Project Report

Nazire Yonca Emekci / Ahmet Furkan Fidanboy /

May,2022
CONTENTS

1.Introduction……………………………………………….…3

2.Method………………………………………………………..4

3.Discussion…………………………………………………..5

3.1.Name Of The Articles………………………………..5

3.2.Articles Topics………………………………………….6

3.3.Comparison Of The Articles……………………...7

4.Result……………………………………………………….10
1.INTRODUCTION

This article report includes the research of the subject which is 'Visible-light-activated photo
electrical biosensor for the detection pathogens in blood bio liquids'.Also
includes,examining and filtering many different articles, comparing the articles and
determining the closest article on the subject. The strengths, deficiencies and contributions
of the research were investigated in the light of the relevant literature.As a result;the most
detailed article on the subject is which name is Visible light induced photoelectrochemic al
biosensing based on oxygen-sensitive quantum dots which is written by; Wenjing Wang,
Lei Bao, Jianping Lei,Wenwen Tu,Huangxian Ju
2.METHOD
3.DISCUSSION

3.1.NAME OF THE ARTICLES

1.ARTICLE: Visible-light activated photoelectrochemic al biosensor for the

study of acetylcholinesterase inhibition induced by endogenous

neurotoxins( Qilin Huang, Hua Chen, Lili Xu, Danqin Lu,Linlin Tang ,

Litong Jin,Zhiai Xu, Wen Zhang)

2.ARTICLE: Visible light induced photoelectrochemic al biosensing based

on oxygen-sensitive quantum dots(Wenjing Wang, Lei Bao, Jianping

Lei,Wenwen Tu,Huangxian Ju)

3.ARTICLE:he visible lightdriven and selfpowered photoelectrochemic al

biosensor for organophosphate pesticides detection based on nitrogen

doped carbon quantum dots for the signal amplification(Wenjie Cheng ,

Zengyao Zheng , Jianying Yang , Min Chen , Qingwei Yao , Yaowen Chen ,

Wenhua Gao)

4.ARTICLE: LED visible-light driven label-free photoelectrochemic al

immunosensor based on WO3/Au/CdS photocatalyst for the sensitive

detection of carcinoembryonic antigen(Bihong Zhang, Hao Wang,

Faqiong Zhao, Baizhao Zeng)

5.ARTICLE: A sensitive NADH and glucose biosensor tuned by visible light

based on thionine bridged carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles

multilayer(Liu Deng, Yizhe Wang, Li Shang, Dan Wen, Fuan Wang,

Shaojun Dong)

3.2 ARTICLE’S TOPICS:

1.ARTICLE TOPIC:

To summarize the subject of the first article is; a novel visible-light-activated

photoelectrochemical biosensor was fabricated to study the inhibition of

acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity induced by two endogenous neurotoxins, 1(R)- methyl-

6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline [(R)-Sal] and 1(R),2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-

dihydroxy1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroisoquinoline [(R)-NMSal], which have drawn much attention in

the study of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease.

2.ARTICLE TOPIC:

The subject of the second article is; A visible light induced photoelectrochemical biosensing

platform based on oxygen-sensitive near infrared quantum dots (NIR QDs) was developed

for detection of glucose. The NIR QDs were synthesized in an aqueous solution, and

characterized with scanning electron microscopy andX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

RAPOR BAŞLIĞI |

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3.ARTICLE ARTICLE:

The subject of the third article is; A novel visible light driven self-powdered

photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor was constructed for organophosphorus pesticides

(OPs). The biosensor was prepared by taking indium tin oxide (ITO) as the substrate,

titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as the photoactive substrate material, nitrogen-doped

carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) as the photosensitizer and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as

the biorecognition molecule.

4.ARTICLE TOPIC:

The subject of the fourth article is ; A ternary WO3/Au/CdS photocatalyst was prepared by

reversible redox and ionic adsorption for the first time. The photocatalyst exhibited high

photocatalytic activity and good photoelectrochemical (PEC) property in comparison with

WO3, CdS, WO3/Au and WO3/CdS, because the localized surface plasmon resonance

(LSPR) effect of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) and the sensitization of CdS benefited the

spatial separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and the absorption of visible light.

5.ARTICLE TOPIC:

The subject of the last article is; A NADH and glucose biosensor based on thionine cross-

linked multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) multilayer

functionalized indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) electrode were presented in this paper. The

effect of light irradiation on the enhancement of bioelectrocatalytic processes of the

biocatalytic systems by the photovoltaic effect was investigated.

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3.3.Contents and Methods of Articles:
1.ARTICLE:

The photoelectrode was prepared by three steps, as follows. At first, nitrogen and fluorine co-doped TiO2

nanotubes (TNs) were obtained by anodic oxidation of a Ti sheet. Secondly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

were deposited onto the TNs through a microwave-assisted heating polyol (MAHP) process. At last, AChE

was immobilized on the obtained photoelectrode and the biosensor was marked as AChE/Ag/N–F–TNs.

Due to the nitrogen and fluorine co-doping, the photoelectrochemical biosensors can produce high

photocurrent under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the presence of AgNPs greatly increased the

photocurrent response of the biosensor. AChE/Ag/N–F–TNs hybrid system was used to study AChE

inhibition induced by (R)-Sal and (R)-NMSal. The result proved that both (R)-Sal and (R)-NMSal exhibited

mixed and reversible inhibition against AChE. This strategy is of great significance for the development of

novel photoelectrochemical biosensors in the future.

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2.ARTICLE:

The as-prepared NIR QDs were employed to construct oxygen-sensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor

on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode. The oxygen dependency ofthe photocurrent was

investigated at as-prepared electrode, which demonstrated the signal of photocurrent is suppressed with

the decreasing of oxygen. Coupling with the consumption of oxygen during enzymatic reaction, a pho-

toelectrochemical strategy was proposed for the detection of substrate. Using glucose oxidase (GOx) as a

model enzyme, that is, GOx was covalently attached to the surface of CdTe QDs, the resulting biosensor

showed the sensitive response to glucose. Under the irradiation of visible light of a wavelength at 505 nm,

the proposed photoelectrochemical method could detect glucose ranging from 0.1 mM to 11 mM with a

detection limit of 0.04 mM. The photoelectrochemical biosensor showed a good performance with high

upper detection limit, acceptable stability and accuracy, providing an alternative method for monitoring

biomolecules and extending the application of near-infrared QDs.

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3.ARTICLE:

Because of the excellent optical performances of NCQDs, the photocurrent response of the NCQD/TiO2/ITO

electrode were improved obviously compared with TiO2/ITO electrode.The AChE immobilized on the surface of the

PEC biosensor can catalytic hydrolysis of acetylcholine chloride (ATCl) to generate thiocholine, which can serve as

the electron donor to enhance the separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs, therefore, the

photocurrent response of the PEC biosensor elevated greatly. The bioactivity of the AChE was inhibited by OPs

where chlorpyrifos was used as the model, the production of the thiocholine was declined, leading to a reduction of

the photocurrent response. The prepared PEC biosensor can achieve the sensitive detection of chlorpyrifos with the

board detection range varied from 0.001 mg mL1 to 1.5 mg mL1 and the detection limit was about 0.07 ng mL1

(S/N 1⁄4 3). It is the first time that NCQDs/TiO2 is adopted to construct the PEC biosensor for chlorpyrifos detection.

The obtained PEC biosensor can also achieve the detection of chlorpyrifos in the lake water and Chinese cabbage

samples, suggesting that the fabricated PEC biosensor had potential application for the detection of OPs in

environment and food.

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4.ARTICLE:

Thus, its photo-current response intensity was quite high, up to about 218-fold of WO3 and 87-fold of CdS under

430 nm LED light irradiation. Based on the large anodic photocurrent and the specific recognition between

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and anti-CEA, a novel PEC immunosensor was constructed for the sensitive and

selective detection of CEA. Under the selected conditions, the change of photocurrent intensity was linear to the

logarithm of CEA concentration over the range from 0.01 to 10 ng/mL, and the detection limit was down to 1

pg/mL. The immunosensor also showed good stability, reproducibility and repeatability. It was successfully applied

to the detection of CEA in serum samples.

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5.ARTICLE:

This bioelectrode exhibited excellent catalytic activity of the oxidation towards dihydronicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide (NADH). Most interesting, the performance of this NADH sensor could be tuned by the visible light.

When the biosensor was performed in the dark, the anodic current increased linearly with NADH concentration over

the range from 0.5 to 237 M with detection limit 0.1 M and sensitivity 17 nA M−1. The sensitivity became 115 nA

M−1 with detection limit 0.05 M with the light irradiation. Compared with the reaction in dark,the sensitivity

increased around 7 folds while the detection limit decreased 2 folds. The glucose biosensor also exhibited the

same behavior. The linear range was from 10 M to 2.56 mM with the sensitivity of 7.8 A mM−1 and detection limit

5.0 M in the dark. After the light irradiation, the linear range was from 1 M to 3.25 mM with the sensitivity of 18.5 A

mM−1 and detection limit 0.7 M. It indicated a potential to provide an operational access to develop new kinds of

photocontrolled dehydrogenase enzyme-based bioelectronics.

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4.RESULTS AND COMPARISSON
4.1 RESULTS OF THE ARTICLES

1.ARTICLE:

AChE, which is a member of the large class of serine esterases,plays an important role in the signal transduction process of the

central nervous system. As a consequence, to study the activity change of AChE will contribute to the pathological study and

the drug screening about injury and disease of the central nervous system. Therefore, a sensitive and stable AChE biosensor

for the evaluation of AChE inhibition is urgently needed.

During the preparation process, the surface morphologies and chemical composition of the biosensor’s host materials

changed. SEM and EDX were used as characterization techniques to record

these modification processes and the morphology of prepared electrodes. Fig. 1(A) presents a top-view SEM image of the as

prepared porous TNs fabricated by anodic oxidation of a Ti sheet at 20 V for 2 h in 1 M (NH4)2SO4 electrolyte containing 0.1

MNH4F. As shown in the figure, an ordered porous structure of TNs is clearly observed, with an average pore diameter of 30–

50 nm and a wall thickness of 15–30 nm. Thus, the average pore spacing was estimated to be approximately 90 nm.

Therefore, the prepared TNs possess a self-organized structure with regular porous array. Fig. 1(E) presents the EDX spectrum

of the as prepared TNs. The strong diffraction peaks of elemental Ti at 0.45,4.51 and 4.92 KeV are clearly seen. The diffraction

peaks of elemental O, N and F are located at 0.52, 0.40 and 0.68 KeV, respectively. These results confirm that TNs were

successfully doped with N and F by the one-step anodization method.

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2.ARTICLE:

Fig. 1A shows the absorption and PL spectra of the as-

prepared MPA–CdTe QDs. The resulting QDs show an

absorption shoulder around 627 nm (Fig. 1A, curve a).

According to the Peng’s empirical equation [26], the

diameter of QDs is estimated to be 3.95 nm, which could be

attributed to the steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion

caused by the MPA. The TEM image of QDs shows thatthe

distribution of diameter of CdTe QDs is from 3.84 nm to 5.20

nm.

The second article gave us the most suitable method for our

subject. At the same time, it helped us to prepare our homework by

presenting the most appropriate explanation. However, it contains

some deficiencies as it may be in every article. We tried to

eliminate this deficiency in the result section by using our

knowledge.

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3.ARTICLE:
As shown in Fig. 1A, CQDs had the strong optical absorption in the UV region and weak absorption near to the visible range.

Compared with CQDs, NCQDs exhibited two characteristic peaks at around 238 nm and 340 nm respectively. The

representative absorption peak at 238 nm was due to the carbon core which belonged to p-p* electronic transitions of the

aromatic sp2 domains. The characteristic absorption peak at 340 nm was originated from the nep* electronic transition of C]O

and CeN bond, which was attributed to the formation of excited defect surface state caused by nitrogen-doping (N

heteroatoms) [32]. In other words, the nitrogen-doping made the surface groups of NCQDs more multitudinous. Under room

light, the transparent solutions of CQD and NCQD exhibited no fluorescence (inset left). Under UV excitation from 365 nm lamp,

the CQD solution showed low intense fluorescence, however, the NCQD solution exhibited the intense blue fluorescence (inset

right), that was possibly attributed to their small size effect and surface state effect.

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4.ARTICLE:
The morphology of as-synthesized materials was observed by SEM and TEM. As can be seen in Fig.1A, WO3 nanoplates

presented rectangular structure with average width of 150 nm; Au NPs were directly deposited on the surface of WO3

nanoplates, ensuring a good electrical contact and making full use of LSPR effect of Au NPs. After loading CdS, many

nanospheres aggregated on the surface of the WO3/Au composite (Fig. 1B), and the diameter of agglomerated CdS spheres

was around 30 nm (Fig. 1C). Fig. 1D showed the TEM image of WO3/Au NPs hybrid, WO3 was 2D nanoplate-like and Au NPs

located on the surface of WO3. The lattice spacing of 0.375 nm corresponded to the (020) plane of monoclinic-type WO3, while

the lattice spacing of 0.235 nm matched the (111) plane of Au NPs. The interface structures between WO3, Au and CdS were

depicted in Fig. 1E and F. CdS coated the surface of WO3 and Au NPs, and they formed WO3/CdS heterojunction and Au@CdS

core-shell nanostructure. The intimate contact effectively facilitated the spatial separation of charges during photoexcitation.

The lattice spacings of 0.336 and 0.316 nm were corresponding to the (111) and (101) planes of CdS, respectively.

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5.ARTICLE:

Thionine as a cross-linker to built a MWNTs and AuNPs multilayer has been shown in Scheme 1A. The formation of thionine

bridged MWNTs and AuNPs multilayer was confirmed and characterized by SEM image (the inset of Scheme 1A). The

sequential repetition of the deposition of MWNTs, thionine and AuNPs could produce a multilayer membrane with a porous

structure, which would be favorable for the approach of substrates to the enzyme molecules in internal layers. Further support

for the formation of (MWNTs/thionine/AuNPs)n multilayer can be provided by spectroscopy, electrochemistry (data not shown).

The absorption bandintensities at 267 and 512 nm increased gradually with increasing the number of MWNTs/thionine/AuNPs

layer, which could be attributed to the MWNTs and AuNPs, demonstrating that thionine had successfully cross-linked MWNTs

and Au NPs into multilayer. The peak currents of thionine in the multilayer and layer numbers exhibited good linear

relationship, which implied a linearly growth of the multilayer.

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 4.2COMPARISON OF THE ARTICLES

Basic Theories, Models And Applications

2.Article

*NIR QDs were

synthesized in an aqueous *Emitted reflectance spectra
solution and characterized (DSR) were recorded from a
by scanning electron Lambda950 spectrometer in
microscopy and X-ray the 200-800 nm range with
photoelectron BaSO4 as reference.
spectroscopy. *Energy dispersive
*Coupled with oxygen spectrometry and scanning
consumption during the electron microscope images
enzymatic reaction, a were obtained from a field
photoelectrochemical emission SEM.
strategy was proposed for

3.Article
the detection of the
substrate.

RAPOR BAŞLIĞI |

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4.Article
Basic Theories,Models And Applications
*First, a triple WO3/Au/CdS
photocatalyst was prepared by
reversible redox and ionic
adsorption. The photocatalyst
exhibited high photocatalytic activity
and good photoelectrochemical
(PEC) property compared with WO3,
CdS, WO3/Au and WO3/CdS,
because of the localized surface
plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of
Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) and the
sensitization of cds spatial benefit. It
has enabled photogenerative
separation of electron-hole pairs and
absorption of visible light.
Importance Of The Articles
1. Article 2. Article
*A NADH and glucose biosensor based
on thionine cross-linked multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and Au
nanoparticles (Au NPs) multilayer
functionalized indium doped tin oxide
(ITO) electrode have been previously
submitted in this paper. The effect of light
irradiation on the development of
bioelectrocatalytic processes, the
photovoltaic effect of biocatalytic systems
has been investigated. This bioelectrode
perfectly exhibited the catalytic activity of
oxidation towards dihydronicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Most
interestingly, the performance of this
5.Article
NADH sensor can be tuned with visible
light.
3. Article 4. Article
 Light Scattering
Article Biomolecules or other Fluorescenc Extinction
source NPs type and size (nm) light Absorbance Where have been
Numbe Article Titles Authors Link substrates e coefficien NOTES
Wavelengt And shape coefficien (SPR) [nm] applicated
r Or biosensors peak [nm] t [1/cm]
h [nm] t

Visible-light-
activated
This strategy is of
photoelectrochemic Qilin Huang, Silver nanoparticles (10–
Study of the great significance for
al biosensor for the Hua Chen, Lili 20 nm) TNs(30–50
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) , TNs pathogenesis of the development of
study Xu, Danqin https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mf8M9vwsM3wx7xQQlxDZh nm),TiO2 nanoparticles
1 410 nm AChE/Ag/N–F–TNs(TiO2) ,TiO2(387 neurodegenerative novel
of Lu,Linlin Tang , wJ-9wioMFp7?usp=sharing were quasi-spherical
biosensor nm) diseases such as photoelectrochemic
acetylcholinesterase Litong Jin,Zhiai with the size
Parkinson’s disease. al biosensors in the
inhibition induced by Xu, Wen Zhang range of 11.61e45.84 nm
future
endogenous
neurotoxins

The
photoelectrochemic
al biosensor showed
a good performance
with high
Wenjing Wang, upper detection
Visible light induced QDs show an
Lei Bao, limit, acceptable
photoelectrochemic Glucose,QDs-based absorption
Jianping https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mf8M9vwsM3wx7xQQlxDZh porphyrin-functionalized 0 to QDs peak 1543 Developed for stability and
2 al biosensing based 505 nm biosensor,CdS– shoulder
Lei,Wenwen wJ-9wioMFp7?usp=sharing ZnO 110Wm−2 at 650 nm cm−1 detection of glucose. accuracy, providing
on oxygen-sensitive polyamidoamine around
Tu,Huangxian an alternative
quantum dots 627nm
Ju method for
monitoring
biomolecules and
extending the
application of near-
infrared QDs
Under room
light, the
transparent
solutions of
CQD
and NCQD
PEC biosensor can
exhibited no
The visible light- also achieve the
fluorescence
driven and self- titanium dioxide CQDs, detection of
Wenjie Cheng (inset left).
powered (TiO2)=30-50 nm NCQDs elaborated visible chlorpyrifos in the
, Zengyao Under UV
photoelectrochemic nanoparticles were exhibited light-driven and lake water and
Zheng excitation
al biosensor for TİO2,CQDs,NCQDsPEC quasi-spherical with the two selfpowdered PEC Chinese cabbage
, Jianying Yang from 365 nm
organophosphate https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mf8M9vwsM3wx7xQQlxDZh biosensor size of 20 mW characteristi biosensor was samples, suggesting
3 , Min Chen 420 nm lamp, the
pesticides detection wJ-9wioMFp7?usp=sharing range of 11.61e45.84 cm2 c peaks at prepared for OPs that the fabricated
, Qingwei Yao CQD
based on nitrogen nm,Carbon quantum around 238 detection (for the PEC biosensor had
, solution
doped carbon dots nm and 340 biorecognition potential
Yaowen Chen showed low
quantum dots for (CQDs)=10nm,NCQDs nm molecule) application for the
, Wenhua Gao intense
the signal 1.47nm-3.95 nm respective detection of OPs in
fluorescence
amplification environment and
, however,
food.
the NCQD
solution
exhibited
the intense
blue
fluorescence
 Absorption
edges of
WO3, CdS, The immunosensor
To the detection of
LED visible-light Au and NPs=20-nm- WO3/CdS, also showed good
CEA in serum
driven label-free sized,WO3 nanoplates WO3/Au, stability,
Bihong Zhang, samples,and can also
photoelectrochemic presented and reproducibility and
Hao Wang, https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mf8M9vwsM3wx7xQQlxDZh be applied in
4 al immunosensor 430 nm PEC biosensor rectangular structure WO3/Au/Cd 325 nm repeatability. It was
Faqiong Zhao, wJ-9wioMFp7?usp=sharing constructing
based on with average width of S were successfully applied
Baizhao Zeng highperformance
WO3/Au/CdS 150 nm,CdS spheres was about 460, to the detection of
PEC immunosensors
photocatalyst for the around 30 nm 540, 530, CEA in serum
for other targets.
sensitive detection 600 and 630 samples.
of carcinoembryonic nm,
antigen respectively.

A sensitive NADH The effect of light It indicated a

and glucose Au irradiation on the potential
biosensor tuned by Liu Deng, Yizhe A NADH and glucose biosensor nanoparticles,Multiwalle enhancement of to provide an
visible light based on Wang, Li Shang, based on thionine cross-linked d carbon nanotubes bioelectrocatalytic operational access to
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mf8M9vwsM3wx7xQQlxDZh 3.3 mW 267 and 512
5 thionine bridged Dan Wen, Fuan multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) (95%, 20–50 processes develop new kinds of
wJ-9wioMFp7?usp=sharing cm−2 nm
carbon nanotubes Wang, Shaojun (MWNTs) nm), TiO2 30-50 of the biocatalytic photocontrolled
and gold Dong and Au nanoparticles nm,carbon nanotubes systems by the dehydrogenase
nanoparticles (CNTs)=10nm photovoltaic effect enzyme-based
multilayer was investigated. bioelectronics.