TISSUES

• Multicellular organisms - made of millions of cells.

• Cells show - division of labour
• Such cells are grouped together and is called tissue.
• TISSUE : A group of cells that are similar in structure and
origin (come from same parent cell) and perform similar
function.
• Behaves like an orchestra.
• Tissues and cells also are present in several
different organs and contribute their part to the function of
the organ and the maintenance of homeostasis.
• Since animals are mobile , they need more
energy, hence more living tissues.
• Cell growth is uniformly distributed
• When organs work together for a specific task,
cells are connected to each other by – Cell
Junction.
Types of tissues
 2 major types of
plant tissues
A) Meristematic tissue :
• responsible for growth of plants. It continuously
divide and later differentiate into permanent tissue .
• Most of the tissues consists of dead cells because
they provide mechanical support and strength to
the plant.

B) Permanent tissue :
• cells gradually loose their ability to divide
• organs have specialized tissues.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
meristematic tissue
• Cells structure – round, oval, polygonal or
rectangular – thin – elastic cell wall – cellulose
• Are compact , so no intercellular space
• Large nucleus and abundant cytoplasm
• Protoplasm contains very few or no vacuoles at
all.
 Types of
meristematic tissue
 Types of permanent
tissue
1) Simple / Supportive permanent tissues :
• These tissues are composed of cells which are
structurally & functionally similar.
• Thus, these tissues are all made of one type of
cells.
• They are of three types-
i. Parenchyma
ii. Collenchyma
iii. Sclerenchyma
 i) Parenchyma tissue
• Cells are living
• Most abundantly found
• Fills spaces between other tissues
• Found in all parts of plants.
• Found in most of the edible cushion of fruit
• Thin walled cells- cellulose
• Cell loosely packed, has prominent nucleus,
cytoplasm, Vacuoles are large
• Stores food in plants
• Location - soft parts of plants ex. Cushiony stem
 3 sub-types of
Parenchyma Tissue
1. Storage parenchyma – stores materials

2. Aerenchyma – helps in floating, provides

buoyancy

3. Chlorenchyma - have presence of chlorophyll

 Functions of
parenchyma tissue
• Store materials such as starch, proteins,
hormones, etc and waste products such as gum,
resin etc.
• Perform metabolic activities of the plant
• Provides turgidity, and so gives mechanical
strength.
• Few types helps in photosynthesis
 ii) Collenchyma tissue
• Cells- elongated, living
• Thickened at corners because deposition of
cellulose/pectin.
• No / less intercellular space
• Presence of chlorophyll
• Distinct nucleus and protoplasm
• Location – leaf stalk, epidermis
 Functions of
Collenchyma tissue
• Provides flexibility ( leaves and flowers) and
support to plant
• Provides structural rigidity
• Performs photosynthesis
 iii) Sclerenchyma Tissue
• Dead cells
• Narrow, long
• Cell wall highly thickened all around
• No intercellular space
• Location – hard parts of plants , Stems and veins
of flowers ,leaves
• Ex . Present in bark, coverings of seed and nuts,
coconut husk
 2) Complex / conductive
permanent tissues
• Consists of more than one type of cells which work
together as a unit.
• Help in the transportation of organic material, water
and mineral up and down the plants.
• That is why it is also known as conducting and
vascular tissue.
• The common types of
complex permanent tissue are:
i. Xylem
ii. Phloem
 Elements of
xylem and phloem
 Xylem
• Long hollow narrow tube
• from the root to the leaves
• Xylem elements
– Start as living cells (nucleus, cell
wall)
– Then differentiated into specialised
structures and died
– No living material
– Just empty shells
– Walls are thicken strengthen with
lignin
– Vessels are shorter and wider than
tracheids
Phloem

• Transports the prepared

food from leaves to storage
organ and from there to
growing parts
• Consists of a column of sieve
tubes and companion cells
• Sieve tubes are separated by
sieve plates
 Types of complex/conductive
permanent tissue
Consist of

Xylem Phloem
Transports ? Consist of Transports ?
Consist of

Manufactured Sieve
Water Tracheids food (Sucrose) tube
Mineral Companion
Salt Vessels cell
identify the xylem and
Phloem
B
A
 Types of animal tissues
• Depending upon the function they perform, they
are mainly divided into four types :
• Functions of them :
1. Protection / Covering
2. Connection / support / binds
3. Movement and locomotion
4. Transmissions of signals / control / responds to
stimuli
 Epithelial tissue
• Thin packing covering material of everything of
our body.
• Covers most organs and cavities inside the body.
• Epithelial tissue is specialized to protect, absorb,
and secrete substances, as well as detect
sensations.
• Tightly packed cells to form a continuous sheet,
with no intercellular spaces.
• Classified on the basis of two things :
 • Number of layers :
1. Single layer
2. Many layers
• How they look :
1. Line / flat
2. Cube
3. Cylinder
Transitional
 Secretion,
covers the consists of goblet
glands (both cells that
specialize in
exocrine and synthesis and
endocrine) of secretion of
our body. several
chemicals. .
 Connective Tissue
• living, separated from each other
• most abundant ones in the body
• specialized to connect various body parts.
• Loosely packed cells and the space between the
cells are filled with a jelly like matrix.
• More matrix than cells
• Ex: Bone to bone, Muscle to bone or tissue.
 Functions of
connective tissues
• Enclosing and separating organs
• Connecting tissues to one another (ligaments and
tendons)
• Supporting and moving ( Joints and cartilage)
• Storing (adipose tissue and bones)
• Cushioning and insulating (adipose tissues)
• Transport and protection (blood)
• Protection ( cranium and sternum)
 Types of
connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
• Connective tissue proper includes those
types of connective tissues that exhibit a
variable mixture of both connective tissue
cell types and extracellular protein fibers
suspended within a viscous ground
substance.
• Its main function is to bind cells and tissues
into organ and organ system.
 Types of
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
 Areolar Connective
Tissue
• fills the space between skin and muscles,
inside the organs.
• It is found underneath the skin; also around
nerves and blood vessels.
• It act as supporting and packing tissue
between organs lying in body cavity.
• it helps in repair of tissue after an injury.
• It fixes skin to underlying muscles.
• Serves as support framework for epithelium
 Adipose Tissue
• It is present in skin and organs.
• It is composed of fat globules and is
characterized by fat storage
• It provides insulation due to the fat present.
• Each fat cell is rounded or oval and contain a
large droplet of fat that almost fill it.
 Fibrous
connective tissue
Tendons :-
• are fibrous tissues which joins muscles to
bones and helps in movements.

Ligaments :-
• are flexible tissues which joins bones together
and helps in movements.
 Supporting
connective tissue
• The supporting connective tissue have a
strong and durable framework that
protects and supports the soft body tissues.
• The extracellular matrix in supporting
connective tissue contains many protein
fibers and a ground substance that
ranges from semisolid to solid.
Types of SUPPORTIVE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Fluid connective tissue contain cell and cell
fragments, dissolved protein fibers and
watery ground substance.
• Blood and lymph is fluid connective tissue
COMPONENTS
OF
BLOOD
 Muscular tissue
• Connective tissue helps in the movements of the
body.
• It consists of elongated cells called muscle fibres.
• It contains a protein called contractile protein
which contracts and relaxes and helps in
movements.
• Muscles which can move under our will are
called voluntary muscles.
• Muscles which do not move under our will are
called involuntary muscles.
 i) Striated muscles(Skeletal muscles) :-
• cylindrical, contract quickly but cant remain
contracted for a long .So get fatigued/ tired

ii) Unstriated muscles ( Smooth muscles) :-

• spindle shaped, contract slowly but can remain
contracted for a long .So don’t get fatigued/ tired

iii) Cardiac muscles :-

• muscles having faint striations, contract quickly
and rhythmically. So don’t get tired /fatigued.
 Nervous tissue
• Cells of nervous tissue are called nerve
cells/neurons
• Many nerve cells are bound by connective tissue
to make a nerve
• This specialized tissue helps in transmitting
stimuli from one place to another in the body
• Controls all the activities
• It consists of neurons and supporting cells called
neuroglia.
Structure of neuron
Neurolemma