Jimma University

Jimma Institute of Technology

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Architecture and Urban planning Chair

(Problem of Pedestrian Walkways in Jimma)

By: (Anil Abdu)

Advisor: (Dejene Birku)

A Research Proposal submitted to the Jimma University, Jimma Institute of Technology,

Architecture and Urban Planning Chair for the Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for The
Degree of Science (B.Sc.) in Architecture

April, 2021

Jimma, Ethiopia
DECLARATION
The declaration must state: (a) that the thesis has been composed by the candidate, and. (b) either
that the work is the candidate's own, or, if the candidate has been a member. Of a research group,
that the candidate has made a substantial contribution to the work, such contribution being
clearly indicated, and………….

(Example:
I, undersigned, declare that this thesis is my own and original work and has not been presented
for a degree in any other university, and that all sources of material used for the thesis have been
duly acknowledged, following the scientific guidelines of the institute

Student’s Name: Anil Abdu

Signature ____________ )
 To clarify this assignment: write what is needed to be written under each the title and if necessary
you may relate your idea on the title given as “ The Role of Architect in Solving the Problem of Harsh
Sun on the Varnero Class Rooms”.
 And here you didn’t write thesis but what is written/included under each title. See the above
(declaration /acknowledgment ) and add on it
 Use this template for your project
Hello dear student? Here is an individual assignment related to your thesis: prepare proposals as:
1) Write chapter and sub-title under each titles.
2) Write what is written under each sub-title

CONFIRMATION

This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as an Institute’s advisor.
Advisor’s Name: ______________
Signature ____________

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This thesis is submitted to the Jimma University Jimma Institute of Technology Department of
Architecture and Urban Planning in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor
Degree in Architecture.

Title of the Thesis: (Problem of Pedestrian Walkways in Jimma)

Author: (Anil Abdu) (01/01/2022)

Approved by Board of Examiners:

Advisor Name ___________________

Advisor Signature ___________________Date___________________

Examiner Name___________________

External examiner Signature ___________________Date ___________________

Internal Examiner Name___________________

Internal Examiner Signature ___________________Date ___________________

Chair Person Name___________________

Chair Person Signature___________________ Date___________________

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 Abstract

An abstract is an outline/brief summary of your paper and your whole project. Abstracts
highlight major points of your research and explain why your work is important; what your
purpose was how you went about your project, what you learned, and what you concluded.

An abstract is a 150- to 250-word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview of your essay
or report and its organization. It should express your thesis (or central idea) and your key points; it
should also suggest any implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper.

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 Acknowledgement

In the acknowledgements of your thesis or dissertation, you should first thank those who helped

you academically or professionally, such as your supervisor, funders, and other academics. Then
you can include personal thanks to friends, family members, or anyone else who supported you
during the process.

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 Table of contents

The Table of Contents (TOC) is an organized listing of the chapters and major sections of your
document. ... A clear, concise, and well formatted TOC is the first indicator of a good research
paper. The table of contents belongs between the abstract and the introduction.

To write a table of contents, you first write the title or chapter names of your research paper in
chronological order. Secondly, you write the subheadings or subtitles, if you have them in your
paper. After that, you write the page numbers for the corresponding headings and subheadings.

When adding the final changes to your dissertation, the table of contents is one of the most
crucial elements. It helps the reader navigate (like a map) through your argument and topic
points. Adding a table of contents is simple and it can be inserted easily after you have finished
writing your paper. In this guide, we look at the do’s and don’ts of a table of contents; this will
help you process and format your dissertation in a professional way.

A good table of contents should be easy to read, accurately formatted and completed last so that
it is 100% accurate. Although you can complete a table of contents manually, many word
processing tools like Microsoft Word enable you to format your table of contents automatically.

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 List of Figures

The list of figures identifies the titles and locations of visuals (figures, drawings, photos, maps)
in administrative or research documents. Articles in periodicals do not use lists of figures.
Figures concentrate information in unusual ways and show critical details, configurations, and
evidence.

All graphs, diagrams and images should be titled as Figures. These will be numbered
consecutively throughout the dissertation: Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, and so on. After the
numbering, there should be a short and concise title. Titles for figures appear below the figure
itself.

It’s a list of the names of all figures you’ve used in your thesis or dissertation, together with the page
number that they’re on. The list of figures is especially useful for a reader to refer to as it.

- Gives the reader an overview of the types of figures you’ve included in your document

- Helps them easily find a particular figure that they’re interested in.

Readers use the list of figures to locate visual information. The list of figures identifies the titles and
locations of visuals (figures, drawings, photos, maps) in administrative or research.

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 List of Tables

A List of Tables is a reference tool that allows your readers to quickly and easily navigate to data
in your thesis or dissertation. Construction of the list is similar to creating a Table of Contents.
To save yourself some time in making your List of Tables, be sure that you use font styles.

Tables should be labeled with a number preceding the table title; tables and figures are labeled
independently of one another. Tables should also have lines demarcating different parts of the
table (title, column headers, data, and footnotes if present). Gridlines or boxes should not be
included in printed versions.

Checklist for list of tables

 Appropriately formatted.
 Lists all tables in the document except those listed in any Appendices.
 All titles match what appears in the text exactly.
 All page numbers are correct

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 Acronyms

An acronym is a word formed by abbreviating a phrase by combining certain letters of words in

the phrase (often the first initial of each) into a single term. Common examples of acronyms
include NASA (an acronym for National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and FOMO (a
slang acronym for fear of missing out).

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background

The background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, appropriate
context of the problem in relation to theory, research, and/or practice, its scope, and the extent to
which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where
gaps exist that your study. 

Research background is written after the literature review. Therefore, literature review has to be
the first and the longest stage in the research process, even before the formulation of research
aims and objectives, right after the selection of the research area. Once the research area is
selected, the literature review is commenced in order to identify gaps in the research area, and
the research aims and objectives need to be closely associated with the elimination of this gap in
the literature.

The introduction to a research paper is where you set up your topic and approach for the reader.
It has several key goals:

- Present your topic and get the reader interested

- Provide background or summarize existing research

- Position your own approach

- Detail your specific research problem

- Give an overview of the paper’s structure

1.2. Statement of the problem

A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem
addressed by a study. A good research problem should address an existing gap in knowledge in
the field and lead to further research.

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Although many problems turn out to have several solutions (the means to close the gap or correct
the deviation), difficulties arise where such means are either not obvious or are not immediately
available. This then necessitates some research to reach a viable solution. A statement of the
problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study.

The statement of the problem briefly addresses the question: What is the problem that the
research will address? A thesis statement is a strong statement that you can prove with evidence.
It is not a simple statement of fact. A thesis statement should be the product of your own critical
thinking after you have done some research. Your thesis statement will be the main idea of your
entire project.

1.3. Objectives

Writing your research objectives clearly helps to:

- Define the focus of your study

- Clearly identify variables to be measured

- Indicate the various steps to be involved

- Establish the limits of the study

- Avoid collection of any data that is not strictly necessary.

1.3.1. General objective

The general objective of a research project is defined as the purpose of the project. It states what
the project intends to accomplish or develop in relation to observed problems or situations. The
following criteria should be considered when formulating the general objectives of the project.

1.3.2. Specific objectives

Specific objectives are detailed objectives that describe what will be researched during the study,
whereas the general objective is a much broader statement about what the study aims to achieve
overall.

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1.4. Research questions

A research question is a question that a study or research project aims to answer. This question
often addresses an issue or a problem, which, through analysis and interpretation of data, is
answered in the study's conclusion. The answer to a research question will help address a
research problem or question. Specifying a research question, "the central issue to be resolved by
a formal dissertation, thesis, or research project," is typically one of the first steps an investigator
takes when undertaking research. Considerations, such as project funding or methodological
approaches may influence the research process, including when and how the research question is
developed. Clearly and accurately defining the research question can become an iterative
process.

1.5. Significance/justification/rational/motivation

The significance of the study is a written statement that explains why your research was needed.
It's a justification of the importance of your work and impact it has on your research field, its
contribution to new knowledge and how others will benefit from it. The rationale of a study is a
very important part of the manuscript. You can do a thorough literature review to understand
what is already known in your field of study and thereby identify the gaps in knowledge or the
problems that are yet to be solved. Such gaps will form the framework of your study and outline
the need for a new study.

1.6. Scope

The scope of a study explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the work
and specifies the parameters within the study will be operating. Basically, this means that you
will have to define what the study is going to cover and what it is focusing on. Basically, this
means that you will have to define what the study is going to cover and what it is focusing on.
Similarly, you also have to define what the study is not going to cover. This will come under the
limitations.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction

Literature review identifies, evaluates and synthesizes the relevant literature within a particular
field of research. It illuminates how knowledge has evolved within the field, highlighting what
has already been done, what is generally accepted, what is emerging and what is the current state
of thinking on the topic. In addition, within research-based texts such as a Doctoral thesis, a
literature review identifies a research gap (i.e. unexplored or under-researched areas) and
articulates how a particular research project addresses this gap.

A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a
particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary,
and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while
researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a
larger field of study.

2.2 Theoretical review/Conceptual Framework

The theoretical framework defines the key concepts in your research, proposes relations between
them and discusses relevant theories based on a literature review. A strong theoretical framework
gives your research direction, allowing you to convincingly interpret, explain and generalize
from your findings. Although they are both used to understand a research problem and guide the
development, collection, and analysis of research, it's important to understand the difference
between the two. When working on coursework or dissertation research, make sure to clarify
what is being asked and any specific course or program requirements.

Theoretical framework

A theoretical framework is a single formal theory. When a study is designed around a theoretical
framework, the theory is the primary means in which the research problem is understood and
investigated. Although theoretical frameworks tend to be used in quantitative studies, you will
also see this approach in qualitative research.

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Conceptual framework

A conceptual framework includes one or more formal theories (in part or whole) as well as other
concepts and empirical findings from the literature. It is used to show relationships among these
ideas and how they relate to the research study. Conceptual frameworks are commonly seen in
qualitative research in the social and behavioral sciences, for example, because often one theory
cannot fully address the phenomena being studied.

2.3 Critique of the existing literature relevant to the study

The purpose of a literature review is to gain an understanding of the existing research and
debates relevant to a particular topic or area of study, and to present that knowledge in the form
of a written report. Conducting a literature review helps you build your knowledge in your field.
You’ll learn about important concepts, research methods, and experimental techniques that are
used in your field. You’ll also gain insight into how researchers apply the concepts you’re
learning in your unit to real world problems.

2.4 Summary

A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an
organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the
important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that
information.

2.5 Research gaps

A research gap is a question or a problem that has not been answered by any of the existing
studies or research within your field. Sometimes, a research gap exists when there is a concept
or new idea that hasn't been studied at all. Sometimes you'll find a research gap if all the existing
research is outdated and in need of new/updated research (studies on Internet use in 2001, for
example). Or, perhaps a specific population has not been well studied (perhaps there are plenty
of studies on teenagers and video games, but not enough studies on toddlers and video games,
for example). These are just a few examples, but any research gap you find is an area where
more studies and more research need to be conducted.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHOD and MATERIALS

The materials are simply the raw materials, tools and/or important chemicals used in your
experiments. It is the important details of WHAT you use in your research. The methods section
is HOW you conduct the research. Here, you describe all the steps or procedures you have done
in order to achieve the research objectives, including the experimental design and data analysis.

To ensure the credibility of your research. In other words, whatever materials/chemicals and
procedures that you choose should be suitable and valid to answer your research questions.

3.1 Description of study area

Study is the act of learning and spending time discovering information or an academic work or
investigation about a particular thing or subject area. An example of study is learning about
science or the study of science. An example of study is a publication in a journal of science.

3.2 Research design

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data.

3.3 Instruments/tools

Instrumentation is the use of, or work completed by, planned instruments. In a research effort, it
is the responsibility of an investigator to describe thoroughly the instrument used to measure the
dependent variable(s), outcome(s), or the effects of interventions or treatments.

The following list is an example of the steps to complete a research project. Choosing a Research
Instrument is done after conceptualization and the units of analysis have been chosen, and before
ope rationalizing concepts construct instruments:

 Select a topic

 Formulate a thesis statement

 Choose the types of analyses

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  Research and write a literature review

 Formulate the research questions

 Conceptualize a topic, refine thesis

 Choose research method and research instrument

 Ope rationalize concepts construct instruments

 Formulate the data collection strategy

 Perform a pilot study

 Collect data - Prepare the data for processing & analysis

 Process & analyze data

 Interpret & make inferences about data

 Write the research paper

 Publish data

Research instruments are often used in the fields of social sciences and health sciences. These
tools can also be found within education that relates to patients, staff, teachers and students. The
format of a research instrument may consist of questionnaires, surveys, interviews, checklists or
simple tests.

3.4 Types of data

Data may be grouped into four main types based on methods for collection: observational,
experimental, simulation, and derived. ... For example, data that is hard or impossible to replace
(e.g. the recording of an event at a specific time and place) requires extra backup procedures to
reduce the risk of data loss.

3.5 Method of data collection/procedure

Case Studies, Checklists, Interviews, Observation sometimes, and Surveys or Questionnaires are
all tools used to collect data. ... You can easily get data with at least three data collection
methods with our online and offline data gathering tool. i.e Online Questionnaires, Focus
Groups, and Reporting.

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3.6 Sampling frame

A sampling frame defines the members of the population who are eligible to be included in a
given sample—in the sense of drawing a boundary or frame around those cases that are
acceptable for inclusion in the sample. ... The actual sample would then be drawn from the
population defined by this frame.

3.7 Data process

What is data process in research?

Data processing in research is the collection and translation of a data set into valuable, usable
information. Through this process, a researcher, data engineer or data scientist takes raw data and
converts it into a more readable format, such as a graph, report or chart, either manually or
through an automated tool.

Stages of data processing

The data processing cycle includes several steps. Though each stage has a specific order, the
entire process repeats cyclically.

Collection: - Data collection is the process of extracting data from available sources, such as
data warehouses and data lakes. Raw data can come in several forms, from user behavior to
monetary figures to profit statements to web cookies. The type of raw data that you collect will
have a significant impact on the output you later produce. Researchers must look to accurate,
trustworthy and comprehensive sources for valid, usable findings.

Preparation: - Through data preparation, you will polish, organize, filter and examine raw data
for errors. The data preparation stage is meant to eliminate incorrect, redundant or incomplete
data and convert it into a suitable form for further processing and analysis. The goal of the
preparation stage is to achieve the highest quality data possible.

Input: - The input stage is the first stage where raw data begins to resemble usable information.
Once the data is clean, you’ll enter it into a corresponding destination, such as a data warehouse
or customer relationship management (CRM) software, and translate it into a compatible
language for these systems. You can enter this data using numerous input sources, including
keyboards, scanners or digitize.

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Processing: - Next, you’ll begin to process the data stored in your computer during the data
input stage. You can conduct data processing using machine learning and artificial intelligence
algorithms to generate the desired input, but the processing will vary based on your data sources
and intended output use. You can use the data from the processing stage in a variety of ways,
from creating medical diagnoses to determining customer needs to drawing connections between
advertising patterns.

Output: - Through this stage, data becomes usable and can be interpreted by non-data scientists.
This translated data is readable and often presented in images, graphs, text, audio and videos.
Once interpreted, company members can self-serve the data for their analytics projects.

Storage: - After processing the data successfully, all remaining information should be stored for
later use. When companies properly store their data, they remain compliant with data protection
legislation and promote a faster, easier means of accessing information when they need to. They
can also use this data as input in the following processing cycle.

3.8 Presentation Technique

Oral Presentations

Oral presentations are given at the venue of the event. The presenter is physically present to
deliver a verbal presentation to the audience. Most of the presenters choose to supplement their
speech with a series of slides.

Poster Presentations

As a poster presenter, you will be provided a dedicated space at the event to display your work in
the form of a poster. While there is no formal presentation to accompany your poster, you should
be ready to provide explanations and answer questions in relation to the material presented on
your poster.

Virtual Presentations

Virtual presentations are a great way to engage with the audience and present your findings in
the event that you are not able to physically be present at the event. Such presentations utilize
technological solutions to allow you present live.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESULT and DISCUSSION

4.1. Introduction

Since your results follow your method section, you’ll provide information about what you found
from the methods you used, such as your research data. You may also include information about
the measurement of your data, variables, treatments, and statistical analyses. To start, organize
your research data based on how important those are in relation to your research questions.

This section should focus on showing important results that support or reject your research
hypothesis. Include your least important data as supplemental materials when submitting to the
journal.

The next step is to prioritize your research data based on importance – focusing heavily on the
information that directly relates to your research questions using the subheadings. The
organization of the subheadings (subheading organization information below) for the results
section usually mirrors the methods section. It should follow a logical and chronological order.

4.2. Objective 1 / research question 1

A research question is the question around which you center your research. It should be: clear: it
provides enough specifics that one’s audience can easily understand its purpose without needing
additional explanation.

Focused: it is narrow enough that it can be answered thoroughly in the space the writing task
allows.

Concise: it is expressed in the fewest possible words. 14

Complex: it is not answerable with a simple “yes” or “no,” but rather requires synthesis and
analysis of ideas and sources prior to composition of an answer.

Arguable: its potential answers are open to debate rather than accepted facts. You should ask a
question about an issue that you are genuinely curious and/or passionate about.

4.3. Objective 2 / research question 2

4.4. Objective 3 / research question 3

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION & RECOMMANDETIONS

Conclusion

The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after
they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of your points or a re-
statement of your research problem but a synthesis of key points.

The function of your paper's conclusion is to restate the main argument. It reminds the reader of
the strengths of your main argument(s) and reiterates the most important evidence supporting
those argument(s).

Recommendations

Recommendations are used to call for action or solutions to the problems you have investigated
in your research paper. Your recommendations highlight specific solutions and measures to be
implemented based on the findings of your research.

Keep these tips in mind to make sure you're presenting the person who has asked you to
recommend them in a positive light.

1. Consider the Request Thoughtfully. ...

2. Clarify the Purpose. ...
3. Get the Details. ...
4. Verify Relevant Skills. ...
5. Cover Key Traits. ...
6. Keep It Simple. ...
7. Be Sincere and Truthful. ...
8. Proofread Carefully.

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 CHAPTER SIX

6. Design solution

The design solution definition will be used to generate the end product specifications that will be
used to produce the product and to conduct product verification. This process may be further
refined depending on whether there are additional subsystems of the end product that need to be
defined.

Steps to Creating a Solution Design:

1. Identify the target time frame. ...

2. Identify the budget for your solution. ...
3. Identify the quality standards. ...
4. List out all of the stakeholders and their requirements. ...
5. List your assumptions. ...
6. Think of all possible solutions.

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 References

Reference sources include dictionaries, encyclopedias, thesauri, directories, and other materials

providing general information about a variety of subjects. When you need the "backstory" on a
subject, reference sources are the main source for who, what, when, where and why questions.

A references page is the last page of an essay or research paper that's been written in APA style.
It lists all the sources you've used in your project so readers can easily find what you've cited.

When you mention other studies they are usually cited by the author's last name and the date of
publication. For example: “Another important study in the area (Chan and Gibbs, 2003) found
that…” Later on, in the bibliography, you will provide a full citation to all the studies you cited
in your proposal.

End-text references comprise four elements:

Author: who is responsible for this work? An author may be an individual; multiple people; a
group (government agency, organization or institution); or a combination of groups and people.

Date: when was the work published? Date of publication can be year only; year, month and day
(exact date); year and month; year and season; or a range of dates (e.g. range of years).

Title: what is the work called? There are two categories of titles: works that stand alone (e.g.
reports, whole books, data sets, web pages, and films), and works that are part of a greater whole
(e.g. edited book chapters, podcast and television episodes, and journal articles).

Source: where can I find the work? This might be a publisher, a web address/URL, or both.

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 ANNEXES

Annex is based on the Latin word annexum and means 'to add something'. In a proposal it is
usually the last pages of your application. Here you can add information that is important but
would clutter the body of the proposal.

To attach, append, or add, especially to something larger or more important. to incorporate

(territory) into the domain of a city, country, or state: Germany annexed part of Czechoslovakia.
to take or appropriate, especially without permission.

An annex is essentially part of the main text but is placed at the end separately so as to make the
whole document clearer; whereas an appendix is essentially additional text which full fills the
purpose of supplementing the main text.

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