Multifunctional Materials for

Sustainable Development
By
Arvind Kumar Saxena
General President [Elect.]
Indian Science Congress Association [Kolkata]
Ex Director and Out Standing Scientist
DMSRDE, Kanpur, [DRDO], Govt of India
Ex Director, Institute of Basic Science
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
 Outline

 Introduction
 Inorganic Polymers
 Precursor Material (Polycarbosilane ) as
Multifunctional Material: Synthesis and
Applications
 Polyphosphazene as Multifunctional Material :
Synthesis and Applications
 Conclusion
 Material Science Development

• Stone Age Bronze Age Steel Age

Polymer Age(1860- Contd.)

FRP Composites

CFCMCs & CMCs Nano Materials

Nano Composites

Multifunctional
Materials(FGM ,Dendritic)

Biomimetic Composites
Effects of Unsustainable Developments
 Metals
Structural Materials Ceramics
Polymers
Conducting polymers
MATERIAL WORLD Electronic Materials
Semiconductors

Rubber & Adhesives

Supporting Materials Oil, Lubricants & Greases
Photo resist materials
Specialty Materials
Polysulphur -S-S-S-

Phosphonitriles -P=N-P=N-
Inorganic Polymers
Composite Silicones -Si-O-Si-O-
Silazanes -Si-N-Si-N-
Materials
Polysilanes -Si-Si-Si-Si-
Fiber +Resin Precursor Materials Polycarbosilanes –Si-C-Si-C-
Synthetic
Metals Segments of Organic &
Hybrid Materials Inorganic Polymers
Nano Materials FGM
Multifunctional Dendrimers
Materials MPM
 OVERVIEW OF THE SYNTHESIS OF SIC PRECURSOR MATERIALS
DICHLORODIORGANO SILANES

Sonochemical Binary Solvents + PTC Conventional

SODIUM

POLYSILANES
~125 h  220 -450 0c

POLYCARBO SILANE

PYROLYSIS

CERAMIC MATERIALS
Si-C
 POLYCARBOSILANE [PCS]
Polycarbosilane is prepared by the thermal back bone
rearrangement of Polysilanes specially Poly-
dimethylsilane PCS is the only material used for
making SiC fibers sofar.

CH 3
CH3
H CH3
H Si CH 3 H CH 3 CH 3 H

Si Si
Si
H 3C CH 3 CH 2 H2C HC C Si
H CH 2
H
H3C
Si Si Si Si Si CH3 CH2
CH
CH2 CH 2 CH 2 H

Si
CH 3 CH 3

CH 2
IR Spectra of PDMS and PCS
 29Si MAS NMR data on Polycarbosilane

The peaks at 0 and -17 ppm are assigned to SiC4 and SiC3H, respectively. The SiC4 peak shows a
shoulder at about 7 ppm, suggesting the presence of C3SiO species .This result might be due to
 Conversion of PCS to SiC

Polycarbosilane

Ar 650°C
Cubic() , Hexagonal()
Amorphous, Nonsoluble,
Non meltable PCS

Ar 930°C
Amorphous,Black Powder
( Si C )

Ar 1200°C
Bluish Violet Black
(Mixture of  &  Si C)

Ar 1500°C

Bluish Green
(crystalline  Si C )
X- Ray of PCS(N) pyrolysed at ~950 C
X- Ray of PCS(N) pyrolysed at ~1200  C
X- Ray of PCS(N) pyrolysed at ~1500  C
 Applications of Polycarbosilane
• Preparation of SiC and M-SiC fibers
• Resin Matrix for C-SiC and SiC-SiC composites
• Refractory materials
• Reactive diluent for certain organic resins
• Coating material for Oxidation prone substances
• Thermal Barrier Coatings and Paints
• Magnetic SiC Material Precursor
• SiC Nano Materials
• High Performance Lubricants
• Resin Matrix for SiC monolithic shaped articles
• Next Generation Sensors
• Functionally Graded materials

Preparation of SiC and M-SiC fibers
Melt Spinning Apparatus
Temperature at Various Points in Melt Spin Unit

Entry (Feed Zone) 100 0C

Centre (Transition Zone) 130 0C
Front(End of Compression Zone) 140 0C
Metering Pump 145 0C
Upper Block(Just below Metering pump) 140 0C
Lower Block (Just above Spinneret) 140 0C
Filter pack(between lower block & Spinneret) 145 0C
 Pyrolysis of Poycarbosilane Fiber to SiC fiber

PCS fiber- 190810

PCS fiber-190810 100X (32 micron)
50X (26 micron)

SiC fiber-19082010 SiC fiber-19082010

10X-(11micron) 10X-(10 micron)
 Al-SiC Fibers

SEM photograph of Al-SiC fibre

( Prepared from Al-PCS and cured in air
and pyrolyzed at 1300 °C in Argon)
 Pyrolysis of Poycarbosilane Fiber to SiC fiber

PCS fiber- 190810

PCS fiber-190810 100X (32 micron)
50X (26 micron)

SiC fiber-19082010 SiC fiber-19082010

10X-(11micron) 10X-(10 micron)
 Development of C-SiC composite via PIP Process

Typical environment at the rocket-motor nozzle exit Property With carbon-Fibers (3D COMPOSITES)
Unit PCS- CVD- LSI-
C-SiC C-SiC C-SiC
Temperature 2500-3000K
Fibre content Vol% 42-44 42-47 40-43
Mass flow in the exhaust gases 50-70 kg / s
Density g/cc 1.7-1.8 2.1-2.2 2.4
Velocity of the exhaust gases 3-4 Mach
Flexural MPa 250-330 450-500 180-200
Alumina particle content in exhaust 17-21% strength
Tensile MPa 200-250 300-380 80-190
strength
Young’s (GPa) 60-80 90-100 60
modulus
Strain to % 0.3-1.1 0.6-0.9 0.15-0.35
failure
Thermal W/mK 11.53 ---- 30-35
conductivity (100OC)
Specific heat J/kg K 900 ---- 800 (RT)
(100OC)
Thermal
expansion
coeff. (10-6K-1
10-6 K-1 2-3 3 1-1.5
Parallel
10-6 K-1 4-7 5 5.5-6.0
Perpendicular

25
 Development of Cf-PCSG Laminate
1. Composite
Coating with resin Fabrication
Carbon-fabric Prepeg Cf-PCSG Laminate
mixed with catalyst 2. Curing
 Development of C-SiC Composite for jet vane by PIP Process

10 layers 10 layers 80 layers

 Different view of C-SiC microcomposite
Each composit contains 3 to 5 layers of carbon Tow
Flexural strength of UD tested at IIT, K

Typical stress/strain curve of UD C/SiC flexural strength

Micro-structure of tested UD composites
Development of C-PCS composite for C-SiC component
Hypersonic, oxidizing environment

2000oC

400sec
 CRUISE VEHICLE
NEAR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT (400 secs duration)
NOSE CONE (1400 K) FUEL TANK
C–C / SiC (or) 2219 Al / 2195 Al-Li
C-C/SiC (ZrB2)
WING LEADING EDGES
(1260 K)
C–C / SiC (or)
C-C/SiC (ZrB2)
AIRFRAME
(1290 K) bottom
(1090 K) top
WINGS (1160 K)
Silica tiles with Composite /
Silica tiles with Composite
Aluminum alloy back up
/ Aluminum back up
(Metallic TPS)*
(Metallic TPS)*

ENGINE (1400 K)
ACTIVE COOLING
Cu-Cr-Zr(with Cu-Cr and
TBC coating)/ C-103
(with oxidation resistant CONTROL SURFACES
coating) C–C / SiC (or)
C-C/SiC (ZrB2)
Groove Machining & Brazing * For long term application
 Synthesis of Ultra High Temperature Ceramics & Development of UHTC Composites

• ZrB2, HfB2, TiB2, HfC, ZrC, TiC 2000oC, 400 sec

• High melting point, high hardness C-C : Single use
C-SiC: 2-3 times
• Good oxidation resistance UHTC: Multiple time use

Synthesis of Zirconium di-Boride powder Development of ZrB2-SiC Composites

PCS ZrB2 PCS Pyrolysed SiC coated
dissolved coated
ZrB2
ZrO2 + B4C + C in toluene ZrB2 1200°C
mixed in ethanol
24hrs & dried Hot
2000°C
pressed
15⁰C/min
SiC +ZrB2
1 hr soaking Composite
at 1450°C SEM - ZrB2 powder
10⁰ C/min SEM - ZrB2 - SiC composites

2 hr soaking
at 1650°C XRD - SiC + ZrB2 Composite
cooling Flexural Vickers
Strength Hardness
(MPa) (GPa)
Zirconium
diBoride XRD - ZrB2 Powder 390 22

• ZrB2 powder synthesis method established

• Powder characterized
• ZrB2-SiC composite processed & characterized
 SEM - ZrB2 powder SEM - ZrB2 - SiC composites

Proposed work:-
Surface modification of ZrB2
Development of Composite
 XRD - ZrB2 Powder

XRD - ZrB2 Powder

XRD - SiC + ZrB2 Composite

 Flexural Strength and Creep
Rates of ZrB2-SiC composite
Temperature Flexural Strength Steady State
(oC) (MPa) Creep Rate (s-1)

25 1000
1127 497  200 2.6 X 10-10 s-1
[390]*
1327 356150 2.5 X 10-9 s-1

1800 125 (Excellent Strength Retention)

Levine et al., J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 22 (2002) 2757.

Chamberlain et al., in Euro Ceramics VIII, Key Eng. Mater. Vol. 264 – 268 (2004)
493.
* DMSRDE value
Development of ZrB2 for Ultra High Temperature Ceramic

50gm batch reaction

 Preparation of Ceramic Foam

Sponge – replication:

A preformed organic foam is taken in which a slurry of coarse

and fine powder is in filtered and pyrolysed to get ceramic foam.

Foaming agent:

Gas evolving constituents are added into melt of pre ceramic

material which during processing give foaming effect.

Space Holder method:

A removable material e.g. NaCl is sintered and compacted to

form a porous space holder which is infiltrated with PCS. The
salt is them removed (dissolved) leaving behind porous polymer
foam.
 Preparation of Silicon Carbide Foam

Me H Me H

[ Si-C] n [Si C] n

H H H
H -C-H SiC Foam
+ H -C-OH
1100 0 C
Organic Resin

PCS Foam

Typical Physical Properties of SiC Foam

Bulk densities available (g/cm3) : 0.10-1.45 (0.10-0.50)

Theoretical (ligament) density (g/cm3) : 3.2
Surface area (m2/cm3) : 0.08
Compressive strength (Mpa) : 1.3 @6% nominal density
Maximum use temperature (oC) : (in air) 1700
(inert) 2500

Application:
SEM of CLOSED CELL SiC FOAM
SEM Micrographs of SiC Foam
 ABLATIVE LINER MATERIALS

•Many types of polymeric ablative liners are

available, but those based on silicone polymers are
particularly attractive.

•Ablation involves an endothermic chemical

reaction in which the liner material is thermally
degraded in a controlled manner to produce gases
and porous residue or char of glasses and carbon
having a low thermal conductivity.
•
•The heat required to sustain the endothermic
chemical reaction and the generation of gases
provides the cooling.
 Development of Ablative Liner Material
Critical Technology Involved :
1. Low viscosity for easy casting at room temperature.
2. Thermal insulation at 3000 oC.
3. Good adhesion with cage and compatibility with propellant.

S.No. Name of property (units) Specification Achieved

1. Specific gravity 0.8-1.5 0.9-1.2

2. Shore ‘A’ hardness 40-70 45-65

3. Viscosity (uncured state), mPa.s 4000-40000 10000-15000

4. The back wall temperature in an oxy-acetylene test for < 120 < 50
an 8mm thick liner on 2mm thick steel base (°C)
5. Peel strength of the bond between liner and metal (ksc) >10 To be done

6. Peel strength of the bond between liner and propellant (ksc) >5 To be done

7. Tensile bond strength of the bond between liner and metal (ksc) 6-8 To be done

8. Tensile bond strength of the bond between liner and propellant >5 To be done
(ksc)
 Test Results of Ablative Liner Material

Ablative Liner before Test Ablative Liner after Test

Backwall Temperature Test

50
45
40
35
Temperature (deg cent)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (in secs) Thermocouple 1
Thermocouple 2

Temperature Profile of Oxy-acetylene Test

 PCS as Coating Material for Carbon Fibers, Fabrics & CNTs
Hydrosilyl modified polycarbosilanes have shown to improve thermo oxidative
Hydrosilyl
stability modifiedmaterials
of carbon/graphite polycarbosilanes have shown to improve
thermo oxidative stability of carbon/graphite materials
SEM Photograph of PCS coated CNT
% SiC coated CNT

CNT

TGA in Argon
TEM of CNT
 TEM of SiC coated MWCNT

Paper entitled “A New Technique for coating Silicon Carbide Onto Carbon
Nanotubes Using a Polycarbosilane Precursor” published in Silicon, 2009,1:125-
129.
 Stone-Wales transformation
MWCNTs Amorphous sidewall

Functionalization of MWCNTs Conventional

with PCS functionalization of MWCNTs

1 2

1 SEM 2
1 SEM 2

1200
1100
1000
1 Raman 1200
1100
1329.5
1573.5
2 1 1100
1000
1594.43
Raman 1351.67
1599.78
2
1000
900 900
900
800 1337.9
800 800 1000
700 700 700
Counts

Counts

600 600
500 600
500
Counts

Counts
2708.2
400 400 500
300 300 400 500
200 200
300
100 100
0 0 200 2818.57
1889.24
-100 -100 100
-200 -200 0
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 -100
Raman shift / cm-1
Raman shift / cm-1 -200

PCS coated MWCNTs 500

Amine functionalized MWCNTs
1000 1500
Raman shift / cm-1
2000 2500 3000 500 1000 1500 2000
Raman shift / cm-1
2500 3000
PCS coating on Amidized MWCNT
Hybrid multifunctional nanotube
 Amidized CNTs show excellent dispersion
in organic solvent, so PCS coating could be
reduced as low as 0.1 weight percentage
 PCS group interact with the glass fabric &
epoxy and amide group also act as bridging
between CNT and epoxy 1 SEM 2
 Due to the excellent dispersion and
breakage of the CNTs bundles, the PCS
coating is uniform

Hybrid functional groups help to separate the CNT bundles

Uniform PCS coating on amidized MWCNT

Patent applied for 2621/DEL/2012 Increased D/G ratio indicates the covalent interaction
Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA)
Epoxy –nanotube samples
αBlank = -27900 µm/m0C
αMWCNT = -3100 µm/m0C
αPCS-MWCNT = -1250 µm/m0C
αAmide-MWCNT = -1280 µm/m0C
αPCS-amide-MWCNT = -529 µm/m0C
Lower thermal expansion
coefficient (α) in hybrid
bifunctional MWCNT
indicates the strong
interactions between PCS
and amide functionalities of
MWCNT with epoxy
Higher penetration
temperature was found in
the cases of the composite
made of PCS coated
MWCNT which indicates the
higher thermooxidative
stability of the PCS based
composites
 NST Div
Smooth PCS fiber drawn by
electrospinning technique

PCS fibers has been

converted to SiC fibers
with porous wall by
partial annealing to grow
CNTs over it.

Aligned
CNTs
growth
over
porous
SiC Fiber
(Bottle –
brush of
CNTs)
PATENT: Applied For
 The Sustainable Value Portfolio

Tomorrow

Clean Technology Base of the Pyramid

•develop new competencies •meet unmet needs
•pursue leapfrog innovation •raise the base of the pyramid

Internal External

Pollution Prevention Product Stewardship

•minimize process waste •lower product life cycle impact
•enhance resource productivity •increase transparency/accountability

Today
 PCS functionalized GO

GO-Acid SOCl2 HO

GO PCS/Xylene/Reflux
O
HO

0C/
GO-PCS
Chloride HOOC
O

COOH 150 24 Hrs

Hydroxy PCS/ Stirring r.t. 24 Hrs

Dry DCM/ Under Ar
Dry Pyridine

GO-PCS

Collaborative Work
IIT, Kharagpur
IIT, Kanpur
Vels University, Chennai
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
T=850 deg C
P = 20mbar T= 925 deg C
t= 60 min P = 20mbar
t= 60 min

T= 1000 deg C T= 1000 deg C

P = 20mbar P = 20mbar
t= 60 min t= 60 min
Polycarbosilane as SiC Thin Film
Precursor Material
 Organometallic Vapour Phase Epitaxy (OMVPE) System for
Semiconductor Thin Films :
Unique Features:
 Indigenously developed and fully automated
 Manual override option
 Capability to handle liquid and/or solid precursors
 Capability for operation in ALD mode
 Capability to work on different material systems
 The Capability to produce super-lattices
 It is possible to use the system to make core/shell
nanostructures.

2/10
Main components of CVD equipment

(a) Chemical vapour precursor supply system,

(b) CVD reactor,
(c) Effluent gas handling system.

Process principles and deposition mechanism

 Generation of active gaseous reactant species.

 Transport of the gaseous species into the reaction chamber.
 Gaseous reactants undergo gas phase reactions forming intermediate species:
(a) at a high temperature above the decomposition temperatures
Homogeneous Gas phase reaction: powder
 (b) at temperatures below the dissociation of the intermediate phase
Heterogeneous gas phse reaction: Thin films/coating
Deposition of SiC Thin Films by OMVPE using LPCS Precursor

CH3 OMVPE
SiC Thin Films
* Si CH2 * 800oC Deposition Parameters
H n Precursors: LPCS (160)
Substrate : Si (100)
Siliconcarbide (SiC)
 a wide band gap semiconductor Td : 800 oC
 chemically inert to the most corrosive and erosive Pd : 100 Torr
chemicals
Carrier gas : Ar
Attractive for-
 High power and high frequency electronic devices & Flow Rate : 15 SCCM
 Radiation-hard environment
Duration : 1 hr
Due to its excellent physical properties such as-
 High thermal conductivity
 High break down field &
 High saturation velocity Films Sheet
Resistance
Ω/•
SiC 1 x 107
• Liquid PCS is the potential precursor material for Fe/SiC 0.59
SiC thin films deposition by CVD or OMVPE.
• SiC thin Films deposited with and without Co/SiC 0.66
catalyst.
• The films deposited using catalyst shows good Ni/SiC 0.61

quality
AFM and SEM micrographs of SiC
RMS: 146 nm SiC

Cata elements At%

SiC lyst
RMS: 16.4 nm nil Si -
C -
Fe Fe 5.23
Si 40.78
Fe/SiC C 53.99
RMS: 33.2nm Co Co 7.01
Si 38.17
C 54.82
Ni Ni 0.27

Co/SiC Si 76.34
C 62.07
RMS: 10 nm

Ni/SiC Ni/SiC
 SiC Coatings on Silicon (111) wafer by CVD
For Enhancing Mechanical properties

FTIR spectra of polycarbosilane

GA-XRD plot of (a) 800 ◦C, (b) 900 ◦C and (c) 1000 ◦C (a) uncured, (b) cured at 800 ◦C,
deposited SiC films derived from LPCS. (c) cured at 900 ◦C and (d) cured at 100

FESEM micrograph of the coating deposited at

(a) 800 ◦C (b) 900 ◦C and (c) 1000 ◦C. TEM image of the SiC coated silicon substrate
an interfacial layer of SiO2. The inset shows t
A. K. Saxena et.al, Appl.Srf. Sci., 270 (2013) 219– 224
SAED pattern of the SiC coating.
Hardness and fracture toughness increases
with increase deposition temperature.

Vickers indentation on (a) bare silicon wafer at 0.25 N load

(b) bare silicon wafer at1 N load (c) SiC coated silicon wafer at
0.25 N load and (b) SiC coated silicon wafer at 1 N load

load verses hardness for (a) uncoated Si wafer, (b) SiC coated Si wafer cured at different t
(c) Fracture toughness of the SiC coated Si wafer cured at Three different temperature.
A novel carbon rich crystalline (C) SiC/Si(n) interface using liquid
Polycarbosilane as Precursor- A unique schottky junction

(a) I-V characteristics of SiC coated Si at 900oC,

(b) Log I-V characteristics for the SiC coated Si wafer at 900oC.

Conclusion:
 Estimated value of the breakdown voltage and the leakage
current density were found to be 69 V and 8.13 x 10_4 A cm_2
at 30 oC.
 The High breakdown voltage is due to the formation of
crystalline β-SiC
A. K. Saxena et films withChem.
al, J. Mat. excess carbon.
C, 1(2013) 6945-6951
 Functionally Graded Ceramics

Schematic diagram of a general process for in situ formation of functional surface layer on
ceramic “precursor ceramic” indicate precursor polymers( PCS. MCPS. PSS and so on)
 Precursor Material for High temperature
Electronics Application

• A unique source for SiC thin films for high

temperature Semiconductor application. For
the first time DMSRDE has reported the
work which has been put on the web site of
NASA and an American Company PAM-
XIAMEN

Liquid polycarbosilane derived SiC
coating on silicon (1 1 1) wafer for
enhanced mechanical properties
The Smithsonian/NASA
Astrophysics Data System
Liquid polycarbosilane derived SiC coating on silicon (1 1 1)
wafer for enhanced mechanical properties
Mukherjee, Jonaki; Ranjan, Ashok; Saxena, A. K.; Das, Probal Kumar;
Banerjee, Rajat
Applied Surface Science, Volume 270, p. 219-224
 Development of Polycarbosilane based Complete Neutral esters and Their Lubricants
Objective: Development of neutral esters and their lubricants
Own Contributions: Synthesized and characterized base stock solution and their
lubricants CH3 CH3 PCS
CH3 CH3 O 160 Hydrosilylated PCS
H2 H2
a 150 Esterified Product
* Si C Si * O * Si C Si *
140
H H O O O 130
O O 120
O O 110
b 100
%T 90
80
CH3 CH3 70
H2
60
Where, * Si Si * C
50
(a) Dry THF, H2PtCl6, 24 hr; 40
(b)Cuprous oxide,isodecanol, reflux O O 30
4 hrs. OR OR 20
OR
R = alkylalkohol O OR O 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-1
Wavenumber (cm )

Physical properties of oligo and poly-carbosilane base stock solutions & Their
Lubricants
S. Compounds Pour point Flash point Viscosity at Viscosity Density Load
No. (°C) (°C) 40 °C (cSt) at 100 °C (g/mL) Bearing
(cSt) Capacity
(Newton)
1. Polycarbosilane base stock -50 to -60 175- 220 21.35 5.15 ≈ 1.0 540-588
solution
2. Polycarbosilane lubricants -55 to -60 220-240 25.1-39.4 5.15-7.52 0.94-1.0 580-608

1. Indian Patent: Process for the preparation of oligo and poly-carbosilane esters a base stock for high
performance lubricants. Arvind Kumar Saxena, Vineeta Nigam & Mritunjay Kumar Pandey,
2094/DEL/2015. 2. Indian Patent: Process for the Synthesis of complete Neutral Di and Polyol Esters
and Thermal Resistant Lubricants. Arvind Kumar Saxena Vineeta Nigam, Mritunjay Kumar Pandey & C.
S. Bisaria, 2712/DEL/2015 3. Indian Patent: Composition comprising carbosilane ester. Arvind Kumar
Saxena, Vineeta Nigam & Mritunjay Kumar Pandey, 3092/DEL/2015 6/10
Publication on Organosilicon Based Materials:-
1-Optical Characterization of Polysilane Thin Films, A. Sharma, Deepak, Satyendra Kumar. M. Katiyar, A. K.
Saxena, A. Ranjan, R. K. Tewari, Synthetic Metals, 139 (2003) 835-837.
2-Some Thermal Studies of Polysilanes and Polycarbosilanes, Sanjeev K. Shukla, Rajesh K. Tewari, Ashok
Ranjan, A. K. Saxena and G.N.Mathur, Thermochemica Acta, 424(1-2) (2004) 209-217.
3-A New Technique for Coating Silicon Carbide onto Carbon Nanotubes using a Polycarbosilane Precursor”,
Rakesh K. Gupta, Raghwesh Mishra, K. Mukhopadhyay, R. K. Tewari, Ashok Ranjan and Arvind K. Saxena,
Silicon, 1 (2009) 125-129.
4-Synthesis and Characterisation of Some Novel Silicon Esters and Their Application as Lubricant Base Stock
Solution”, Kanak Saxena, C. S. Bisaria and A. K. Saxena, App. Organomet. Chem., 23 (2009) 535-540.
5-Synthesis of Fe-SiC Nanowires via Precursor Route”, R. Mishra, R. K. Tiwari, A. K. Saxena, J.Inorg. &
Orgnometallic Polymers & Materials, 6 (2009) 9259.
6-Studies on The Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Alkoxsilanes Terminated Organosilicone Dendrimers”.
Kanak Saxena, C. S. Bisaria and Arvind.K. Saxena, J.Applied Organomet. Chem., 24 (2010)251-256.
7-Studies on the Rheological Behaviour of Polycarbosilane Part I. Effect of Time, temperature and
Atmosphere”, R. K. Gupta, R. Mishra, Ashok Ranjan & A. K. Saxena, Silicon, 3(2011)27-35.
8-A novel carbon rich crystalline (C) SiC–Si(n) interface using liquid polycarbosilane as a precursor – a unique
Schottky junction”, Jonaki Mukherjee, Ashok Ranjan, Arvind K. Saxena, Sankar Karan,Dwijesh K. Dutta
Majumder, Arnab Ghosh, Sujan Ghosh, Probal K. Dasa and Rajat Banerjee; J. Mater. Chem. C, 1, 6945, (2013).
9-“Liquid polycarbosilane derived SiC coating on silicon(111) wafer for enhanced mechanical properties”,
Jonaki Mukherjee, Ashok Ranjan, Arvind K. Saxena, Probal K. Das and Rajat Banerjee; Applied Surface
Science, 270 (2013) 219-224.
10-Mechanical and tribological properties of silicon carbide coating on to Inconel alloy from liquid pre-
ceramic precursor”, J. Mukherjee, S. Chkraborty, S. Chakravarty, A. K.Saxena, Ashok Ranjan and P K Das;
Ceramic International 40 (2014) 6639-6645.
11-Studies on the Synthesis and Reaction of Silicone oxirane Dendrimers and their thermal & rheological
properties”, Sangeeta Kandapal & A. K. Saxena, European Polymer Journal, 58 (2014) 115–124.
12-Wide visible and unique NIR fluorescent from SiC nanocrystals embedded in carbon rich SiC matrix
derived from liquid polycarbosilane”, Jonaki Mukherjee, Arnavb Ghosh, Sujan Ghosh, Ashok Ranjan, A.K.
Saxena, Probal Kumar Dasa, and Rajat Banerjee; RCS Advances Comm. 4, (2014) 13822.
13-Rheological Behaviour of Polycarbosilane Part II: Effect of Heterometal (Al) Content and Nature of
Bonding with Si of Polycarbosilane”, Rakesh kumar Gupta, Arvind Kumar Saxena, Silicon, 6 (2014) 233-246.
14-Structural and magnetic properties of pulsed laser deposited Fe–SiC thin films”, Mukesh Kumar, Ramesh
Chandra, Manjeet S. Goyat, Raghwesh Mishra, Rajesh K. Tiwari, A. K. Saxena, Thin Solid Films, 579 (2015)
64–67.
15-Enhanced nano-mechanical and wear properties of polycarbosilane derived SiC coating on Silicon”, Jonaki
Mukherjee, Sujan Ghosh, Arnab Ghos, Ashok Ranjan, Arvind K Saxena, Probal K. das and Rajat Banerjee,
Applied Surface Science, 325 (2015) 39-44.
16-Synthesis and Characterisation of Silicone Dendrimers as High Performance Lubricants”, Sangeeta
Kandapal & A. K. Saxena, Jou. Of Org. Chem., 791: 232-237 (2015).
17-Synthesis and Characterization of soluble Silicone Imide Dendrimers as High Performance coating
Materials”, Sangeeta Kandapal & A. K. Saxena, Inter. Jou. Of Scientific & Technological Research, Vol. 4, Issue
6, 300-305 (2015).
18-Synthesis of some novel silicone-imide hybrid inorganic-organic polymer and their properties”, Kanak
Saxena, C. S. Bisaria, S. J. S. Kalara, A. K. Saxena, Progress in Organic Coatings, 78(2015)234-238.
19-Polycarbosilane Based UD C/SiC Composites Effect of in-situ grown SiC- nanopins onmechanical
properties, Suresh Kumar, M. K. Misra, Somar Mandal, R. K. gupta, Raghwesh Misra, Ashok ranjan, A. K.
Saxena, Ceramic International, Article in Ceramics International 41(10) · July 2015
Patents on Organosilicon Based Products:-
1-A process for the preparation of Neutral Diesters, Chandra Swaroop Bisaria, Arvind Kumar
Saxena, Om Prakash, Gyanesh Narain Mathur. Patent No.239820, Application No.,
1379/DEL/2003 Filed on 31-12-2003.
2-A process for the preparation of Polyol Esters,. Chandra Swaroop Bisaria,, Arvind Kumar
Saxena, Om Praksh and Gyanesh Narain Mathur, Application No.,1486/DEL/2003. Dated 23Aug
2003. Patent No. 262439, (21-8-2014).
3-A process for the synthesis of Polycarbosilane as ceramic material precursor, Arvind Kumar
Saxena, Ashok Ranjan, Rajesh Kumar Tewari, Gyanesh Narain Mathur, Application.
No.2254/DEL/2004.
4-Silicone Base Esters and Preparation Thereof, Arvind Kumar Saxena, Chandra Swaroop
Bisaria, Kanak Saxena, Application No. 2126/DEL/2009.
5-Polysiloxane Esters and Preparation Thereof , Arvind Kumar Saxena, Chandra Swaroop
Bisaria, Kanak Saxena, Application No. 2127/DEL/2009.
6-Preparation of SiC foams using Polycarbosilane as precursor material , Arvind Kumar Saxena,
Ashok Ranjan, Rajesh Kumar Tewari, Raghvesh Mishra, Rakesh Kumar Gupta, Application
No.792/DEL/2010.
8-A Process for Fabrication of Aligned Carbon Nano-tubes over inorganic fibres- Alok Srivastava,
K Mukhopadhyay, A K Saxena 2784/DEL/2013.
9-A process for Preperation of Reinforced Carbon –Silicon Carbide (C-SiC) composite” Suresh
Kumar, R K Gupta, Raghwesh Mishra, Manoj Kumar Misra, Ashok Ranjan and Arvind Kumar
Saxena-192/DEL/2014.
10-Chemical Vapour Deposition of Silicon Carbide, Arvind Kumar Saxena, Ashok Ranjan, Suresh
Kumar, Santosh Tripathi, Raghwesh Mishra, Rakesh Kumar Gupta 1977/DEL/2014.
11-Process for the synthesis of complete Neutral Di and Polyol Esters and
Thermal Resistant Lubricants. A K Saxena, Vineeta Nigam, Mritunjay K Pandey,
C S Bisaria, Submission: 2712/DEL/2015.
12-The Process for the preparation of Oligo or polycarbosilane Ester as base
stock for high performance lubricants. A K Saxena, Vineeta Nigam, Mritunjay K
Pandey, 2094/DEL/2015.
13-A process for the SiC deposition using plasma enhanced chemical vapor
depostion method A K Saxena, Ashok Ranjan, Suresh Kumar, S K Tripathi, R
Mishra, R Gupta M K Mishra, Submission:. No- TR/0588 dated 25-11-2014
(PD015195IN-SC/DRDO ref ERIP/ip/1401105/M/01).
14-Composition comprising Carbosilane Ester. Arvind Kumar Saxena, Vineeta
Nigam & Mritunjay Kumar Pandey, 3092/DEL/2015.
15-Process for the Preparation of Low viscosity and High Density Thermal
Resistant Synthetic Lubricant. Vineeta Nigam, Mritunjay Kumar Pandey,
Sandeep Kumar, Amit Singh, & Arvind Kumar Saxena, Indian Patent Application
No. 201611011920.
16-Preparation of Hybrid Silicon Carbide Precursor Material for High Char Yield
Thermostable Resin, Mritunjay Kumar Pandey, Vineeta Nigam Abdul Rahman
Khan, Arvind Kumar Saxena, ERIP/IP/1501077/M/01.
17-Hybrid Organosilicone based Phthalonitrile Thermostable Resin and Process
of Preparation Thereof, Mritunjay Kumar Pandey, Vineeta Nigam, Abdul
Rahman Khan, Arvind Kumar Saxena, ERIP/IP/1501076/M/01.
 Cl Cl
Polyphosphazene
PCl5 NH4Cl (NH3) * P N P N *
as
n
Multifunctional Material Cl Cl
Polydichlorophosphazene
H
C NCH2R OR OR

* P N P N *

OR OR1
O OR=OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3
OR1=OCH2CH3 etc.
* P N P N *
Excellent solid electrolyte OR1 OR1
for foldable Li ion
pH Sophisticated batteries * P N P N *

OR OR

OCH2(CF) R, R1= Aryl or aryl

Amorphous
* P N P N * Cl Cl

* P N P N *
Fire Retardant
Glass transition n OR OR1
Cl Cl
below -200°C
Polydichlorophosphazene * P N P N *
BASE MATERIALS
OR OCH2(CF)
Amino acids
Membranes
* P N P N *

Bio-active Molecules OCH2(CF) OCH2(CF)

OR OR * P N P N *

* P N P N * OCH2(CF) OCH2(CF)
OR OR1
OR OR Continuous fibers for
* P N P N * flame retardant
OR= Alkyl or aryl
Crystalline Materials OR OR1

Nanofiber for biological

applications
Patents on Polyphosphazene Synthesis

Process for the synthesis of polydichlorophosphazene using new

catalysts & catalyst combinations. Mritunjay K. Pandey,
Vineeta Nigam, ERIP/IP/150060/M/01
.
Process for the synthesis of polydichlorophosphazene using new
catalysts & catalyst combinations. Mritunjay K. Pandey,
Vineeta Nigam, Anjlina Kerketta,, Sandeep Kumar & Arvind
Kumar Saxena ERIP/IP/1501074/M/01.
 STRUCTURE PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP

As any number of different groups could be attached on the backbone of the

polymer hence it is very easy to tailored the desired property.

Crystalline vs Amorphous Polymer

 Groups arrayed along the chain give more packed structure hence most of them are
crystalline e.g. F, Cl, CH3, OCH2CF3, OC6 H5
 When two or more groups are present the polymer become amorphous e.g. most of
aminophosphazenes.

Hydrophobic Vs Hydrophilic

 Polymer backbone is hydrophilic- N: form H bond. But it can be manipulated with the
side groups and by the degree they shield the skeleton
 Hydrophilic Groups- CH3, - NH CH3 -, -OCH2 CH2O CH2CH2OCH3, glucosyl- etc.
 Hydrophobic Groups- OCH2CF3, - OC6H5 etc.

Water stable Vs Water Erodible

 Most phosphazenes are water stable. The phosphazene having aminoacid ester side
groups, Schiff bases and species with imidazolyl, glyceryl or glucosyl side units are
water erodible.
Degradation Mechanism of Polyphosphazene
Polyphosphazene as Compatibilizer

O O
O
O
O O
O
PE E K HBA 73% HNA 27%
LCP-A

O O O O
N N N N
O
O O O O
DDE
PMDA

PE I

O Br OCH2CF3

P =N P =N
O Br OCH2CF3

Polyphosphazene
 Preparation of Polyphosphazene Fibers

Criticality: Dimensional Stability

Applications: Fire resistant Apparels & Composites

Methodology
• Compositions Preparation
• Rheological Studies to indentify
suitable compositions
• Melt Spinning & Electrospinning of Optimized
Samples
 PREPARATION OF POLYPHOSPHAZENE FIBER FOR
FIRE RESISTANT APPLICATIONS

100
Storage modulus of Neat
PPZ and PPZ/UHMWPE

G' (Pa)
composition
10 PPZ Neat
PPZ-UHMPE

1
1 10 100 1000
osc. stress (Pa)

TGA Plot of PPZ/UHMWPE

(92:8)
 Viscosity of Neat Polyphosphazene
and PPZ- UHMPE

1000

100
PPZ Neat
PPZ-UHMPE
|n*| (Pa.s)

10

1
1 10 100 1000
osc. stress (Pa)
 SEM image of PPZ Fiber

Thermal Properties of Polyphosphazene and PPZ/UHMWPE Composition:

S.No Compositions Tini Tf Char Yield Tg Tm LOI Remarks
(0C) (0C) 800 (oC) (0C) (0C) (%)

1. PPZ (100) 250 450 21% -48 75 >60 Does not catch fire

2. PPZ (92) + 325 400 20% -62 117 >48 Does not catch fire,
UHMWPE (8) melts
 Preparation of UHMPE Fiber by Melt Spinning

compliance J(t) (1/Pa)

UHMWPE
1E-4 UHMWPE-PPZ(97:3)
UHMWPE-PPZ(96:4)
UHMWPE-PPZ(91:9)

1E-5

1E-6

1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

time (s)
Creep behavior: UHMPE viscosity reduces and it
is able to flow (entanglement density decreases)
Melt spun UHMPE Fiber

Melt Spinning Compositions LOI Tg Tm Tf MFI Mechanical Remarks

Machine ( C)
0 (0C) ( C)
0 (g/10min) Properties

UHMPE(100) 17.8 - 114 450 No flow - Catches

fire
UHMPE(91) + 26.0 30 100 400 3.8 TS= 391 Does not
PPZ (9) MPa catch
TM= 16 GPa fire,
melts

UHMPE LOI Increases: Fire Retardant Fibers

Patent filed:2960/DEL/2012 85
 SEM image of UHMWPE Fiber

1E-4
UHMWPE
UHMWPE-PPZ(97:3)
UHMWPE-PPZ(96:4)
UHMWPE-PPZ(91:9)
compliance J(t) (1/Pa)

Creep behavior: UHMPE 1E-5

viscosity reduces and it is

able to flow (entanglement
density decreases) 1E-6

1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

time (s)
 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of UHMWPE and
UHMWPE/PPZ Blends:

Tensile Tensile Elongatio MFI T onset T endset LOI Tm

gm/10 min
Fiber sample modulu strenght n at (0C) (0C) (0C)
s (GPa) (MPa) break (%)
UHMWPE 18.2 415 138 No flow 450 500 17.8 130.0

UHMWPE 16 391 174 3.8 350 500 38 127.9

(91)+PPZ (9)
 Preparation of Nylon Fiber

Criticality: Flammable

Methodology:
• Preparation of Flowable Compositions
• Rheological Studies to indentify
suitable compositions
• Melt Spinning of Optimized Samples

Task
• Nylon continuous fibers

88
 SEM image of
Nylon/PPZ Fiber
 Thermal and Mechanical properties of Nylon
and Nylon/PPZ:

Tensile Tensile Elongati MFI T onset T endset LOI Tg Tm

Fiber sample modulus strenght on at (gm/10 (0C) (0C) (0C) (0C)
(GPa) (MPa) break oC)

(%)

Nylon 0.52 45 72 3.2 375 490 23 90 220

Nylon(90)+PPZ 0.56 52 124 4.8 325 450 28 78 200

(10)
 Development of Flame Retardant Polypropylene Fiber
Constraints: Poor flame retardancy
Own Contributions: Spinning of PP/PPZ composition; Thermal, mechanical and
morphological evaluation of the fiber (a
)
0

-20

-40

TG (%)
-60
Nylon
Nylon/PPZ
(b)
-80

-100

0 200 400 600 800

o
Temperature ( C)

SEM image of PP/PPZ Fiber Storage modulus of Neat PPZ and Fig 2.TGA graph of PPZ & PP/PPZ
PPZ/PP composition
Thermal and Mechanical properties of PP and PP/PPZ:
Tensile Tensile Elongation MFI T onset T endset LOI Tg Tm
Fiber sample modulus strength at break (gm/10oC) (0C) (0C) (0C) (0C)
(GPa) (MPa) (%)
PP 0.81 30 100 3.2 225 370 18 -20 175

PP(90)+PPZ(10) 0.83 38 160 4.8 230 380 28 -35 170

Achievement and applications: Flame retardant PP fiber with improved tensile strength and elongation
for fire retardant textiles.
Indian Patent: Process for the preparation of flame retardant polypropylene fiber using polyphosphazene as an
additive. Arvind Kumar Saxena, Vineeta Nigam, Sandeep Kumar & Mritunjay Kumar Pandey ERIP/IP/150072/M/01.
 Polyphosphazene Nanofiber
Process Parameters for Nanofibers Synthesis

Distance between Two 10 cm

Electrodes
Concentration of the 20% Solution
polymer solution in THF

Conductivity of the 3.75 x 10-6

Polymer Solution S/cm
Applied Potential 15 KV

Electrospinning Setup

SEM Images of Nanofibers 92

 PREPARATION OF PAN/PNP NANO-FIBERS BY
ELECTRO-SPINNING PROCESS

ELECTROSPINNING
SETUP
 PPZ Viscosity (mPas) Diameter (nm)

0 1012 380

10 1132 400

Characterization of 20 1348 440

PAN/PPZ solution
30 1380 540

Parameter Value

Voltage (KV) 15.4

Distance (cm) 10.2

Quantity (mL) 2.0

SEM image of Neat PAN SEM image of PAN/PPZ after
stabilization

SEM image of PAN/PPZ

Application of Polyphosphazene
 Fire Retardant Epoxy resin: For Pinaka Multibarrel Launcher
Constraints: To overcome the intrinsic flammability, poor thermo oxidative stability.
Own Contributions: Synthesis and characterization of fire retardant hybrid Epoxy-Phosphazene resin matrix and blends
Cl Cl O CH2-CH2NH2
N H2NH2C-H2C O N
Cl P P Cl a H2NH2C-H2C O P P O CH2-CH2NH2
N N
N N
P
P
Cl Cl
H2NH2C-H2C O O CH2-CH2NH2

b
O
O

O CH2
H2C O
H2C CH2
NH2CH2C O O CH2CH2N
O N O
c CH2
Cross -linked H2C P P
NH2CH2C O O CH2CH2N
Polymer H2C N N
CH2
P O
O
NH2CH2C O O CH2CH2N CH2
H2C
H2C O
CH2
O
O
O
Where, a = NaH, THF, Ethanolamine, N2-atm, RT
b = Epichlorohydrin, 10% NaOH Soln, 80 0C,2 hrs, 120 0C, 4 hrs
0
c = LY556, MNA, RT- 2 hrs, 120 C 2 hrs

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Blends (a

(b)
Samples LOI TS (MPa) TM IS )
Tonset Tmax Tendset
(GPa) (J/m) (0C) (0C) (0C)
ET0 20.0 23.0 3.5 730.21 350.44 354.29 493.27
ET1 25.2 23.1 3.7 820.84 354.53 362.97 522.91

ET2 35.7 23.2 4.2 900.12 361.61 370.71 489.61

ET3 36.0 23.5 5.1 920.10 368.53 379.74 472.10

SEM image of (a) Neat Epoxy
(b) LY556 + trimer epoxy blends
Achievement: Significant increase in LOI (81%) and impact strength of blends have been achieved
Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/PPZ Blends, Nanofibers by Electrospinning Process
Constraints: Formation of beads free Nanofibers of PAN, Melting of the main matrix
Own Contributions: Preparation of meltable PAN; Improving PAN/PPZ solubility in polar
solvents
to achieve desired viscosity and diameter for the production of nanofibers
PPZ Viscosity (mPas) Diameter (nm)
0 1012 380

10 1132 400

20 1348 440

30 1380 540

Characterization of PAN/PPZ
solution
SEM image of Neat PAN SEM image of PAN/PPZ SEM image of PAN/PPZ after
stabilization

Polyphosphazene Polyacrylonitrile

Twin screw
extruder
230°C, 80 rpm

Meltable PAN/PPZ
Blend
DSC of Neat PAN and PAN/PPZ
Achievement: PAN melting is achieved before degradation and also successfully bead free uniform diameter PAN Nano fiber has
been prepared and characterized for further development.
1. Indian Patent: Polyacrylonitrile (pan) based composition, fibers, process of preparation and applications thereof. Arvind
Kumar Saxena, Vineeta Nigam, Sandeep Kumar & Mritunjay Kumar Pandey, 2929/DEL/2015
2. Indian Patent: Process for the making meltable blends of polyacrylonitrile &polyphosphazene suitable for making films
and fibers. Arvind Kumar Saxena, Vineeta Nigam, Sandeep Kumar, Mritunjay Kumar Pandey& Amit Singh
8/10
Publication on Fibers and Fabrics:-
•Improved graphitization and electrical conductivity of suspended carbon nano fibers derived
from CNT/PAN composite by directed electrospinning, D. Roy, N. Tiwari, K. Mukhopadhyay
and A. K. Saxena, CARBON, 50, 1753 (2012).
•Needleless Electrospinning And Coating of Poly Vinyl Alcohol With Cross-Linking Agent Via
In-Situ Technique”, M.K. Sinha, B.R. Das, Anurag Srivastava and A.K. Saxena, International
Journal of Textile and Fashion Technology, vol. 3, Issue 5, (2013) 29-38.
•Influence of process parameters on eletrospun nanofibres morphology”,M. K. Sinha, B.R.
Das, Anurag Srivastava & A.K. Saxena, Asian Journal of Textile, Vol. 3, Issue 1, (2013) 8-14.
•Microwave interactive properties of cotton fabrics coated with carbon nanotubes /polyurethane
composite, K K Gupta, S M Abbas, Anurag Srivastava, M Nasim, A K Saxena & Ashutosh Abhyankar,
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 38, (2013) 357-365.
•Study of Electrospun Polycarbosilane (PCS) Nano fibrous web by Needle-less Technique”,
M.K. Sinha, B.R. Das, R. Mishra, A. Ranjan, A. Srivastava and A.K. Saxena, Journal of
Fashion and Textiles – Springer, 1 (2), (2014) 2-14.
•Study of Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibrous Coated Webs”, M.K. Sinha, B.R. Das, Anurag
Srivastava and A.K. Saxena, Journal of Nano Research, 27 (2014) 129-141.
•Study of Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and PAN/CNT Composite Nanofibrous Webs”,
M.K. Sinha, B.R. Das, Anurag Srivastava and A. K. Saxena, Research Journal of Textile and
Apparel, 19 (1), 2015.
•Development of insecticide incorporated knitted fabric long lasting efficiency”, Priyanka
Katiyar, Sraddha Mishra, Dev Singh, Lal Chandra, Anurag Srivastava and Arvind Saxena,
submitted for publication in the Journal of Industrial Textiles. DOI NO. 1528083714537107
dated June.2014.
Patents on Fibre and Fabrics:-

1-Flame retardant composition fibers process of preparation and applications

thereof. A K Saxena, Vineeta Nigam, Sandeep Kumar, Anjlina Kerketta
PCT/IN2013/000569- converted into INTERNATIONAL PATENT

2-Preparation of radar absorbing mesh structured fabric using conductive ingredients

for 8-18 GHz frequency” by K.K. Gupta, A.K. Saxena, Anurag Srivastava, S.M. Abbas,
Om Dev & Dur Vijay Singh, Submission:. No- TR/0588 dated Dec. 2013.

3-Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based composition, fibers, process of preparation and

applications of thereof. A K Saxena, Vineeta Nigam, Sandeep Kumar, Mritunjay K
Pandey. 2929/DEL/2015.

4-Preparations of Flame retardant Nylon Fiber by melt Spinning Process using

Polyphosphazene as an additive. A K Saxena, Vineeta Nigam, Sandeep Kumar, Anjlina
Kerketta, KP Singh, Submission:. No- TR/0588 dated 23-12-2014.

5-Polyacryonitrile (PAN) Based Composition, Fibers, Process of Preparation and

Applications thereof. Arvind Kumar Saxena, Vineeta Nigam, Sandeep Kumar &
Mritunjay Kumar Pandey, 2929/DEL/2015.
6-Process for the preparation of flame retardant polypropylene fiber
using polyphosphazene as an additive. Arvind Kumar Saxena, Vineeta
Nigam, Sandeep Kumar & Mritunjay Kumar Pandey,
ERIP/IP/1501097/M/01.

7-A Novel technique for coating of Iron –Silicon carbide Nano- fibrous
WEB on Carbon Fabric, Mukesh Sinha, Anurag Srivastava, A. Ranjan,
Arvind Kumar Saxena Submission:. No- TR/0588 dated 18-6-2013.

8-A Process for producing multifunctional metal silicon carbide nano-

fiber web on a substrate and product thereof. Arvind Kumar Saxena,
Mukesh Kumar Sinha, Anurag Srivastava, Ashok Ranjan, Raghwesh
Mishra and Biswa Ranjan Das. 3035/DEL/2013.

9-A Process for the Preparation of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Fibers, Arvind
Kumar Saxena, Ashok Ranjan, Rajesh Tiwari, Raghvesh Misra, Rakesh
Gupta, Indian Patent Application No. 201611011921, 04 April 2016
 Conclusion
Polycarbosilanes is a Multifunctional Materials for high
temperature applications ranging from Resin, Coating,
Refractory, CMCs, CFCMCs, Magnetic and electronics
applications.

PCS synthesis involved Green Technology

Polyphosphazenes are Bio degradable, Bio compatible

and Bio erodible and can be used for fetching
micronutrients to crops

An excellent material for generating flame retardency in

Organic Polymers and act as universal compatibliser for
immiscible polymers.
Acknowledgement-
•Dr. R.K. Tiwari, Sc- F
•Dr. Santosh Tripathi, Sc- F
•Dr Vineeta Nigam, Sc- F
• Mr. Raghwesh Mishra, Sc- E
• Mr. R. K. Gupta, Sc- E
•Dr. Mritunjay Pandey, Sc- D
•Dr. A. K. Singh, Sc – C
• Ms. Anjlina Kerketta. Sc- C
• Mr. I. P. Pal, Tech. Officer
• Mr. Prateep Bhattacharya, Tech. Officer
• Mr. A. V. Anand, Tech. Officer.