ALGEBRA

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Arithmetic Progression is a sequence that has a constant difference between successive terms.

Example:

3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31

Formulas:

1. Common difference ( d ) — is the number added to obtain the next number.

d = succeeding term — preceding term

2. nth term (an)— is any number or term in the progression.

a1 + ( n — 1 )d

3. Arithmetic mean (A) — average of a set of numbers.

For 2 numbers x and y: Am = (x + y)/2

4. Sum of an AP with n terms ( S ):

n
S= (2 a1 + ( n−1 ) d)
2

HARMONIC PROGRESSION

A harmonic progression is a sequence whose reciprocals form an arithmetic progression.

Example:

1 1 1 1
, , ,
8 6 4 2

The nth term of a harmonic progression is obtained by obtaining the nth term of their reciprocals
using arithmetic progression.
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

Geometric Progression is a sequence that has a constant ratio between successive terms.

Example:

2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486, 1458

Formulas:

1. Common ratio ( r ):
succeeding term
r=
preceding term
2. Any nth term (an):
n−1
a n=a1 r

3. Geometric mean (A) - is the term in between any 2 terms of a G.P.

G= √ xy

4. Sum of a G.P. with n terms (S):

a 1( 1−r n )
S= if r <1
1−r
n
a 1( r −1)
S= if r >1
r−1

a1
S= (infinite )
1−r

BINOMAIL EXPANSION

-This is about the properties of the expansion of the binomial in the from (a + b)n

PROPERTIES OF THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION

1. The number of terms in the expansion of (a + b)n is n + 1.

2. The first term of the expansion is an and the last term is bn
3. The exponent of a decreases from n to zero while that of b increases from zero to n.
4. The coefficients of the terms equidistant from the extremes are equal.

Finding the rth term in the expansion: (a + b)n :

rth = nCr-1 an-r+1 br-1

Sum of the coefficients:

For (ax+by)n -------------------- S = (a(1) + b(1))n

Sum of the exponents:

For (ah + bk)n

n (n+1)(h+k )
S=
2