[4:42 am, 30/05/2022] Ayu Ansyari Triana: PARADIGM 4: PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION AS MANAGEMENT,

1956-1970

Partly because of their second-class citizenship status in a number of political science departments,
some public administrationists began Public Policy and Management, which took over the activities (but
not the grants, which terminated in 1985) of the Public Policy and Management Program for
Case/Curriculurn Development. The significance of the case study to the development of the field of
public administration is a some what peculiar one, quite aside from the innate value of the case method
as a simulation-based teaching device and as an extraordinarily effective vehicle for illuminating
questions of moral choice and decision-making behavior in the administrtive milieu. Waldo believes that
the emergence of the case method in the late 1940s and its growth throughout the 1950s reflect the
response of public administrationists to the "behavioral revolution" in the social sciences generally. On
the one hand, the traditional public administrationists, particularly those who entered the field in the
1930s, welcomed the case method as a means of being empirical and "behavioral," and thus providing
an additional way of reestablishing the linkages between their field and political science, The case study
also offered a comfortable alternative to Simon's call for a rigorous, pure science of administration that
could—probably would—necessitate a methodlogical retooling on their part On the other hand, those
public administrationists who entered the field later, and who had been academically reared in political
science departments when behaviorism was very much in vogue, were not especially at home with the
case study as public administration's answer to the challenge of the behaviorists, but they temporarily
agreed to the case study method as an uneasy compromise. There was also a third grouping of public
admistrationists in the 1950s and 1960s who embraced the case study: the retired government
bureaucrats, who were occasionally hired by political science departments when public administration
was held in low academic esteem but was in relatively high student demand. This group appreciated an
intelectual approach to the field that identified closely with administrative experience, The scholarly
uneasiness surrounding the use of the case method (which has never had the impact on public
administration education that it has had in the business schools, although there are signs that use of the
case method in public administration may now be making a comeback) In the early 1960s, "organization
development" began its rapid rise as a specialty of management. As a focus, organization development
represented a particularly tempting alternative to political science for many public administrationists.
Organization development as a field is grounded in social psychology and values the "democratization"
of bureaucracies, whether public or private, and the "self-actualization" of the individual members of
organizations. Because of these values, organization development was seen by many younger public
administrationists as offering a very compatible area of research within the framework of management:
democratic values could be considered, normative concerns could be broached, and intellectual rigor
and scientific methodologies could be employed. From the late 1950s through the mid-1960s, a spate of
scholars writing in a variety of management journals acceleraled the drumbeat of generic management
as the logical successor to more "parochial" paradigms, such as public administration and business
administration. Weighing heavily in the value structure of these scholars was the interdisciplinary nature
of management studies, and the necessity that university policymakers.recognize this aspect and
reorganize accordingly. These intellectual currents had a genuine impact on the curricula of universities.
sur-very of graduate study in public administration in the United States found that, while the great
majority of public administration programs were still located in political science departments, there was
nonetheless "a groundswell development that tends to pervade all others," " and this was the idea of
"administration" (i.e., the field of management) as a unifying epistemology in the study of institutons
and organizations, both public and private. Similarly, by 1962, as many as a fifth of the business
administration programs in the United States, Canada, and Mexico had joined the study of business
administration with the study of economics, public administration, and other social sciences,."The first
institutional expression of the generic management "groundswell" came in the 1950s with the founding
of the School of Business and Public Administration at Cornell University, and over the years three
models of the generic management school developed. The "purest" of these were those schools of
administrative science that were created consciously (indeed, on occasion, ideologically) as generic, and
which offer master's degrees only in "administration" or "management." The Graduate School of
Management of the University of California at Irvine, founded in the mid-1960x, was the first edition
cast in this mold, and the University of Califoria at Riverside, Willamette University, and Yale University
soon followed. Perhaps the most striking feature of these schools of administrative science is their size,
or lack of it. The four extant examples have considerably fewer faculty than a typical department of
political science or business administration at a major university, Closely related to the school of
administrative science is the school of management. In this version, a business ethic prevails, and little
or no atlempt is made to understand the phenomenon of public administration, which is perceived as an
extension of business management; education that is good for business is good for government, Master
of Management or Master of Business Administration are the only graduate degrees offered, and
“public management" is offered as a minor option within these degree programs, The University of
California at Los Angeles, Stanford University, and Northwestern University are examples, The third
variant of the generic management model is seen in the combined school of business and public
administration. Typically, these schools offer a common core curriculum for all students, but house
separate departments of public administration that offer their own degree programs, Examples include
the University of Alaska and the University Missouri at Kansas City, During the 1960s and early 1970s in
particular, the generic management concept was especially modish. Suddenly it seemed that a number
of public administrationists were discovering the line in Woodrow Wilson's seminal essay of 1887 that
state, "the field of administration is a field of business. It is removed from the hurry and strife of politics.
Perhaps it was this statement by Wilson that initially encouraged an attitude among some management
scientists that strikingly paralleled the long-standing attitude held by political scientists about public
administration, that is that public