According to Gonzales, N.E. et.

al (2017), between 2000 and 2012, the number of

cell phones in use worldwide increased from less than 1 to about 6 billion. In Mexico,
77.7 million people used cell phones in 2015; 66% of users have a smartphone, while
the rest have a device that can make/receive calls or texts but does not have access to
the internet. The increased and sparked interest in examining their significance as a
reservoir of pathogenic and opportunist bacteria, as well as a source of contamination to
our foods or ourselves, as a result of their usage in healthcare and higher education.
Undergraduate students frequently use cell phones, which can be employed for social
or academic reasons depending on the device's technological characteristics and
Internet connection. While working at hospitals or clinical laboratories, students
majoring in health sciences utilize their cellphones to retrieve information, answer calls,
text messages, or take pictures. Students majoring in social sciences, on the other
hand, use their cellphones when practicing or working in workplaces with a significant
number of people. The widespread usage of cell phones in a variety of settings
increases the risk of cross-contamination, especially if pupils lack conventional hygiene
procedures and safety practices. If germs are present on a mobile phone's surface, they
can be transferred to the user's skin, other surfaces, or foods, where they can survive
and thrive.

As mentioned by Visnjic, A. et. al (2018), Mobile phones have become a

necessity (something "you cannot live without") due to their widespread availability.
However, new research has linked smartphone use to headaches, neurovegetative
dystonia, irritability, sleep difficulties, exhaustion, and vertigo. The nervous system has
been found to be the most vulnerable to the effects of mobile phone electromagnetic
fields. During electroencephalogram (EEG) testing, certain detrimental effects of the
mobile phone signal have also been discovered, however these findings are still being
debated. Previous research has also found significant prevalence of mental disorders
(usually depression, anxiety, and stress) among university students worldwide, who are
facing unique challenges and hazards. There is a persistent concern in modern society
that the rising use of mobile phones will have negative health consequences; on the
other hand, there are numerous positive/useful examples of mobile phone use (mainly
smart phones) in medical, education, and other professions.

Although the cell phone has become widespread in recent decades, little is
known about its impact, particularly on student learning and academic achievement.
Although there is an increasing interest in mobile devices and their correlates and
consequences for children, the extent of the overall influence varies between studies.
The goal of this research is to look at any possible links between mobile phone use and
educational achievement. Over a 10-year period (2008–2017), a meta-analysis of
research on the association between mobile phone use and student educational results
was done. Any measure of mobile phone use, whether considered normative or
problematic, that quantifies the extent to which a person uses a phone, feels an
emotional or other dependence on a phone, or categorizes the types of uses and
situations in which use occurs is used to guide the implementation of this study.
Because the goal of this study is to determine the impacts of normal smartphone use,
studies studying use with the explicit purpose of educational enhancement are not
included. Any measure that quantifies the extent to which a student or group of students
is performing or feels he or she is performing to a satisfactory level, including but not
limited to letter grades and test scores, knowledge and skill acquisition, and self-
reported measures of academic ability or difficulty, is used to guide the implementation
of this study. (Kates, A., Hu, H., Coryn, C., 2018)

Based from Ragupathi, D. (2020), According to study, cell phone use is most
strongly connected with attention and memory among many areas of cognitive
functioning. The use of light-emitting devices late at night may have an adverse effect
on attention and verbal memory. Due to sleepiness and tiredness, using a cell phone
late at night leads to a loss of mental concentration and a deterioration in other areas of
cognitive performance, such as memory. Mobile phone use before bedtime may have a
negative impact on academic performance. Mobile phone use for academic reasons
has increased as the educational system has evolved in line with technology
improvements. Electronic books, online journals, and internet-based studying programs
like MedCalc, Prognosis, and Lexicomp have replaced the old approach of studying and
reading books with an alternate method of quick fingertip access. This has resulted in a
shift in mobile phone usage patterns during and after school hours. Students use this
gadget more at night for studying purposes, and as a result, they indulge in free night
calls, chatting, instant messaging, and social networking, which is said to affect their
academic performance.

As stated by Thomee, S. (2018), Mobile phones have changed how we

communicate, engage, seek for information, work, do chores, and spend the time in just
a few decades. The development of smartphone capabilities, increased memory
capacity and speed, and continual internet connectivity has increased the amount of
time spent on the phone, implying near universal use. This rapid evolution, along with
altered exposure patterns, has raised concerns about the exposure's possible health
effects. The mobile phone communicates by emitting radio signals, and it has been
suggested that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is harmful to one's
health. There are currently little evidences that radiofrequency electromagnetic
emissions connected with mobile phones have any significant health consequences.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is now conducting a health risk assessment of
radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, which will be published in the Environmental
Health Criteria Series as a monograph. However, in addition to the physiological
impacts of exposure, there is a growing body of study on the psychological and
behavioral implications of mobile phone use on health. The goal of this literature
analysis was to add to the work of the WHO expert committee by reviewing quantitative
observational studies that looked at the relationship between mobile phone use and
mental health from a psychological or behavioral standpoint. Due to the vast number of
research included, a thorough systematic critical evaluation with quality rating of the
papers was not conducted. The report includes an overview of the studies as well as
examples of the most important findings. It does not provide a complete list of all papers
covered.