greenhouse-
gas emissions in 2010[34] and about 0.9% in 2012,[35] but less than screens: digital
technologies emitted approximately 4% of world Greenhouse-gas emissions in the
year 2019 and the number can be two times larger by 2025.[36]
Future
Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally
friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known
commercially as PaperFoam, the new packaging has mechanical properties very
similar to those of some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can
also be recycled with ordinary paper.[37]
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and
the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn
protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.[38]
Also, synthetics such as Tyvek and Teslin have been introduced as printing media as
a more durable material than paper.
The recovery rate for OCC jumped from 72% in 2006 to 89.5% in 2014,
according to the Corrugated Packaging Alliance. As more is recovered, less
goes to landfill. This reduction results in lower methane emissions. The
corrugated industry reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 35% between
2006 and 2014 as a result of increased recycling of OCC and its use as a
fuel in place of fossil fuels.
The size and type of business can have a strong bearing on the OCC
generation. Studies suggest that this material can represent as much as
40% or more of solid waste in a retail establishment and 15% or more of
solid waste generated in an office setting. A small convenience store is
estimated to produce between 700-1000 lbs of OCC per month, while
grocery supermarkets generate between 8-30 tons, and department stores
8-20 tons during that time span.
Benefits of OCC Recycling
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ^ "Paper Recycling Facts, Figures and Information Sources". Small
Business. Retrieved 28 August 2018
2. ^ Jump up to:a b "Debunking the Myths of Recycled Paper". Recycling
Point Dot Com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006.
Retrieved 28 December 2019.
3. ^ Müller, Lothar (2014). White Magic: The Age of Paper. Polity
Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-7253-3.
4. ^ "How is Paper Recycled" (PDF). TAPPI. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
5. ^ R. McKinney: Technology of Paper Recycling, 1995, p.
351. ISBN 9780751400175
6. ^ Hershkowitz, A. (2002). Bronx ecology. Washington DC: Island
Press. p. 62
7. ^ Jump up to:a b Martin, Sam (2004). "Paper Chase". Ecology
Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.
Retrieved 21 September 2007.
8. ^ "Trends and Current Status of the Contribution of the Forestry
Sector to National Economies". Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO). 2004. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
Index
SR.NO CONTENTS Page
No.
1. INTRODUCTION
8. CONCLUSION
9. BIBLOGRAPHY
10. QUESTIONARE