Professional Documents
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Screw Jack Design
Screw Jack Design
INSTRUCTOR:BALASUADHAKAR
CONTENTS………………………………………………………….PAGES
CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 4
2.1.MATERIAL SELECTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
2.2.welding type…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………...18
CHAPTER F0UR
4.1 Selection of flange based on the temperature and pressure rating……………….………………………..28
4.2flange and desgin…………………..……………………………………………………………………………..30
4.3Gasket design………………………………………………………………………………………………38
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 calculating wall thickness of the nozzle…………………………………………………… 39
5.2 reinforcment of opening…………………………………………..………………………………39
5.3 design of manhole or inspection…………………………………………………………………… 41
5.4 suporet design and check of pressure vessel……………………………………………………………… 42
CHAPTER ONE
WHAT IS PRESSURE VESSEL
A pressure vessels is defined as a Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that carrying, storing, or receive fluid(liquid
and gas) such as water, oil, and gas at a pressure of above atmospheric pressure, such a pressure vessel
are designed according to national(BIS) and international codes (ASME,BE-D0,AD-2000).It is defined as a
container with a pressure differential between inside(internal) and outside(external). The inside pressure
is usually higher than the outside, except for some isolated situations. The fluid inside the vessel may
undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boilers, or may combine with other reagents as in the
case of a chemical reactor.
Pressure vessels often have a combination of high pressures together with high temperatures, and in some
cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the
design be such that no leakage can occur. In addition these vessels have to be designed carefully to cope
with the operating temperature and pressure. It should be borne in mind that the rupture of a pressure vessel
has a potential to cause extensive physical injury and property damage. Plant safety and integrity are of
fundamental concern in pressure vessel design and these of course depend on the adequacy of design codes.
When discussing pressure vessels we must also consider tanks. Pressure vessels and tanks are
significantly different in both design and construction: tanks, unlike pressure vessels, are limited to
atmospheric pressure; and pressure vessels often have internals while most tanks do not (and those that do
are limited to heating coils or space. Boiler drums, heat exchangers, chemical VE
❖ According to the position of the vessel: the pressure vessel divides in to two according to
their position.
HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL: the pressure vessel lay horizontally.
❖ ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
Storage
Reactor
Boiler
Mixer
Heat exchanger
❖ ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
Mild steel
Cast iron
Copper
plastic
etc…
❖ ACCORDING TO FABRICATION
Welded
Casted
flanged
Bras
❖ ACCORDING TO LOADING
Internal pressure
External pressure
❖ ACCORDING TO WALL TEMPRETURE
Heated
Unheated
❖ ACCORDING TO CORROSION ACTION
High corrosion effect
Moderate corrosion effect
❖ ACCORDING TO ASSAMBLEY
Detachable
No detachable
❖ ACCORDING TO WALL THICKNESS
thin shell: if the wall thickness of the shell is less than 1/10 used in boilers, tanks and
pipes.
thick shell: If the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10used in high pressure
cylinders, tanks, gun barrels.
❖ ACCORDING TO END OF CONSTRACTION
Open end
Closed end
❖ ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
Brittle
Ductile
❖ ACCORDING TO DIRECTION OF FORCE
Internal pressure
External pressure
SHELL
The shell is the main component of any vessels that contains the pressure. Material of shell
normally come in plate or rolled steel. Commonly, some pressure vessel shells have a
rotational axis and be welded together to form a structure. Most pressure vessel shells are
cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape.
It Pressure vessel shells in the form of different plates are welded together to form a
structure that has a common rotational axis.
Shells are either cylindrical, spherical or conical in shape.
It is the primary component that contains the pressure.
HEAD
All pressure vessels shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section).
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PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and allow the
heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a
vessel. These “intermediate heads” separate sections of the pressure vessel to permit different
design condition in each section. Head are usually categorized by their shapes.
Ellipsoidal,
hemispherical,
tori- spherical,
conical
- All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell
section).
- Heads are typically curved rather than flat.
- The reason is that curved configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be
thinner, lighter and less expensive than flat heads.
NOZZLE
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PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates and mounts whether at the shell or heads of a
pressure vessel surface. The nozzle ends are generally flanged. Flanges function is to allow the
necessary connections. Flanges also use to permit easy disassembly for routines maintenance or easy
access.
- A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of pressure vessel.
- Attach instrument connection (level gauges, thermos wells, pressure gauges
- Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
- Provide access to the vessel interior at man way.
- Provide for direct attachment of other equipment item (e.g. heat exchanger)
SUPPORT
Orientation of the pressure vessel whether horizontally or vertically. In any situation, the
pressure vessel support must be the type of support that is designed and used depends on the
enough to support the applied weight and other loads. Design pressure of the vessel is not
being considered in the design of its support because the support is not being pressurized, but
design temperature should be considered for support design. It should be considered from the
perspective of material selection and provision for differential thermal expansion.
Supports can be classified as follow
Saddles
Legs
Skirt
Bracket supports
SADDLE SUPPORT
Horizontal drums are normally supported by saddle. This type of support divides the weight load
over a large area of the shell to avoid an unnecessary stress in the shell at two different locations.
The width of the saddle is considered by the specific size and design conditions of the pressure
vessel. One saddle support is normally fixed or anchored to its foundation
LEGS SUPPORT
Small vertical drums are normally supported by legs that are welded to the bottom of the
pressure shell. The maximum ratio of support provides for leg length to drum diameter is
typically 2:1. The number of legs is designed depends on the drum size and the loads to be
carried. Support legs are also usually designed for spherical pressure vessels. The support
legs for small vertical. vessels and spherical storage vessels normally made from high
carbon material such as structural steel columns or pipe sections, which provides a more
efficient and perfect design.
SKIRT SUPPORT
This type of support generally been used for tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels. This
type of support is a cylindrical shell section which is be weld either to the bottom of the
vessel shell or to the bottom head for the cylindrical vessels. Skirt support for spherical
vessel is welded to the vessel near the mid plane of the shell. The skirt is normally design
long enough to provide flexibility so that radial thermal expansion of the shell does not
cause high thermal stresses at its junction with the skirt.
FLANGE
Used for coupling the pipe which the fluid enter or live the pipe to the pressure vessel .Flanged joints are
used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole covers, and for removable vessel heads when ease
of access is required.
circular gasket should have circular tool marks in the flange face. ellipsoidal, tori-spherical, hemispherical, conical
and tori-conica .
MANHOLE
Identical to a nozzle except it not bolted to piping and it has a cover plate (or blind flange), which is bolted to the
flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside of the vessel. Manholes are made for vessel diameter greater than
90cm.Generally larger in size.
DRAIN
Drain is one part or component of pressure vessels that used to removed wasted material
from the vessels.
Pressure vessels are used in a variety of application in both industry and the private sector. They appear in
these sector as in industrial compressed air receives and domestic hot water storage tanks. Pressure
vessels are also used in a number of industries. For example, the power generation for fossil and nuclear
power, the photochemical industry for storing and processing cruel petroleum oil in a tank etc. Pressure
vessel industries sector uses as storage vessels like:
- Petroleum refining
- Chemical reactor
- Nuclear power
- Distillation tower
- Heat exchanger mechanism
- For mixer case
- For separation means.
□ Pulp, paper and food. Pressure vessels are also used in so many aspect or area like diving cylinders,
pressure reactor, autoclave, in mining operation, oil refining, photochemical plants, nuclear reactor
vessels, submarine and space ship habitats, pneumatic plants or reservoir, hydraulic reservoirs
under pressure and rail vehicle air brake reservoirs.
Acid solution: Acid is one of the most corrosive and dangerous materials chemical processing
workers handle — and sulfuric acid is one of the most common agents within this group. In fact,
global sulfuric acid production stands at approximately 180 million tons per year. Sulfuric acid is
a clear liquid solution, soluble in water with no smell that packs a punch. Known as the “king of
chemicals” due to its wide array of uses, sulfuric acid is common in operations such as chemical
processing, mineral processing, petroleum refining, water treatment, and more. If you utilize
sulfuric acid in chemical or manufacturing processes at your plant, it’s incredibly important to
store and handle the acid properly. This includes careful storage tank design, use, and upkeep.
When determining the best fabrication options for your acid storage tanks, consider the
following:
Materials of construction
Ventilation systems
Secondary containment liners
CHAPTER TW0
CHAPTER 2
2. Supporting Element
Supporting element LEG
3. Connecting Pipe
a. Two longitudinal, one lateral, with
Nominal Diameter, [mm] 70
CHAPTER THREE
Materials of construction
Most tanks holding sulfuric acid are made of carbon steel or stainless steel due to their abilities to resist the acid’s
corrosive nature. Other factors that play a role in material selection include tank size, costs, desired acid quality,
acid concentration, and storage temperature. To ensure you’re opting for the best — and safest — materials of
construction, partner with a tank fabricator who understands which materials can best withstand highly corrosive
acidic properties.
Ventilation systems
Ensuring proper ventilation systems is another crucial factor in tank design and safety. Tank
ventilation not only allows the tanks to breath but also mitigates “harmful and potentially
dangerous gases” from accumulating in the tanks. Ventilation begins with expert design but
also requires employee inspection and upkeep such as looking for signs of damage or clearing
debris that could block vents.
Acid containment is of the utmost importance. Erosion is “especially common” in sulfuric acid
storage tanks. Secondary containment liners help seal and protect the metal, creating an
additional barrier to fight back against such highly abrasive materials. This can help reduce
wear, improve tank integrity, and safeguard your facility from detrimental tank failures.
I know that the volume of a pressure vessel is 3.4m 3 and the volume is equal to the sum of the volume of the
head/bottom(hemispherical) and the volume vessel shell (which is in cylindrical in shape. According to process
equipment design, brown ell and young suggest that the ratio of L/D can be determined by according to their
presser value. And the ratio of L/D is given below.
After finding the design pressure I find the length to diameter ratio by comparing the design
pressure value
In below table
Pressure
Psi MPa
L/D ratio
3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448
MATERIAL SELECTION
Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other alloys,
clad plates, and reinforced plastics. Selection of a suitable material must take into account the
suitability of the material for fabrication (particularly welding) as well as the compatibility of the
material with the process environment. The pressure vessel design codes and standards include
lists of acceptable materials; in accordance with the appropriate material standards.
According to different kind of standard such as ASMS the following given below are used for
the selection of materials
Strength
Corrosion resistance
Fracture toughness
Fabric ability/predictability
STRENGTH
The strength of the martial are based on the mechanical propriety of the material that used
for the most easy, fast, strong and low cost of production .some of the mechanical
properties are
yield strength
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PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
creep strength
rupture strength
Yield strength
Yield strength is the region which a material changes from plastic to elastic deformation.
Some of the material I selectfor my presser vessel are shown below and there yield
strength .The stress level at which the plastic deformation begins.
The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) i a measure of the basic strength of the material .it
is the maximum stress that the material will stand and measure by a standard tensile test.
Creep strength
Material are often placed in a service at elevated temperature and exposed to static
mechanical stress the deformation under such circumstance is termed creep .The time
dependent and permanent deformation of material when subjected to a constant lode
and stress.
Rupture strength
Is the martial resistance to the fracture caused by the internal pressure of the fluid
that was present inside the tank and it is proportional to tensile strength(UTS) which means the
martial have high UTS and it have good Rupture strength.
Property Material
Corrosion resistance
The “corrosion allowance” is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material lost by
corrosion and erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between the customer and
manufacturer. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and it is not possible to give specific rules for the
estimation of the corrosion allowance required for all circumstances. The allowance should be based on
experience with the material of construction under similar service conditions to those for the proposed
design. For carbon and low-alloy steels, where severe corrosion is not expected, a minimum allowance of
PREPAREDBY YARED BERIHUN Page 18
PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
2.0 mm should be used; where more severe conditions are anticipated this should be increased to 4.0 mm.
Most design codes and standards specify a minimum allowance of 1.0 mm.
The tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing temperature.
The temperature that gives for my pressure vessel is 4050C (757F) above 600F, hydrogen attack
causes irreparable damage through the component thickness & can damage carbon and low alloy
steel.
Fracture toughness
Fabric ability
Based on how it made and cost of production. A guide to the fabrication properties of common
metals and alloys are shown blow.
S -satisfactory
D -Difficult, special techniques needed.
U – Unsatisfactory
Stainless S S S D S 1050
steel(18Cr,8Ni)30
4
Nickel S S S S S 1150
Aluminum S S D S S 550
Copper(dioxides) D S S S D 700
WELDING TYPE
Welding joint is the permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of the
two parts to be joined to gather, which or without the application of pressure and a filler
material. The heat required for a fusion of the material may be obtained by burning of gas (in
case of gas welding) or by an electric arc (in case of electric arc welding).
The letter method is extensively used because of greater speed of welding.
Generally welding, in engineering, any process in which two or more pieces of metal are
joined together by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both.
There are several methods make welded joints. In a particular case the choice of a type from the
numerous alternatives depend on:
The circumstances of welding.
The requirements of the code.
The aspect of economy.
In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a small diameter
vessel (under 18-24 inches) from the inside, no manual welding can be applied. Using backing
strip it must remain in plate. In larger diameter vessels if a man way is not used, the last
(closing) joint can be welded from outside only. The type of welding may be determined also
by the equipment of the manufacturer.
CODE REQUIREMENTS
Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material and
location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of vessels are
also restricted by the Code. The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following pages under the
titles:
TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS
stress value equal to 85% of the allowable stress value of the material; UW-12(b)
When the joints are not radio graphed and for joint efficiency, E the value in column of table “Types of welded
joints” are used, in all other design calculation, a stress value equal to 80% of the allowable stress value of
material shall be used except for unstained flat heads, etc. UW- 12(c)
If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the
deciding factor.
Some consideration concerning the economy of welding-edge preparation, which can be
made by torch cutting, is always more economical than the use of J or U preparation.
Double V preparation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for single
V preparation.
Increasing the size of a fillet weld, its strength increases in direct proportion, while the
deposited weld metal increases with the square of its size. Lower quality welding makes
necessary the use of thicker plate for the vessel. Whether using stronger welding and thinner
plate or the opposite is more economical, depends on the size of vessel, welding equipment,
etc. this must be decided in each particular case.
There are different kind of weldingS based on IS-28-25 it categorized in to 4 select
Category c: welded joints connecting flanges, tubes sheets and flat heads to main
shells, to formed heads, to nozzles or to communicating chambers and any welded joints
connecting one side plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel.
Category d: welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to main
shell, to heads and to flat sided vessels and those joints connecting nozzles to
communicating chambers
The “corrosion allowance” is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material lost by
corrosion and erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between the
customer and manufacturer. For carbon and low-alloy steels, where severe corrosion is not
expected, a minimum allowance of 2.0 mm should be used; where more severe conditions are
anticipated this should be increased to 4.0 mm. Most design codes and standards specify a
PREPAREDBY YARED BERIHUN Page 26
PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
It means that the governing stress will be the circumferential stress (hoop stress) in the
long seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 0.385δE .In which case we
shall use the following formulae for thickness of shell.
t = PR/ (2δE +0.4P)+ C.A
It means that the governing stress will be the longitudinal stress in the circumferential
joint. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 1.25δE. Or if the circumferential
joint efficiency is less than ½ the longitudinal joint efficiency. In which case we use
the formula for thickness is
t = PR/ (δE -0.6P) + C.A
Given
P=14MPa
R=0.4571m
δ= 103MPa
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m
Let's use these two equations to find the thickness of the pressure vessel and select the
smallest value of them for safety purposes. The weight of the pressure vessel can
affect the support leg.
Case1 using
Circumferential stress (longitudinal joint)
P ≤ 0.385δE
P ≤ 0.385*103MPa*1
14MPa ≤ 39.655MPa …………………. (satisfied)
Therefore
t=PR/ (δE-0.6P) + C.A
t= (14MPa*0.4571)/ (( 103MPa*1) - (0.6*14Mpa) ) + 0.002m
t=0.067646m+0.002m
t=0.06964m=69.6469mm≈70mm
ts=70mm (standard)
case 2 using
Longitudinal stress (circumferential stress)
P ≤ 1.25δE
P ≤ 1.25*103MPa*1
14MPa ≤ 128.75MPa …………………… (satisfied)
Therefore
t=PR/(2δE+0.4P) + C.A
t= (14MPa*0.4571)/ ((2*103MPa*1) + (0.4*14MPa)) + 0.002m
t=0.0310048m+0.002m
t= 0.0330048m = 33.004845mm
t=34mm …………………….. (standard)
Ro=0.4571m+0.07m
Ro=0.5271m
Ro =0.5271m
And
Do=2*Ro
Do=2*0.5271m
Do=1.0542m (ans.)
Design of HEAD
My pressure vessel is vertical with hemispherical head in shape and 1.76MPa internal
design pressure is applied on it and it’s thickness is given blow
According on the two theory
1) thin-shell theory
δ= (PR)/ (2t)
2) ‘’exact’’ theory
δ= [PRi 3/Ro3 -Ri3 ] [1+Ro3 /2Ri3 ]
Given values
Ri=0.4571m
Ro=0.5271m
P=14MPa
t=70mm=0.07m
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m
thin-shell theory
δ= (PRi)/ (2t)
δ= (14MPa*0.4571)/ (2*0.07m)
δ=45.71MPa …………………….. (ans.)
‘’exact’’ theory
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PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
Closure Head
Hemispherical, ellipsoidal and torispherical heads are collectively referred to as domed heads. They are
formed by pressing or spinning; large diameters are fabricated from formed sections. Torispherical heads
are often referred to as dished ends. The preferred proportions of domed heads are given in the standards
and codes.
Where
P=internal design pressure
E=joint efficiency
R0= external radius
Ri=internal radius
S= allowable shear
Flanged head
Formed domed heads are made with a short straight cylindrical section, called a flange or skirt. This ensures
that the weld line is away from the point of discontinuity between the head and the cylindrical section of the
vessel.
Hemispherical head
Equal stress in the cylindrical section and hemispherical head of a vessel the thickness of the head need
only be half that of the cylinder. However, as the dilation of the two parts would then be different,
discontinuity stresses would be set up at the head and cylinder junction. For no difference in dilation
between the two parts (equal diametral strain) it can be shown that for steels (Poisson’s ratio D 0.3) the ratio
of the hemispherical head thickness to
cylinder thickness should be 7/17. However, the stress in the head would then be greater than that in the
cylindrical section; and the optimum thickness ratio is normally taken as 0.6.
The design thickness of hemispherical head is given by
t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P)
Where
P=internal design pressure
E=joint efficiency
R0= external radius
Ri=internal radius
S= allowable shear
Ellipsoidal head
Most standard ellipsoidal heads are manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio of 2 : 1. For this ratio,
the following equation can be used to calculate the minimum thickness required:
The design thickness of elliptical head is given by
t=PDK/ (2SE-0.2P)
where D-shell diameter
K-stress intensity factor
K= [1/6 + (a/b)2]
a and b semi-major, semi-minor axes of ellipse
P=internal design pressure
E=joint efficiency
S= allowable shear
Torispherical head
There are two junctions in a torispherical end closure: that between the cylindrical section and the head,
and that at the junction of the crown and the knuckle radii. The bending and shear stresses caused by the
differential dilation that will occur at these points must be taken into account in the design of the heads. One
approach taken is to use the basic equation for a hemisphere and to introduce a stress concentration, or
shape, factor to allow for the increased stress due to the discontinuity. The stress concentration factor is a
function of the knuckle and crown radii.
The design thickness of Tori spherical head is given by
t=PLM/ (2SE-0.2P)
where L-spherical cross radius
M=1/4[1/3 + (L/r) 1/2]
M-shear intensity factor
r-knuckle radiuses
Conical head
Conical sections (reducers) are used to make a gradual reduction in diameter from one cylindrical section
to another of smaller diameter. Conical ends are used to facilitate the smooth flow and removal of solids
from process equipment; such as hoppers, spray-dryers and crystallisers.
The design thickness conical head is given by
t=PD/2cosα (SE-0.6P)
where α-seim-apex angel
Gasket
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is impractical to machine flanges to the
degree of surface finish that would be required to make a satisfactory seal under pressure without a gasket.
Gaskets are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform and flow under load to fill the surface
irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain sufficient elasticity to take up the changes in the flange
alignment that occur under load.
Gasket selection
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is impractical to machine flanges to the
degree of surface finish that would be required to make a satisfactory seal under pressure without a gasket.
Gaskets are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform and flow under load to fill the surface
irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain sufficient elasticity to take up the changes in the flange
alignment that occur under load. The minimum seating stress “y” is the force per unit area (pressure) on the
gasket that is required to cause the material to flow and fill the surface irregularities in the gasket face. The
gasket factor “m” is the ratio of the gasket stress (pressure) under the operating conditions to the internal
pressure in the vessel or pipe. The internal pressure will force the flanges’ faces apart, so the pressure on the
gasket under operating conditions will be lower than the initial tightening-up pressure. The gasket factor
gives the minimum pressure that must be maintained on the gasket to ensure a satisfactory seal. The
following factors must be considered when selecting a gasket material:
1. The process conditions: pressure, temperature, corrosive nature of the process fluid.
Up to pressures of 20 bar, the operating temperature and corrosiveness of the process fluid will be the
controlling factor in gasket selection. Vegetable fiber and synthetic rubber gaskets can be used at
temperatures of up to 100C. Solid perfluorocarbon (Teflon) and compressed asbestos gaskets can be used to
a maximum temperature of about 260C. Metal-reinforced gaskets can be used up to around 450C. Plain soft
metal gaskets are normally used for higher temperatures.
Based on this criteria I select
CHAPTER FOUR
Flange selection
Flange
joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole covers, and for removable
vessel heads when ease of access is required. Flanges may also be used on the vessel body, when it is
necessary to divide the vessel into sections for transport or maintenance.
Flanged joints are also used to connect pipes to other equipment, such as pumps and valves. Screwed joints
are often used for small-diameter pipe connections, below 40 mm. Flanged joints are also used for
connecting pipe sections where ease of assembly and dismantling is required for maintenance, but pipework
will normally be welded to reduce costs. Flanges range in size from a few millimetre diameter for small
pipes, to several metres diameter for those used as body or head flanges on vessel.
Several different types of flange are used for various applications. The principal types used in the process
industries are:
Welding-neck flanges.
Slip-on flanges, hub and plate types.
Lap-joint flanges.
Screwed flanges.
Blank, or blind, flanges.
Welding-neck flanges
have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded joint. This gradual transition of the section
reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange and branch, and increases the strength of the flange
assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable for
extreme service conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear and vibration
loads. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on process vessels and process
equipment.
Slip-on flanges
slip over the pipe or nozzle and are welded externally, and usually also internally. The end of the pipe is set
back from 0 to 2.0 mm. The strength of a slip-on flange is from one-third to two-thirds that of the
corresponding standard welding-neck flange. Slip-on flanges are cheaper than welding-neck flanges and are
easier to align, but have poor resistance to shock and vibration loads. Slip-on flanges are generally used for
pipe work. For light duties slip-on flanges can be cut from plates.
Lap-joint flanges
are used for piped work. They are economical when used with expensive alloy pipes, such as stainless
steel, as the flange can be made from inexpensive carbon steel. Usually a short lapped nozzle is welded to
the pipe, but with some schedules of pipe the lap can be formed on the pipe itself, and this will give a cheap
method of pipe assembly. Lap-joint flanges are sometimes known as “Van-stone flanges”.
Screwed flanges
are used to connect screwed fittings to flanges. They are also sometimes used for alloy pipe which is
difficult to weld satisfactorily.
are flat plates, used to blank off flange connections, and as covers for manholes and inspection ports.
❖ For selecting the standard dimension and material for the flange by applying the American
National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981 of temperature and pressure rating.
Flange design
For selecting the standard dimension and material for the flange by applying the American National Standard ANSI
B16.5-1981 of temperature and pressure rating.
The given temperature is 405OC (761oF) and pressure is 14MPa (2030.53PSi). And I can’t find the Machu value
therefore design pressure lets change into standard value which is 15.3408 (2225Psi).
Class 600lb.
Hydrostatic test/design pressure MPa(PSi) 15.3408(2225)
Temperature ,oC(oF) Maximum allowable non-shock pressure,
MPa(PSi)
405(761) 5.68816(825)
I know that the flange is class 600lb and the material is `Forged steel SA105 . I select Welding-neck flanges,
because they have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded joint. This gradual transition of the
section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange and branch, and increases the strength of the flange
assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable for extreme service conditions; where the flange is likely to be
subjected to temperature, shear
and vibration loads. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on process vessels and
process equipment.
There are 7 flanges that we used for our pressure vessel; their value is shown below.
3/4 4.62 0.62 1.69 1.88 4-0.75 3.25 2.25 1.05 1.00 1.09 0.12 1.00 1.11 0.44 1.14 0.62
1 4.88 0.69 2.00 2.12 4-.075 3.50 2.44 1.32 1.06 1.36 0.12 1.06 1.38 0.50 1.41 0.69
1-1/4 5.25 0.81 2.50 2.50 4-0.75 3.88 2.62 1.66 1.12 1.70 0.19 1.12 1.72 0.56 1.75 0.81
1-1/2 6.12 0.88 2.88 2.75 4-0.88 4.50 2.75 1.90 1.25 1.95 0.25 1.25 1.97 0.62 1.99 0.88
2 6.50 1.00 3.62 3.31 8-0.75 5.00 2.88 2.38 1.44 2.44 0.31 1.44 2.46 0.69 2.50 1.12
2-1/2 7.50 1.12 4.12 3.94 8-0.88 5.88 3.12 2.88 1.62 2.94 0.31 1.62 2.97 0.75 3.00 1.25
3 8.25 1.25 5.00 4.62 8-0.88 6.62 3.25 3.50 1.81 3.57 0.38 1.81 3.60 0.81 3.63 1.38
3-1/2 9.00 1.38 5.50 5.25 8-1.00 7.25 3.38 4.00 1.94 4.07 0.38 1.94 4.10 4.13 1.56
4 10.75 1.50 6.19 6.00 8-1.00 8.50 4.00 4.50 2.12 4.57 0.44 2.12 4.60 4.63 1.62
5 13.00 1.75 7.31 7.44 8-1.12 10.50 4.50 5.56 2.38 5.66 0.44 2.38 5.69 5.69 1.88
6 14.00 1.88 8.50 8.75 12-1.12 11.50 4.62 6.63 2.62 6.72 0.50 2.62 6.75 6.75 2.00
8 16.50 2.19 10.62 10.75 12-1.25 13.75 5.25 8.63 3.00 8.72 0.50 3.00 8.75 8.75 2.25
10 20.00 2.50 12.75 13.50 16-1.38 17.00 6.00 10.75 3.38 10.88 0.50 4.38 10.92 10.88 2.56
12 22.00 2.62 15.00 15.75 20-1.38 19.25 6.12 12.75 3.62 12.88 0.50 4.62 12.92 12.94 2.75
14 23.75 2.75 16.25 17.00 20-1.50 20.75 6.50 14.00 3.69 14.14 0.50 5.00 14.18 14.19 2.88
25mm (1 25(in) 97mm(2.44in) 33mm( 53mm( 122mm( 17.25mm(0.69 50mm( 2in) M10
in) 1.32in) 2.12in) 4.88in) in)
There gasket factor width and internal pressure for the flange are the same
m=1.75, b=10mm and Pi=14MPa
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4
For 70mm= (115.5+206.25-2*87.5)mm/4=36.682mm
For 30mm = (62.5+131.25-2*41.5)mm/4=27.688mm
For 25mm = (53+122-2*33)mm/4=27.25mm
hg= (H - G)/4
For 70mm= (206.25-115.5)mm/4=22.6873mm
For 30mm= (131.25-62.5)mm/4 =17.1875mm
For 25mm= (122-53)mm/4=17.25mm
ht=(G+H)/4
For 70mm= (206.25+115.5)mm/4=80.4375mm
For 30mm= (131.25+62.5)mm/4=48.4375mm
For 25mm= (122+53)mm/4=43.75mm
tf=J
For 70mm=31.25mm
For 30mm= 20.25mm
For 25mm=17.25mm
B=A/2
For 70mm=25mm/2=12.5mm
For 30mm=25mm/2=12.5mm
For 25mm=25mm/2=12.5mm
H= (π/4) G’2Pi
For 70mm= (π/4)(70.25mm)2*14MPa=217,055N
For 30mm= (π/4)(43.75mm)2*14MPa=21,046.21N
For 25mm = (π/4)(39mm)2*14MPa=428.827N
Ht =H-Hd
For 70mm= (217,055-6872.23)N=210,182.77N
For 30mm= (21,046.21-6872.23)N=14,173.98N
For 25mm= (428.872-6872.23)N=-6443.335N
Hg=πG’ (2b)mPi
For 70mm=π (40.3725mm)(2*10mm)1.5*3.48MPa=12,234.75N
For 30mm=π(65.24mm)(2*10mm)1.5*3.48MPa=21,386.72N
For 25mm=π (117.89mm)(2*10mm)1.5*3.48MPa=38,646.23N
The moment is
Mop=(6872.233N)(27.688mm)+(14173.98N)(17.1875mm)+(21396.72N)(48.4376mm)
=6,314,047.2925Nmm=6314.047Nm
For 25mm pipe
Mop=(6872.233N)(27.25mm)+(6443.355N)(17.25mm)+(38646.23N)(43.75mm)
=1,989,188.7855Nmm=1989.1887Nm
The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by
Wm1=H + Hg
Wm1, 70mm=217,055N + 12,234.75N=229,289.75N=229.2897KN
Wm1, 30mm=21,046N + 21,386.72N=42432.72N=42.4327KN
Wm1, 25mm=428.827N + 38,646.23N=39,075.05N=39.075KN
The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up conditions. The moment is given by
Where Wm2 is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given by
Wm2=yπG’b
y=gasket sating pressure (stress) =2.28MPa
Wm2, 70mm=2.28MPa*π*70.25mm*10mm=5,029.94N=5.029KN
Wm2, 30mm=2.28MPa*π*43.75mm*10mm =3132.19N=3.132KN
Wm2, 25mm=2.28MPa*π*39mm*10mm=2792.51N=2.792KN
Matm=Wm2*hg
Matm,,70mm=5029.94N*22.6873mm=114,115.7577Nmm=114.115Nm
Matm, 30mm =3132.19N*17.1875mm =53,834.51Nmm=53.834Nm
Matm, 25mm=2792.51N*17.25mm=48,170.7975Nmm=48.1707Nm
Flange stress
Flange stress are given by
σhb=F1M
Radial flange stress
σrd=F2M
Tangential flange stress
σtg=F3M - F4σrd
where M is taken as Mop/B’ or Matm/B’, whichever is the greater; and the factors F1, F2, F3 and F4 are functions of
the flange type and dimensions, and are obtained as followed
K=A’/B’
A’= (H-G)/2 and B’= (G-A)/2
K = (H-G) / (G-A)
K70mm= (206.25-115.15) mm/ (115.15-25) mm =1.0105
K30mm=(131.25-62.5)mm/(62.5-25)mm =1.833
K25mm=(122-53)mm/(53-25)mm =2.464
e70mm =0.0240/mm
e30mm=0.823/(18.75mm*20.25mm) 1/2
e30mm =0.0422/mm
e25mm=0.801/(14mm*17.25mm) 1/2
e25mm =0.0515/mm
and let’s find (α and β)
α= TFe+1
α =Je+1
α70mm=31.25mm (0.024/mm)+1
α70mm =1.75
α =20.25mm (0.0422/mm)+1
30mm
α =1.854
30mm
α25mm=17.25mm (0.0515/mm)+1
α25mm =1.888
β = 1.333Je + 1
β 70mm=1.333*31.25mm (0.0240/mm)+1
β 70mm =1.999
β 30mm=1.333*20.25mm (0.0422/mm)+1
β 30mm =1.139
β 25mm=1.333*17.25mm (0.0515/mm)+1
β 25mm =2.184
and γ will be
γ=α/T
γ70mm=1.75/18.5
γ70mm =0.0945
γ30mm=1.854/1.36
γ30mm =1.3632
γ25mm=1.888/1.35
γ25mm =1.39
lets find the value of v from ASME code Viii Div. 1 using by the value of (**) and it will be
v25mm=0.36
v30mm=0.173
v70mm=0.12
d will be
d =(u/v) (B’J)1/2J2
d70mm=(1.286/0.12)(45.24mm*31.25mm)1/2(31.25mm)2
d70mm =393,501.21mm3
d30mm =(2.59/0.173)(18.75mm*20.75mm)1/2(20.75mm)2
d30mm =127,145.077mm3
d25mm=(2.52/0.36)(14mm*17.15mm) 1/2
(17.15mm)2
d25mm =31,902.3274mm 3
δ = t3/d
δ70mm=(31.25mm)3/393,501.21mm3
δ70mm =0.07755
δ30mm=(20.25mm)3/127,145.077mm3
δ30mm =0.0653
δ 25mm=(17.25mm)3/31,902.3274mm3
δ 25mm =0.16089
Let’s find the value of λ
λ=δ+ γ
λ 70 mm=0.07755+0.0945
λ 70 mm= 0.17205
λ 30mm=0.065+1.3632
λ 30mm=1.4282
λ 25mm=0.16089+1.39
λ 25mm=1.55089
y will be
𝑦 = (1 − 𝑣2)𝑢
Y70mm= (1-0.362)1.286
Y70mm =1.1193
Y30mm= (1-0.1732)2.59
Y30mm =2.5124
Y25mm= (1-0.122)2.52
Y25mm =2.4837
gt will be
𝑔𝑡 = (𝐺 − 𝐴)/2
gt70mm=(115.5-25)mm/2
gt70mm =45.25mm
gt30mm =(62.5-25)mm/2
gt30mm =18.75mm
gt25mm =(53-25)mm/2
gt25mm =14mm
To find the stress on the flange we must the value of the moment M and it is the largest of them (M op/B’ or Matm/B’).
And it is given blow
Nominal diameter(mm) Mop, Nm(KNmm) Matm(Nm)
70 6005.689(6005.689) 114.115
30 6314.047(6314.047) 53.834
25 1989.1889(1989.1889) 48.1707
Table 12.
There for M=Mop/B’ the stress is
M=Mop/B’
M70mm=6005.689KNmm/45.25mm
M70mm=132.722KN
M30mm=6314.047KNmm/18.75mm
M30mm=336.7491KN
M25mm=1989.1889KNmm/14mm
M25mm=142.084KN
σhb=F1M
σhb 70mm=0.000341(1/mm2)(132.722KN)
σhb 70mm =45.258MPa
σhb 30mm =0.00199(1/mm2)(336.749KN)
σhb 30mm =670.164MPa
σhb 25mm =0.003289(1/mm2)(142.084KN)
PREPAREDBY YARED BERIHUN Page 48
PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
σrd=F2M
σrd70mm =0.00661(1/mm2)(132.722KN)
σrd70mm =877.2924MPa
σrd30mm =0.004284(1/mm2)(336.749KN)
σrd30mm =1442.643MPa
σrd25mm =0.005381(1/mm2)(142.084KN)
σrd25mm =764.41MPa
σws=F3M
σws70mm =0.002064(1/mm2)(132.722KN)
σws70mm =273.9382MPa
σws30mm =0.00165(1/mm2)(336.749KN)
σws30mm =555.6358MPa
σws25mm =0.00733(1/mm2)(142.084KN)
σws25mm =1041.4757MPa
σtg = σws -F4σrd
σtg70mm=2739.39MPa – 6.09*877.2924MPa
σtg70mm=-2603..14
σtg 30mm=555.635MPa-1.43*1442.643MPa
σtg 30mm =-206.664MPa
σtg 25mm=1041.4757MPa-1.49*764.41MPa
σtg 25mm=-97.4953MPa
The flange must be sized so that the stresses given by equations satisfy the following criteria: when
ffo=102.04MPa(14.8KPSi) is the maximum allowable design stress for the flange material at the operating conditions.
R[1] and [2]
σhb > 1.5ffo
For 70mm 45.258MPa<153.06MPa -----(unsatisfied)
For 30mm 670.164MPa > 153.06MPa ---- (satisfied)
For 25mm 467.31MPa > 153.06MPa ---- (satisfied)
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will not normally be less
than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for tightening with a wrench or spanner. The following
formula can be used to determine the maximum bolt spacing:
From the table R [1] and R [2] the material [SA-193-B7] and maximum allowable stress (f b) for the bolt is 172.37MPa
(25KPSi).
The minimum bolt area is given by
Abf=Wm/fb
Where Wm greatest of Wm1or Wm2
Nominal Dia.(mm) Wm1(KN) Wm2(KN)
70 229.2897 5.029
30 42.4327 3.132
25 39.075 2.792
Abf=Wm/fb
For 70mm nominal diameter greatest number is Wm1 =229.257KN
Abf70mm=229.2897KN/172.37MPa
Abf70mm =1330.21mm2
For 30mm nominal diameter greatest number is Wm1 =42.4327KN
…………………Abf30mm =42.4327KN/172.37MPa
Abf30mm =246.1721mm2
For 25mm nominal diameter greatest number is Wm1 =39.075KN
Abf25mm =39.075KN/172.37MPa
Abf25mm =226.6925smm2
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will not normally be less than
2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for tightening with a wrench or spanner. The following formula
can be used to determine the maximum bolt spacing:
Pb=2db+6tf/ (m+0.5)
Where Pb-bolt pitch (spacing), mm
db- bolt diameter, mm
tf- flange thickness, mm
m- Gasket factor, 1.75
Pb70mm =2*16mm+6*31.25mm/(1.75+0.5)
Pb70mm =115.33mm
Pb30mm =2*12mm+6*20.25mm/(1.75+0.5)
Pb30mm =78mm
Pb25mm =2*10+6*17.25/(1.75+0.5)
Pb25mm =66mm
Gaskets
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is impractical to machine
flanges to the degree of surface finish that would be required to make a satisfactory seal under
pressure without a gasket. Gaskets are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform
and flow under load to fill the surface irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain sufficient
elasticity to take up the changes in the flange alignment that occur under load
GASKET DESIGN
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is
impractical to machine flanges to the degree of surface finish that would be
required to make a satisfactory seal under pressure without a gasket. Gaskets
are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform and flow under
load to fill the surface irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain
sufficient elasticity to take up the changes in the flange alignment that occur
under load
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the
gasket. It will not normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give
sufficient clearance for
CHAPTER FIVE
70 8.0811(1175) 6.35(1/4) 35
E=1
S=15000Psi =103.421MPa
tn will be
tn=PR/ (SE-0.6P) + C.A
tn,25mm=[(27.2MPa*12.5mm)/(103.421MPa*1- 0.6*27.2MPa)]+1.6mm
tn,25mm =5.5035mm
tn,30mm=[(16.159MPa*15mm)/(103.421MPa*1-0.6*16.159MPa)]+3.12mm
tn,30mm =5.7061mm
tn,70mm=[(8.0811MPa*35mm)/(103.421MPa*1-0.6*8.0811MPa)]+6.35mm
tn,70mm =9.219mm
reinforcment of opening
The “equal area method” is the simplest method used for calculating the amount of reinforcement required, and
is allowed in most design codes and standards. The principle used is to provide reinforcement local to the
opening, equal in cross-sectional area to the area removed in forming the opening. If the actual thickness of the
vessel wall is greater than the minimum required to resist the loading, the excess thickness can be taken into
account when estimating the area of reinforcement required. Similarly with a branch connection, if the wall
thickness of the branch or nozzle is greater than the minimum required, the excess material in the branch can be
taken into account. Any corrosion allowance must be deducted when determining the excess thickness available
as compensation. The standards and codes differ in the areas of the branch and shell considered to be effective
for reinforcement, and should be consulted to determine the actual area allowed and the disposition of the
various types of reinforcement. For branch connections of small diameter the reinforcement area can usually be
provided by increasing the wall thickness of the branch pipe. Some design codes and standards do not require
compensation for connections below 89 mm (3 in.) diameter. If anything, the equal area method tends to over-
estimate the compensation required and in some instances the additional material can reduce the fatigue life of
the vessel. More sophisticated methods for determining the compensation required have been introduced into
the latest editions of the codes and standards. The equal-area method is generally used for estimating the
increase in thickness required to compensate for multiple openings. R [1]
First calculate the reinforcement area R [3]
A=D*t*F
where tr-shell thickness=0.64((D+tn) tn) 1/2 (,)
F-correction factor=1
D-diameter of the pipe
tn-nozzle material thickness
E-joint efficiency=1
T-Shell material thickness= (for shell 70mm or for head 74mm)
A=D*t*F
A30mm=30mm*74mm*1=2220mm2
A70mm=70mm*74mm*1=5180mm2
tr =0.64((D+tn) tn) ½
tr30mm=0.64((30mm+5.7061)*5.7061)1/2
tr30mm =9.135mm
tr70mm=0.64((70mm+9.219)*9.219)1/2
tr70mm =49.3642mm
By taking A1 as the largest of the A11 or A12 calculating the reinforcement area of the vessel
A11= (Et-F*tr) D and A12=2(E*t-F*tr)*(t + tn)
For 30mm tr=9.135mm
A11= (Et-F*tr) D
A12=2(E*t-F*tr)*(t + tn)
A11, 30mm = (1*74mm-1*9.135mm)*30mm
A11, 30mm =1945.95mm2
A12, 30mm =2(1*74mm-1*9.135mm) (74mm+5.7061mm)
A12, 30mm =10,340.27mm2
A11, 70mm = (1*74mm-1*49.363mm)*70mm
A11, 70mm =1724.59mm2
A12, 70mm =2(1*74mm-1*49.356mm) (74mm+9.219mm)
A12, 70mm =4101.6980mm2
There for A1 (reinforcement in shell) will be the largest value of (A 11 or A12)
A1, 30mm=10340.27mm2
A1, 70mm=4101.6980mm2
By taking A2 as the smaller of A21 or A22 and calculate the available nozzle wall.
For 30mm tr n=2.591
For 70mm tr n =2.8746
A21= (tn-trn) 5t
A22=2(tn-trn) (2.5tn-te) , te=0(no pad)
A21, 30mm= (5.7061mm-2.5911mm) 5*74mm
A21, 30mm =1168.124mm2
A22, 30mm=2(5.7061mm-2.5911mm) (2.5*5.7061mm-0)
A21, 30mm =88.8725mm2
A21, 70mm= (9.219mm-2.8746mm) 5*74mm
A21, 70mm =2347.428mm2
A22, 70mm=2(9.219mm-2.8746mm) (2.5*9.219mm-0)
A22, 70mm =292.4451mm2
A2 will be
A2, 30mm=1168.124mm2
A2, 70mm=2347.428mm2
Atotal=A1+A2
A30mm, total = 10340.27mm2 +1168.124mm2=11508.394mm2
A70mm, total = 4101.6480 mm2+2347.428mm2=6449.076mm2
30 11508.394 2220
70 6449.076 5180
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal corrosion, erosion or mechanical
abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand hole, or other inspection openings for examination and
cleaning. The required inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the alternatives allowed by the
Code, UG46, as they are considered to be the most economical. The inside diameter of my pressure vessel is 1m
(39.37in).
According to the diameter its manhole recommended is 381mm (15in).
Di mm(in) Inspection opening required, mm(in)
1000(39.37) 381(15)
Therefore radial stresses are ignored (very small) so we consider the following primary membrane stresses
H1= 91.4MPa
LONGITUDINAL STRESS (L1)
L2= PIDI/ 4t
L2= (14MPa) (914mm) / 4(70mm)
L2= 45.7MPa
As hoop stress is greater so design is based on hoop stress.
It is assumed that weight of the vessel and its attachments results in compressive stress only & eccentricity
doesn’t exist and the resulting force coincides with the axis of the vessel.
The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows.
A. Erection weight
B. Operating weight
C. Test weight
The compressive stress due to the weight is given by
S = W / Ct
Where S = unit stress, MPA
The weights of different vessel elements are given in the tables attached.
WEIGHT
PREPAREDBY YARED BERIHUN Page 56
PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
ERECTION WEIGHT
OPERATING WEIGHT
Which include the weight of the erection + operating liquid
ERECTION WEIGHT =420 KN
WEIGHT FOR OPERATING LIQUID = ρliquid*vpressure vessel*g
= 800Kg/m3*3.4m3*9.81m/s2
=26.6832KN
Total weight=26.6832KN + 420KN=446.6832KN------ (ans.)
indicate that 50 years at standard height are higher than those shown in the map, those higher values shall
be the minimum basic wind speed.
The minimum basic wind speed for determining design wind pressure shall be taken from the map
of wind speed. Design wind pressure shall be determined by the following formula:-
Pressure PSF q 13 17 21 26 31 37 44
Table 1 wind pressure
Coefficient G
Height above ground, ft. Exposure C Exposure B
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
Shear V= Pw*D1*H
3.9m=3903mm
Mt=96.136KNm-1.52m*44.935KN
Mt=27.8348KNm
Table 5.4
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
FORMULAS
Shear Moment
V=ZICW/Rw M=[FtH+(V-Ft)(2H /3)]
Mx= M(x/H)
Where
C= Numerical coefficient=1.25S/T2/3
= 1.25*1/(0.076644)2/3 =2.71
=2.71(should not be more than 2.75)
Rw=Numerical coefficient (use 2.9 for vessels)
E = Efficiency of welded joints = 1.0
Ft = Total horizontal seismic force at the top of the vessel, 0N(because T < 0.7)
= 0.07TV (Ft shall not exceed 0.25V)
= 0, for T < 0.7
H =Length of vessel including skirt, 4.571m=4.571mm
I = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for
vessels)
CHAPTER SIX
CAD DRAWING
SHELL
LEG
Summary
A pressure vessel is a closed container to hold (fluid) such as, gas, liquids
at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure.
Pressure vessels are used in a variety of application in both industry & the private
sector. They appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and
domestic hot water storage tanks. Pressure vessels may theoretically be almost any
shape, but shapes made of sections of spheres, cylinders, heads, & cones are
usually employed. A common design is a cylinder with end caps called heads,
heads shapes are frequently either hemispherical or dished (torispherical). We can
calculate length & diameter of vessels by using nominal vessel volume for typical
ratio of length to diameter by using standard table used to find L/D ratio depending
on the inner service pressure given.
While selecting suitable materials, the requirements of the relevant part relating to
the function, stress conditions, and service life have first of all to be considered.
The ends of a cylindrical vessel are closed by heads of various shapes. The
corrosion allowance is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material
lost by corrosion & erosion, or scale. The strength of metals decreases with
increasing temperature. Pressure vessels are built up from preformed parts;
cylinders, heads,& fitting. Joined by fusion welding. Heads to shells attachment by
butt welded joints of plates of unequal thickness. The method used to support a
vessel will depend on the size, shape & weight of the vessels, the design
temperature & pressure the vessel location & arrangement & the internal &
external fittings attachments.
Generally when we design pressure vessel we have to used gasket, flanges,
consider reinforcement of openings, manhole ,earthquake loading, wind load,
external load ,dead weight of vessel , pressure,…etc.
2. Coulson & Richardson's. 2005. chemical engineering design. fourth ed. Vol. six. six
vols.