Abstract:

This report is all about the analysis of all loads of faculty of mechanical engineering, their real power
and reactive power consumption for the improvement of a power factor. On the basis of the power
consumption that is active power consumption and reactive power consumption power factor is
calculated and observed for each load separately. All real and reactive powers are added in order to
have to overall power consumption of the whole faculty. Power factor is calculated for the whole
faculty from the overall active and reactive power by mathematical computations. All the loads are
analyzed by drawing the one-line diagram. Using basic knowledge of power distribution and
utilization after series of calculation a model of capacitors bank is presented in order to improve the
given power factor up to 0.95, which best possible solution. The solution presented is economical
and approximate yearly maintenance cost and the fixed cost are analyzed at the end

Introduction:
In analyzing electrical power distribution provided by the utility one come across with different types
of loads. These loads may be resistive, inductive or capacitive or combination of any of them. Now
the question arises that how effectively these loads converts Electrical power provided by the utility
is being converted into the useful work. This brings the idea of power factor which quantitively
shows how much the given amount of current is converted into useful work.

In order to have the better idea about power factor, it is necessary to have the basic understanding
of terms which are that is active power, reactive power and apparent power. Real power is actual
amount of power being used or dissipated in the electrical circuit. It is the function of the resistance
in the circuit. Reactive power is absorbed by the reactive loads. It which is the function of the circuit
reactance. Beside these apparent powers is the combination of both reactive power and the real
power. It is the function of circuit’s impedance.

Real power used in all electrical appliances to perform the work of heating, lighting, motion, etc. We
express this as KW or kilowatts. An inductive load, like a motor, compressor or ballast, also requires
Reactive Power to generate and sustain a magnetic field in order to operate. We call this non-
working power KVAR. Every home and business have both resistive and inductive loads. The ratio
between these two types of loads becomes important as more more inductive equipment are
added. Real power and reactive power make up Apparent Power, which is called KVA, kilovolt-
amperes.

POWER FACTOR is the ratio of the useful (true) power (kW) to the total (apparent) power (kVA)
consumed by an AC electrical load or by complete electrical installation. It is a measure of how
efficiently electrical power is converted into useful work output. The ideal power factor is unity, or
one. Power factor less than one means that an extra power is required to achieve the actual task at
hand. All current flow causes losses both in the supply and distribution system, as losses is the
function of square of current. A load with a power factor of 1.0 results in the most efficient loading
of the supply. A load with a power factor less than unity results in much higher losses in the supply
system and a higher bill for the consumer, because of higher current. A comparatively small
improvement in power factor can bring about a significant reduction in losses since losses are
proportional to the square of the current and current in turn depends upon the power factor.
Power factor is an important aspect that must be considered in an AC electrical power distribution
systems, because if power factor is less than one of any distribution system then it have to carry
more current then the expected necessary current with no inductive loads to deliver the same
amount of real power to the load. The least amount of current is flown in the distribution systems if
most of the loads are resistive which provides the true real power across the loads. Beside these
inductive loads causes the current to be out of phase with the voltage which require more current to
maintain its magnetic field along with the current required to provide the real active power across it.
This cause the reduction in low power factor which results in power efficiency of the system.

Following are some main examples in distribution systems of inductive loads which results lower
power factor.

 Transformers
 Induction motors
 Induction generators (wind mill generators)
 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting

These inductive loads contain a major portion of the power consumed on industrial level. Reactive
power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in your
distribution system. This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle and as
angle increases, cosine of angle (power factor) decreases.

Improving the PF can maximize current-carrying capacity, improve voltage to equipment, reduce
power losses, and lower electric bills. The simplest way to improve power factor is to add PF
correction capacitors to the electrical system. PF correction capacitors act as reactive current
generators. They help offset the non-working power used by inductive loads, thereby improving the
power factor. The interaction between PF capacitors and specialized equipment, such as variable
speed drives, requires a well-designed system

Literature review:
It is nowadays time power-factor correction is an important research topic in the power systems
area. As non-linear power electronic systems are increasingly being connected to power systems in
greater quantities as well as capacities for such applications as power quality control, adjustable
speed drives, uninterruptible power supplies, renewable energy-source interfacing, and so on. The
power quality regulators of those systems are highly concerned now, because some of their
drawbacks, such as harmonics generation and reduced power factor can spoil their advantages.
Power electronic systems are effective because their high efficiency and rapidly adjustable output.
However, when processing and controlling the input electric energy suitable for users, power
electronic systems often operate at a low power-factor, and that may cause serious problems to
power system operators by reducing distribution component RMS current capacity and to other
users on the same network by distorting the sinusoidal supply voltage seen by other user connected
at the same point of common coupling as a heavy electronic or power electronic load.. Of all power
line disturbances, harmonics are probably the most serious one for power users because they exist
under steady state conditions