Introduction 

to Electrical Systems

Course Code: EE 111

Course Code: EE 111

Department: Electrical Engineering

Department: Electrical Engineering

Instructor Name: B G Fernandes

Instructor Name: B.G. Fernandes

E‐mail id: bgf@ee iitb ac in

E‐mail id: bgf@ee.iitb.ac.in

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
1/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 Sub‐Topics:   

• Power system operation in India

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
2/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 Review
S li
Salient pole:
l
air gap along d‐axis(or field axis) < air gap along q‐axis
⇒ as the length of air gap(lg) ↑, reluctance↑
∴ for
f a given
i mmf,f φ ↓
∴ as lg ↑ , effect of armature reaction ↓
⇒ field mmf is present only along d‐axis

∴for salient pole synchronous machine, there is d‐axis

eq.ckt & q‐axis eq. ckt

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
3/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 ⇒ only winding 1 is excited by dc
⇒ rotor moves to the p
position shown

⇒ both windings 1 and 2 excited

⇒ resultant flux at 600 to axis of
winding 1

⇒ rotor aligns itself along the

resultant field as shown
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
4/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 ⇒ winding 1 switched off, only winding 2 excited
⇒ flux is along axis of winding 2
⇒ rotor aligns itself as shown

⇒ there are no current carrying conductors on rotor

⇒ but rotor still rotates
⇒It could be due to dL
dθ
⇒ torque is produced if ‘L’ varies with position
⇒ reluctance torque
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
5/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 • all the generators operate in parallel
⇒ they are connected to the grid
⇒ any small change should not affect the grid
∴ Its ‘f’
f & ‘V’
V are kept almost constant
⇒ If ‘f’ ↓ below a certain value (could be 48.5Hz) or
↑ above 50.5,
50 5 generator is disconnected from the grid
(it is done automatically ⇒ known as generator tripping)
⇒ to connect the generator to the grid,
grid
⏐f⏐&⏐V⏐ should ≅ ⏐f⏐&⏐V⏐ of grid &
phase sequence should be same
⇒ generator (portable) connected to local load,
terminal
i l ‘V’ will
ill change
h i h If
with
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
6/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 ⇒ as the load ↑ , speed & ∴⏐f⏐ & ⏐V⏐ would ↓
⇒ by sensing the speed or ‘f’, steam input or fuel input
is ↑ ∴speed
p &f↑
• In synchronous machine If ↑, E0 ↑
⇒ Pe can be ↑ by ↑ mechanical input
∴ If mechanical input is held constant
E0V
sin δ = V Ic o s φ will remain constant
Xs
∴ E 0 sin δ will remain constant
∴ as E0 ↓,
↓ δ ↑ (theoretical limit is π/2)
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
7/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 |E0| is high & |E0| is less &
∴|IF| is high ∴|I
| F| is less

⇒ If is current flowing in the field

⇒ In over‐excited syn. generator P.F. is lagging
⇒ In under excited syn. generator P.F. is leading
• In practice all the generators are over‐excited
(it is design issue)
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
8/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 ⇒ most of the loads are inductive in nature 
so why not over excite the generator so that it can
so why not over‐excite the generator so that it can  
supply the reactive power?
(design issue more in 6th sem.)
(design issue, more in 6 sem )

⇒ load is continuouslyy varying,

y g, but for most of the time it
remains ≅ constant

⇒ known
k as base
b l d
load

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
9/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
10/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 California power grid web link
h //
http://www.caiso.com/outlook/SystemStatus.html
i / l k/S S h l

⇒ thermal / nuclear plants

⇒ peak load plant → hydro/gas
all the generators Western, Northern, Central, North‐East 
ll th t W t N th C t l N th E t
parts of India are connected in parallel ( ≅ 1,00,000 MW) 
or they are connected by an ac line
or they are connected by an ac line
In addition, there is a HVDC line from Chandrapur(near 
Nagpur) to Padghe(near Kalyan) . 
total power flow Chandrapur to Padghe =1500MW(2*750)

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
11/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34
 ⇒ all the generators in southern part of India are
connected in parallel.
parallel
but they are connected to rest of India by an ac line
⇒ these two regions are
interconnected by dc line
⇒ now ‘f’ of rest of India & Southern grid can be different
• while ‘f’
f has to be same in rest of India,
India even though
there is a dc line, because they are interconnected by an
ac line

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
12/12
29,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  34