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50  ntw;wpf;F top mikg;Nghk; - Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk;

fzpjj;jpy;
rjkbf;f vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk;?
thq;f ghh;g;Nghk; !

md;g hh;e ;j khzt khztpfNs! nfhQ;r k; jpl;l kpl;L jahhpj;j hy; fzpjj; j py; E}w; Wf;F
E}W vLg;g J kpfTk; vspJ. Kjypy; jpl;l kpLq; fs;> gpd;d h; jpl;l kpl;l ij mbg;g ilahf
nfhz;L gapw;r p Nkw;n fhs;S q; fs;. gpd;tUk; MNyhridfis Kiwg;g b gpd;g w;Wq; fs;.
ntw;wp cq; fs; trkhFk;.
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; (New Syllabus) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s muR
tpdhj;jhspd; tbtikg;G
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
14 x 1 = 14
One Mark Questions
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
10 x 2 = 20
Two Mark Questions
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
10 x 5 = 50
Five Mark Questions
vl;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
2 x 8 = 16
Eight Mark Questions
nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs;
100
Total Marks

,dp tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;G mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fSf;F vg;gb gapw;rp Nkw;nfhs;tJ vg;gb

tpilaspg;gJ vd fhzyhk;
8 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (8 Mark Questions)
tpdh vz;.(Question number): 43
 ,e;j tpdhit nghWj;jtiu xU tpdh nra;Kiw tbtpaypy; (Practical Geometry)
,Ue;J xU tpdh kw;Wk; mjw;fhd khw;W tpdh (Or question) Njw;wq;fis gad;gLj;jpa
fzf;Ffshf Nfl;fg;gl tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;.
 ,e;j tpdhtpy; v.fh 4.10> 4.11 kw;Wk; gapw;rp (Exercise) 4.1y; fzf;F vz; 10>11>12>13
Mfpa fzf;Ffis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jy; mtrpak;.
 v.fh.4.17> 4.18> 4.19 Mfpa fzf;FfSld; gapw;rp (Exercise) 4.2y; 13>14>15>16>17 Mfpa
fzf;Ffis gapw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 v.fh.4.29> 4.30> 4.31> gapw;rp 4.4y; 13> 14> 15> 16> 17 Mfpa fzf;Ffis gapw;rp nra;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 Vndd;why; Gjpa Nfs;tpj;jhs; tbtikg;gpd; (New Question paper pattern) gb 1 tpdh
kl;Lk; nra;Kiw tbtpaypy; ,Ug;gjhy; midj;J tpdhf;fisAk; gapw;rp nra;J
ghh;j;jhy; jhd; KOikahd 8 kjpg;ngz;fs;; ngw KbAk;.

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10 Mk; tFg;G - fzpjk; / MATHEMATICS  51
nra;Kiw tbtpay; - xU gFg;gha;T / Practical Geometry – An analysis
tpdh mikg;G/ Type of question tpdh vz; / Q.No Fwpg;G / Note
1 tbnthj;j Kf;Nfhzq;fs; gf;fk; vz; (Page No): ftuhaj;ij (compass)
tiujy; 172>173>174 gad;gLj;Jjy; Rygk;
Construction of Similar triangles v.fh(Example):4.10> 4.11
(6 fzf;Ffs; / 6 sums) gapw;rp(Exercise)4.1:
10>11>12>13
2 Kf;Nfhzk; tiujy; (Construction of triangles) gf;fk; vz; (Page No):183
(i) mbg;gf;fk;> cr;rpf;Nfhzk; v.fh. (Example):4.17> nfhLf;fg;gl;l bfphp msit
kw;Wk; mbg;gf;fj;jpw;F 90° y; ,Ue;J fopf;f
tiuag;gLk; eLf;NfhL gapw;rp(Exercise)4.2:12>13 (Subtract) Ntz;Lk;. Fj;Jf;
The base, vertical angle, and Nfhl;bd; ePsj;ij fz;;bg;ghf
the median on the base msf;f Ntz;Lk;. (Must be
mesure length of the altitude)
(3 fzf;Ffs; / 3 sums)
(ii)mbg;gf;fk;> cr;rpf;Nfhzk; v.fh. (Example):4.18 nfhLf;fg;gl;l bfphp
kw;Wk; mbg;gf;fj;jpw;F msit 90° y; ,Ue;J
tiuag;gLk; Fj;Jf;NfhL gapw;rp(Exercise):4.2-14>15 fopf;f (Subtract)
The base, vertical angle and the Ntz;Lk;.
altitude on the base
(3 fzf;Ffs; / 3 sums)
(iii) mbg;gf;fk;> cr;rpf;Nfhzk; v.fh (Example):4.19
kw;Wk; cr;rpf;Nfhzj;jpd;
,Urkntl;b mbg;gf;fj;ij gapw;rp(Exercise)4.2:16>17
re;jpf;Fk; Gs;sp
The base, vertical angle and the
point on the base where the
bisector of the vertical angle
meets the base
3 tl;lj;jpw;F njhLNfhL tiujy; (Construction of tangents to a circle)
gf;fk; vz; (Page No): 198
ikaj;ij gad;gLj;jp v.fh. (Example):4.29 ikak; (centre)
Using centre (2 fzf;Ffs; / 2 Sums) gapw;rp(Exercise):4.4- 12
khw;W tl;lj;Jz;L Njw;wj;ij v.fh. (Example):4.30 khw;W tl;lj;Jz;L
gad;gLj;jp
Using alternate segment theorem gapw;rp(Exercise):4.4- 13 (alternate segment)
(3fzf;Ffs;/3 sums)
ntspg;Gw Gs;sp 𝑃𝑃apypUe;J v.fh. (Example):4.31>
,U njhLNfhLfs; tiujy; gapw;rp(Exercise):4.4
Construction of pair of tangents to
–14> 15> 16> 17
a circle from an external point 𝑃𝑃
(5 fzf;Ffs; / 5 sums)
nkhj;jk; 25 fzf;Ffs; kl;LNk Gj;jfj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Only 25 sums are given in the book

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52  ntw;wpf;F top mikg;Nghk; - Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk;
tpdh vz; (Question number): 44
 tiuglq;fis (Graph) nghWj;jtiu ,aw;fzpjk; (Algebra) vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ghlGj;jfj;jpy; cs;s 20 fzf;FfisAk; (v.fh.3.48> 3.49> 3.50> 3.51 kw;Wk; gapw;rp 3.15y;
cs;s midj;J fzf;Ffs;) rhpahd Kiwg;gb gapw;rp nra;jhy; kl;LNk 8 kjpg;ngz;
ngw KbAk;.
 mjw;F khw;W tpdhthf Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdh ve;j gFjpapy; ,Ue;J Ntz;LkhdhYk;
Nfl;fg;glyhk; my;yJ jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhthfTk; (Creative question) ,Uf;fyhk;.
tpdh tif tpdh mikg;G tpdh vz;
Question Type Question Structure Question Number
Type I x d; nfO Xh; ,ul;il vz; v.fh.(Example):3.48(ii),(iii)
Coefficient of x is a even number. v.fh.(Example):3.49>3.50> 3.52
cjhuzk; (Example): gapw;rp(Exercise): 3.15
𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 16 = 0 1. (ii), (iv), (v) , 2> 8
[ml;ltizapy; (table)
gad;gLj;jNtz;ba
Shortcut 1 – 3 – 5 – 7 ]
Type II x d; nfO Xh; xw;iw vz;
Coefficient of x is a odd number.
v.fh. (Example):
cjhuzk; (Example):𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 12 = 0
3.48 (i), 3.51
[ml;ltizapy; (table)
gapw;rp(Exercise): 3.15-1(i)
gad;gLj;jNtz;ba
Shortcut 2 – 4 – 6 – 8]
Type III 𝑥𝑥 2 d; nfO ,ul;il vz;
Coefficient of 𝑥𝑥 2 is a even number.
cjhuzk; (Example): 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 5
gapw;rp(Exercise): 3.15-1(vi), 7
[ml;ltizapy; (table)
gad;gLj;jNtz;ba
Shortcut 9 – 5 – 1 – 3 – 7 – 11]

Type I

1. gpd;tUk; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; jPh;Tfspd; jd;ikia tiuglk; %yk; Muha;f

Discuss the nature of solutions of the following quadratic equation 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟖𝟖 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎
𝟖𝟖
𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 16 = 0 d; tiuglj;ij (Graph) tiua ekf;F thpir Nrhb Gs;spfs; (ordered
pairs) Njit. mij fz;lwpa tof;fkhd fzf;fPLfis gad;gLj;JNthk;. Mdhy; mtw;iw
shortcut Kiwapy; gpd;tUkhW Nghlyhk;. ,e;j fzf;fpy; 𝑥𝑥 d; nfO ,ul;ilg;gil
vz;zhFk;. vdNt Type-I vdf;nfhs;Nthk;. Type-I gb 𝑥𝑥 d; Gs;sp xd;Wk; 𝑦𝑦 d; Gs;sp
xd;Wk; fz;lwpe;jhy; NghJk;. mjd;gb 1 – 3 – 5 – 7 vd;w shortcut-I ekf;F fpilj;j Gs;spapd;
tyg;GwKk; ,lg;GwKk; $l;bf;nfhz;Nl nry;y 𝑦𝑦 d; kjpg;G fpilf;Fk;.
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10 Mk; tFg;G - fzpjk; / MATHEMATICS  53
𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 16 = 0 I 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 cld; xg;gpl (compare)

𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝑏𝑏 = −8, 𝑐𝑐 = 16 v.fh. 3.48 (ii)
𝑏𝑏 8
𝑥𝑥 Gs;sp (point) = − = =4
2𝑎𝑎 2

𝑦𝑦 Gs;sp (point) = (4 )2 − 8(4) + 16 = 16 − 32 + 16 = 0

Gs;sp (point) = (4, 0)

Type II

1. 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎 I 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 cld; xg;gpl

𝟏𝟏
𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝑏𝑏 = 1, 𝑐𝑐 = −12 v.fh 3.48 (i)
𝑏𝑏 1
𝑥𝑥 Gs;sp = − = − = −0.5
2𝑎𝑎 2
mz;ik Gs;spfs;: 0 kw;Wk; −1
𝑓𝑓 (0) = (0)2 + 0 − 12 = −12
𝑓𝑓 (−1) = (−1)2 + (−1) − 12
= 1 − 1 − 12 = −12
Gs;spfs; (0, −12), (−1, −12)
𝑥𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦𝑦 0 −6 −10 −12 −12 −10 −6 0 8
6 4 2 2 4 6 8

Type III

1. (𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑)(𝒙𝒙 + 𝟐𝟐) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 6 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6

𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝒙 − = 𝟎𝟎 I 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 cld; xg;gpl
𝟔𝟔
𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 = 2, 𝑏𝑏 = 1, 𝑐𝑐 = −6
𝑏𝑏 1 gapw;rp 3.15 – 1(vi)
𝑥𝑥 Gs;sp = − = − = −0.25
2𝑎𝑎 4

mz;ik Gs;spfs;: 0 kw;Wk; −1

𝑓𝑓 (0) = 2(0)2 + (0) − 6 = −6
𝑓𝑓 (−1) = 2(−1)2 + (−1) − 6 = 2 − 1 − 6 = −5
Gs;spfs; (0, −6), (−1, −5)
𝑥𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦𝑦 9 0 −5 −6 −3 4 15
9 5 1 3 7 11
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54  ntw;wpf;F top mikg;Nghk; - Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk;
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (5 Mark Questions)
 Blue print ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; ve;j gFjpapy; ,Ue;J vj;jid tpdh tUk; vd;gij nrhy;tJ
fbdk; vd;whYk; ghlk; 1>3>5>8 Mfpatw;wpy; midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; gapw;rp Njit.
 ghlk; 1y; v.fh. (Example) 1.13> 1.14> 1.15> 1.19> gapw;rp (Exercise) 1.4y; 9> 10> 11>12
fzf;FfSf;F gapw;rp (Practice) mtrpak;. NkYk; v.fh 1.24> 1.25 gapw;rp 1.5y; 8> 10
fzf;FfspypYk; gapw;rp mtrpak;
 ghlk; 3y;> th;f;f-%yk; (square root) rk;ge;jgl;l fzf;Ffs; kw;;Wk; %yq;fspd; jd;ik
(Nature of roots)> mzpfs; (Matrix) kw;Wk; 𝛼𝛼, 𝛽𝛽 rk;ge;jgl;l fzf;FfSf;F gapw;rp mtrpak;.
 ghlk; 5y; ehw;fuj;jpd; gug;G (Area of the quadrilateral)> Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gug;G (Area of the triangle)>
xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mikAk; (collinear), rha;T (Slope) rk;ge;jgl;l fzf;Ffis Kiwg;gb
gapw;rp(Practice) nra;jy; mtrpak;. gapw;rp (Exercise) 5.4 kw;Wk; mjd; cila vLj;Jf;fhl;L
(Example) fzf;Ffis mjpf gapw;rp (Practice) vLj;jhy; KO kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;.
 ghlk; 8y; jpl;ltpyf;fk; (standard deviation) kw;Wk; ,ilntsp (Interval) fzf;Ffs;>
khWghl;LnfO (Coefficient of variation) fzf;FfSf;F gapw;rp mtrpak;. epfo;jftpy; gapw;rp
8.4 kw;Wk; mJ rk;ge;jgl;l vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F mjpf gapw;rp mtrpak;.
 tbtpay; jiyg;gpy; Njw;wq;fspy; (Theorems) (Njy;]; Njw;wk;> Nfhz ,Urkntl;b Njw;wk;>
gpjhfu]; Njw;wk;> kWjiy Njw;wk;) gapw;rp (Practice) mtrpak;. NkYk; mj;Njw;wq;fs;
rk;ge;jkhd fzf;Ffis gapw;rp nra;jhy; ,e;j ghlj;jpy; KO kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;.
 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fis nghWj;jtiu fl;lha tpdhtpw;F (compulsory question) khw;Wtpdh
,y;iy vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 xU Ntis cq;fshy; rpy fzf;FfSf;F tpilaspf;f Kbatpy;iy vdpy;> tpdh vz;iz
Nghl;Ltpl;L> me;j tpdhtpy; vd;d nfhLf;fg;gl;L (Given) ,Uf;fpwNjh mij kl;LkhtJ
vOj Kaw;rp nra;Aq;fs;.

2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (2 Mark Questions)

 ,g;gFjpapy; xU rpy tpdhf;fs;> tiuaiw (Definition)> KbTfs; (Properties)> Njw;wk; (Theorem)
Kjypa tbtq;fspy; Nfl;fg;gLk; vd;gjhy; mg;gFjpfis ed;F jahh; nra;J nfhs;sTk;.
 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fis nghWj;jtiu> 10 tpdhf;fs; tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jpYk; fl;lha
tpdhtpw;F khw;W tpdh ,y;iy. ,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Creative tpdhf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.

1 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (1 Mark Questions)

 1 kjpg;ngz; tpdhtpw;F midj;jpw;Fk; gapw;rp (Practice) mtrpak;. Fiwe;jJ 3 my;yJ 4
tpdhf;fs; Gj;jfj;jpd; ntspapypUe;J mjhtJ jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhthf ,Uf;Fk;.
 Kd;Ndw;w Nrhjid (Progress Check)> rpe;jid fsk; (Thinking Corner)> tpiuT FwpaPlL ;
tpdhf;fs; (QR Code Questions) Nghd;wtw;wpYk; gapw;rp mtrpak;. (Way To Success - Part II
Gj;jfj;jpy; ,tw;wpw;fhd tpilfs; tphpthf jug;gl;Ls;sJ)
 xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnaOJk;NghJ tpilAld; tpilFwpaPl;L (option)
vz;Zk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fis nghWj;jtiu jpdKk; Ra Njh;T (Self test) Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
ntw;wpf;F top gapw;rp Gj;jfj;ij (Way to success Practice book) Jizahf nfhz;L gapw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

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10 Mk; tFg;G - fzpjk; / MATHEMATICS  55
 xU kjpg;ngz; Ra Njh;T vOJtjw;nfd jdpahf xU Nehl;il itj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
me;jNehl;by; jpdKk; ,uz;L ghlq;fSf;fhd xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh vOj jahuhFq;fs;.
 xU thuk; fopj;J> jpdKk; 5 ghlq;fSf;fhd xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh vOj jahuhFq;fs;.
mjw;F mLj;j thuj;jpypUe;J jpdKk; 8 ghlq;fSf;fhd xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fisAk;
vOj jahuhfNtz;Lk;. ,tw;wpw;fhf ePq;fs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Neuk; 30 epkplq;fspypUe;J
45 epkplj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
 Ra Njh;tpd; NghJ tpdh vz; vOjp> tpilf;fhd FwpaPl;L vz; (Option) kw;Wk; tpil
Mfpatw;iw vOjpnfhs;Sq;fs;. cjhuzkhf>
xU cWjp epfo;r;rpapd; epfo;jfT m) 1 M) 0 ,)100 <) 0.1
Probability of sure event is a) 1 b) 0 c) 100 d) 0.1
,e;j tpdhtpid RaNjh;tpd; NghJ tpdh vz; 1. m) 1 vd;W vOjp nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
,t;thW kw;w tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;fNtz;Lk;. gpd;dh; tpilfis Gj;jfj;jpd;
cjtpAld; rhpghUq;fs;.
 gapw;rp (Practice) Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ rpy tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis jtwhf
vOjpapUe;jhy;> tpilfis rhpghh;jj
; gpd; jtwhf tpilaspj;j tpdhtpid 4/5 Kiw gapw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 ,t;thW nra;tjd; %yk; jtWfis Kw;wpYkhf jtph;j;J nghJj;Njh;tpy; xU kjpg;ngz;
tpdhf;fspy; KO kjpg;ngz;zhd 14 -IAk; ngwKbAk;.

Njh;Tf;F jahuhFjy; (Exam Preparation)

• fzpjg;ghlj;jpy; GhpjYf;F (understand) Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLq;fs;.

• kdg;ghlk; nra;Ak; gof;fj;ij iftpLq;fs;.
• vLj;Jf;fhl;L (Example) tpdhf;fisAk;> gapw;rp (Exercise) tpdhf;fisAk; khjphp
tpdhj;jhs;fisAk; nfhz;L jpUk;g> jpUk;g gapw;rp vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• Kf;fpa Fwpg;G: ,e;j Kiw jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; (Creative Questions) mjpfk;
,lk;ngWk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt xt;nthU ghlj;jpYk;> xt;nthU gapw;rpf;Fk;
Kd;dh; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kd;Diuia ed;F gbj;J itj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,uz;L
kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;> jahhpf;fg;gl;l xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fshf (Creative Questions)
Nfl;fg;gl tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk; vd;gjhy;> mijAk; ed;F gapw;rp nra;J
itj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

Njh;T miwapy;… (In Exam Hall…)

Nfs;tpj;jhs; gbj;jy; (Reading Question Paper)

 Nfs;tpj;jhisg; ngw;wTld; khzt khztpfs; mij filrp
tpdhtpypUe;J xt;nthU tpdhthf Nky; Nehf;fp gbg;gJ rpwe;jJ.
 mjhtJ 8 kjpg;ngz;> 5 kjpg;ngz;> 2 kjpg;ngz; kw;Wk; 1
kjpg;ngz; vdg; gbj;Jg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw
tpilaspj;jhy; ey;yJ.

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56  ntw;wpf;F top mikg;Nghk; - Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk;
8 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (8 Mark Questions)
 Nfs;tp vz; 44 tiuglk; (Graph)
 Nfs;tp vz; 43 nra;Kiw tbtpay; (Practical Geometry) Mfpatw;iw ghh;j;J
jd;dk;gpf;ifia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (5 Mark Questions)
 ,g;nghOJ 29tJ tpdhtpy; ,Ue;J 41tJ tpdh tiu (5 kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdh) gbj;J
mjpy; 9 tpdhf;fis Njh;T nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 Njh;T nra;Ak; NghJ> Nfs;tpj;jhspy; ve;j tpjkhd FwpaPLfSk; nra;af; $lhJ.
kdjpw;Fs;Ns KbT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 fl;lhakhf gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpdh vz; 42I epjhdkhf gbj;J gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Mf nkhj;jk; Vw;fdNt Njh;T nra;j 9 tpdh kw;Wk; fl;lha tpdh (Compulsory
Question) 1 vd 10 tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (2 Mark Questions)
 ,g;nghOJ 15tJ tpdhtpy; ,Ue;J 27 tJ tpdh tiu (2 kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdh) gbj;J
mjpy; 9 tpdhf;fis Njh;T nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 Njh;T nra;Ak; NghJ Nfs;tpj;jhspy; ve;j tpjkhd FwpaPfSk;
nra;af; $lhJ. kdjpw;Fs;Ns KbT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 fl;lhakhf gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpdh vz; 28I epjhdkhf gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Mf nkhj;jk; Vw;fdNt Njh;T nra;j 9 tpdh kw;Wk; fl;lha tpdh (Compulsory
Question) 1 vd 10 tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (1 Mark Questions)
 tpdh vz; 1 Kjy; 14 tiu xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;.
 ,e;j 14 tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fis vOJk; NghJ tpdh vz;> tpilf;FwpaPL (option)> tpil
vd rhpahf vOj Ntz;Lk;.
 ,tw;iw vOJk; NghJ mjpf ftdk; Njit.
 Vnddpy; tpdh vz;fisNah> tpilf;FwpaPl;ilNah khw;wp vOJtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;.

Neu Nkyhz;ik (Time Mangement)

tpdhj;jhs; gbf;f
(Question paper reading)
tpilj;jhspy; gjpntz;
Kjypatw;iw vOj (writing register
number in answer booklet)
8 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
8 Mark Questions
(Q.No. 43 to 44)
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
5 Mark Questions (Q.No.29 to 42)
2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
2 Mark Questions (Q.No.15 to 28)
1 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1 Mark Questions (Q.No 1 to 14)
jpUg;Gjy; Revision
12.55 PM to 1.15 PM
nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs;
 tpdhj;jhis filrpapypUe;J
10 minutes
gbj;jy; eyk;
 mjpf ftdj;Jld; epug;gTk;
5 minutes
 Kjy; 15 epkplk; -tiuglk; Graph
30 minutes  2tJ 15 epkplk; -nra;Kiw
tbtpay; Practical Geometry
 xU Nfs;tpf;F 7 epkplq;fs; tPjk;
70 minutes
10 Nfs;tpf;F 70 epkplq;fs;
 xU Nfs;tpf;F 4 epkplq;fs; tPjk;
40 minutes
10 Nfs;tpf;F 40 epkplq;fs;
20 minutes  rhpahf gjpy; njhpe;j Nfs;tpf;F 1 epkplKk;
fbdkhd Nfs;tpf;F kPjk; cs;s Neuj;ij
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
20 minutes
*****
3 hours + 15 minutes

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10 Mk; tFg;G - fzpjk; / MATHEMATICS  57

 vOjpa tpilfis xUKiw jpUg;gpg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

 Kbe;jtiu xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fSf;F thpir vz; khwhky; gjpy;
**** mspf;f Kaw;rp nra;aTk;.
 tpdh vz;fSk; tpilfSk; rhpahf vOjg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij cWjp nra;Aq;;fs;.
 Revision nra;Ak; NghJ mtw;wpw;fhd shortcut I gad;gLj;jp tpilfis rhpghh;f;fTk;.
v.fh: 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0 I fhuzpg;gLj;jy; (Factorization) Kiwapy; jPh; vd;w
1 1
tpdhtpw;F 𝑥𝑥 = − ,2vd tpil fpilf;Fk;. ,J rhpahdjh vd Nrhjpf;f 𝑥𝑥 = −
4 4
kw;Wk; 𝑥𝑥 = 2 vd 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 − 2 y; gpujpapl;llhy; mjd; tpilahf 0 fpilf;Fk;.
mt;thW 0 fpilj;jhy; ekJ tpil rhpahdjhFk;.
Nkw;fz;lij Nghy kw;w tpdhf;fSf;Fk; cross check nra;aTk;.

 Nkw;fz;l Neu Nkyhz;ikia gad;gLj;jp khjphpj;Njh;Tfs; vOjpg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb

%d;W kzp Neuk; njhlh;r;rpahf fpilf;ftpy;iy vdpy; me;je;j gFjpfSf;F
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Neuj;ij fzf;fpy; nfhz;L vOjp ghUq;fs;. njhlh; Kaw;rp kl;LNk
ntw;wpia jUk;.
 rhpahf gjpy; njhpe;j Nfs;tpfSf;F Neuk; Fiwthf vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; fbdkhd
Nfs;tpfSf;F kPjk; cs;s Neuj;ij gad;gLj;jp nfhs;syhk;.

tpilaspj;jy; (Answer writing)

,uz;L kjpg;ngz; (2 Marks) kw;Wk; Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fSf;F (5 Marks) fPo;f;fz;lthW

tpilaspf;f jahuhf Ntz;Lk;:

1. #j;jpuk; (Formula) :
 xt;nthU ghlj;jpYk; (Chapter) cs;s #j;jpuq;fis (Formula) gapw;rp (Exercise)
thhpahf jahh; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 gy khzth;fSk; “#j;jpuq;fis (Formula) vd;dhy; epidtpy; itj;J nfhs;s
Kbatpy;iy> MdhYk; ehd; xt;nthU KiwAk; Gj;jfj;ij itj;J kdg;ghlk;
nra;fpNwd;. gy Kiw vOjp ghh;f;fpNwd;” vd $Wfpd;wdh;.
 #j;jpuq;fis (Formula) nghWj;jtiu epidtpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;s rpwe;j top
gbj;jtw;iw rhg;gpLk;NghNjh my;yJ mikjpahf ,Uf;Fk; NghNjh kdjpy; jpUg;Gjy;
(Recall) nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;tjdhy; #j;jpuq;fs; (Formula) xU NghJk;
kwg;gjpy;iy.
2. gpujpapLjy; (Substitution) :
 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fspy; cs;s jfty;fis kpfr; rhpahf vLj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.
 cjhuzkhf nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpdhtpy; Muk; (Radius) 5 cm vdf; nfhLf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;>
Mdhy; tpl;lk; (Diameter) 5 cm vd vLj;J fzf;if NghLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;.
 ,t;thW Vw;gLk; jtiw jtph;f;f tpdhtpy; cs;s jfty;fis rhpahf vLj;J
vOjpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3. fzf;fPL (Calculation):
 khzth;fs; rpyh;> tpilj;jhspy; tpilia gf;fk; gf;fkhf vOjpdhy; kjpg;ngz; mjpfkhf
fpilf;Fk; vd fUJfpwhh;fs;.
 Mdhy; mt;thW gf;fq;fSf;F kjpg;ngz; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. NkYk; Calculation-I
nghWj;jtiu Njitahd Step ,Ue;jhNy NghJk;.
 Step by Step Mf Nghl;lhy; jhd; tpil tUk; vd fUJgth;fs; KOikahf Nghlyhk;.
 xt;nthU tpdhtpw;Fkhd Rough Work fis tpilj;jhspd; tyg;Gwkhf vOJq;fs;.

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58  ntw;wpf;F top mikg;Nghk; - Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk;
4. tpil (Answer):
 E}w;Wf;F E}W vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fUJgth;fs; kpf mjpf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba gFjp ,J.
 Vnddpy; tpilia vLj;J vOJk; NghJ myFfs; rhpahf Nghlg;gl;Ls;sjh vd ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 cjhuzkhf> Maj;njhiy tbtpay;> epfo;jfT cs;spl;l ghlq;fspy; vspa tbtpy;
tpilfis vOj Ntz;Lk;.
 tpilfis vOJk; NghJ mbj;jy;> jpUj;jy;fis Kw;wpYkhf jtpUq;fs;. jtwhf
vOjptpl;lhy; mjd;kPJ xNu xU NfhL Nghl;Ltpl;L vOJtij njhlUq;fs;.
 tpilj;jhs; mbj;jy; jpUj;jy;fs; ,d;wp ghh;g;gjw;F mofhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;nrhd;d
MNyhridfs; midj;ijAk; fbd ciog;Gld; Nru;j;J filgpbAq;fs;.
 fzpjj;jpy; rjk; (centum) cq;fs; trk;.

Government Model Question Paper – 2019 -2020 – xU ghh;it

Mathematics / fzf;F
Part – I / gFjp – I Part – II / gFjp – II
Q.No/tpdh vz; In Book /Gj;jfj;jpy;.. Q.No/tpdh vz; In Book /Gj;jfj;jpy;..
1 Ex.1.6-(1) 15 Definition /tiuaiw
2 Ex.2.10-(7) 16 Eg.2.15
3 Ex.2.10(11) 17 Ex.3.5 -1(i)
4 Creative 18 Ex.3.6-7
5 Ex.3.19-(13) 19 Ex.3.16-7(i)
6 Progress check 20 Eg.4.22
7 Ex.3.19-(15) 21 Eg.6.5
8 Ex.4.5-(14) 22 Ex.7.1-8
9 Ex.5.5-(6) 23 Ex.8.2-(1)
10 Ex.6.5-(7) 24 Creative
11 Creative 25 Creative
12 Ex.7.5-(3) 26 Ex.2.5-4
13 Ex.8.5-(8) 27 Eg.6.18
14 Ex.8.5-(5) 28 Creative


Part – III / gFjp – III Part – IV / gFjp – IV

Q.No/tpdh vz; In Book…/Gj;jfj;jpy;.. Q.No /tpdh vz; In Book…/Gj;jfj;jpy;..
29 Eg.1.15 43 a) Eg.4.25
30 Ex.1.4-2 43 b) Eg.4.19
31 Ex.2.5-12 44 a) Ex.3.15(5)
32 Eg.2.39 44 b) Creative
33 Ex.3.8-4(i)
34 Eg.3.47 (ii) Note: Eg-Example / vLj;Jf;fhl;L,
35 Eg 4.21 Ex- Exercise/gapw;rp
36 Ex.5.3-14(i)
37 Ex.6.3-3
38 Eg.7.22
39 Ex.8.2-5
40 Creative
41 Creative
42 Creative
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10 Mk; tFg;G - fzpjk; / MATHEMATICS  59

I. Important Formulae / Kf;fpakhd #j;jpuq;fs;

1. Relations and Functions / cwTfSk; rhh;GfSk;
 If 𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴) = 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑛𝑛(𝐵𝐵) = 𝑞𝑞 then  𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴) = 𝑝𝑝 kw;Wk; 𝑛𝑛(𝐵𝐵 ) = 𝑞𝑞 vdpy; 𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 ) = 𝑝𝑝

𝑝𝑝
𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
 fhh;Brpad; ngUf;fypd; Nrh;g;G kw;Wk;
 Distributive property of Cartesian product: ntl;Lfspd; kPjhd gq;fPl;L gz;Gfs;:
(i) 𝐴𝐴 × (𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝐶𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵) ∪ (𝐴𝐴 × 𝐶𝐶) (i) 𝐴𝐴 × (𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝐶𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵) ∪ (𝐴𝐴 × 𝐶𝐶)
(ii) 𝐴𝐴 × (𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵) ∩ (𝐴𝐴 × 𝐶𝐶) (ii) 𝐴𝐴 × (𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵) ∩ (𝐴𝐴 × 𝐶𝐶)

2. Numbers and Sequences / vz;fSk; njhlh;thpirfSk;

Arithmetic progression / $l;Lj;njhlh;thpir
(i) The numbers of the form 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑑𝑑, 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑑𝑑, 𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑑𝑑, … 𝑎𝑎 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑑
thpirapYs;s vz;fspd; tbtk;
(ii) 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ term / 𝑛𝑛 tJ cWg;G 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑑
(iii) Common difference/ 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑡1 = 𝑡𝑡3 − 𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑡𝑡4 − 𝑡𝑡3 = ⋯
nghJ tpj;jpahrk; 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 − 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛−1 , 𝑛𝑛 = 2,3,4, …
(iv) Total number of terms 𝑙𝑙−𝑎𝑎
𝑛𝑛 = � �+1
nkhj;j cWg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if 𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
(v) The sum of first 𝑛𝑛 terms 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎𝑎 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑑 ] (OR) 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 2 (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑙𝑙)
𝑛𝑛 cWg;Gfspd; $Ljy;
𝑛𝑛
Total amount for compound interest is 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃 �1 + 100�
𝑟𝑟

$l;Ltl;bf; fzf;Ffspy; nkhj;jj; njhif

Geometric progression / ngUf;Fj;njhlh; thpir
(i) The numbers of the form 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 2 , … . 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛−1 , . ..
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
thpirapYs;s vz;fspd; tbtk;
(ii) 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ term / 𝑛𝑛 tJ cWg;G 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛−1
𝑟𝑟
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛
(iii) Common ratio /nghJ tpfpjk; = 𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑡𝑡3 = 𝑡𝑡4 = ⋯ = 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑛𝑛 = 2,3,4, …
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
1 2 3 𝑛𝑛−1
(iv) The sum of first 𝑛𝑛 terms ≠ 1, > 1 𝑎𝑎(𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛−1)
𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 =
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟−1
𝑛𝑛 cWg;Gfspd; $Ljy;
=1 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑛𝑛
𝑟𝑟
𝑛𝑛
<1 𝑎𝑎(1−𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛)
𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 =
𝑟𝑟
1−𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎
(v) The sum of infinite terms , −1 < <1
1−𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
KbTwh cWg;Gfspd; $Ljy;
Special Series / rpwg;Gj; njhlh;fs;
Sum of first 𝑛𝑛 natural numbers 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛+1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛 =
2
Kjy; 𝑛𝑛 ,ay; vz;fspd; $Ljy;
𝑛𝑛
Sum of first 𝑛𝑛 odd natural numbers 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑛𝑛 − 1) = 2 × 2𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛2
Kjy; 𝑛𝑛 xw;iw ,ay; vz;fspd; $Ljy;
Sum of squares of first 𝑛𝑛 natural numbers 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛+1)(2𝑛𝑛+1)
12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛2 =
6
Kjy; 𝑛𝑛 ,ay; vz;fspd; th;f;fq;fspd; $Ljy;
Sum of cubes of first 𝑛𝑛 natural numbers 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛+1) 2
13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛3 = � �
Kjy; 𝑛𝑛 ,ay; vz;fspd; fdq;fspd; $Ljy; 2

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60  ntw;wpf;F top mikg;Nghk; - Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk;

3. Algebra /,aw;fzpjk;
Relationship between LCM and GCD kP.ngh.k kw;Wk; kP.ngh.k Mfpatw;Wf;F
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) × 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) ,ilNaahd njhlh;G
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) × 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )
= 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿[𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) × 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )] × 𝐺𝐺 𝐺𝐺[𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) × 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )] =kP.ngh.t[𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) × 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )] × kP.ngh.k[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) × 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )]
𝐿𝐿
𝐺𝐺
Operations of rational expressions: tpfpjKW Nfhitfs; kPjhd nray;fs;:
𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥)
, ⇒two rational expressions where 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)
> 𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥)
⇒ ,U tpfpjKW Nfhitfs;.
𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) 𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥)
𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥 ) ≠ 0, 𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥 ) ≠ 0 then ,q;F 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥 ) ≠ 0, 𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥 ) ≠ 0 vdpy;
𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)×𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)×𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥)
Their product is: × 𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)×𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥) mtw;wpd; ngUf;fw;gyd;: 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) × 𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)×𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥)
𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)
Their division: mtw;wpd; tFj;jy;:
𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)×𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥)
𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)
÷ 𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) × 𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)×𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥)
𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)×𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥) ÷ = × =
𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) 𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥) 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) 𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥) 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)×𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥)

Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation / ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fspd; jd;ik

∆= 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 Nature of roots / %yq;fspd; jd;ik
∆> 0 Real and unequal roots/ %yq;fs; nka; kw;Wk; rkkpy;iy
∆= 0 Real and equal roots/ %yq;fs; nka; kw;Wk; rkk;
∆< 0 No real root / nka; %yk; ,y;iy
The Relation between Roots and Co- efficient ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fSf;Fk;
of a Quadratic Equation nfOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s njhlh;G
2
𝛼𝛼, 𝛽𝛽 are the roots ⇒ 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 ⇒ %yq;fs; 𝛼𝛼 > 𝛽𝛽
𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏
−𝑏𝑏+√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −𝑏𝑏−√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −𝑏𝑏+√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −𝑏𝑏−√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝛼𝛼 = , 𝛽𝛽 = 𝛼𝛼 = 2𝑎𝑎
, 𝛽𝛽 = 2𝑎𝑎
2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑥𝑥apd; nfO
Sum of the roots 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = − 𝑎𝑎 = Co−efficient of 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑏𝑏 −Co−efficient of 𝑥𝑥 %yq;fspd; $Ljy; 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = − = ,
𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 2 apd; nfO
Constant term khwpyp cWg;G
Product of the roots 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑎𝑎 = Co−efficient of 𝑥𝑥2 %yq;fspd; ngUf;fy; 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥2 apd; nfO

𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐
𝛼𝛼
𝛼𝛼
∴ Quadratic Equation = 𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 )𝑥𝑥 + 𝛼𝛼 = 0 ∴ ,Ugbr;rkd;ghL = 𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 )𝑥𝑥 + 𝛼𝛼 = 0
𝛼𝛼
𝛼𝛼
Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
mzp $l;ly; kw;Wk; jpirapyp ngUf;fypd; gz;Gfs;:
𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶 ⇒ 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑛𝑛 matrices , 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶 ⇒ 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑛𝑛 thpirAila mzpfs;
𝑝𝑝,𝑞𝑞 ⇒ two non-zero scalars (numbers). 𝑝𝑝,𝑞𝑞 ⇒ ,uz;L G+r;rpakw;w vz;fs;
1 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴 Matrix addition is always mzpf;$l;ly; ghpkhw;W gz;G
commutative. cilaJ
𝐴𝐴 ≠ 𝐵𝐵 Matrix multiplication is not mzpg;ngUf;fy; ghpkhw;W gz;G
𝐴𝐴
𝐵𝐵
commutative. cilaJ my;y
2 𝐴𝐴 + (𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) + 𝐶𝐶 Matrix addition is always associative. mzpf;$l;ly; Nrh;g;G gz;G
cilaJ
(𝐴𝐴 )𝐶𝐶 = 𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵 ) Matrix multiplication is always mzpg;ngUf;fy; Nrh;g;G gz;G
𝐴𝐴
𝐵𝐵
associative cilaJ
3 (𝑝𝑝 )𝐴𝐴 = 𝑝𝑝(𝑞𝑞 ) Associative property of scalar jpirapyp mzpapd; ngUf;fy;
𝑝𝑝
𝑞𝑞
multiplication Nrh;g;G gz;G cilaJ.
4 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐴𝐴 Scalar Identity property where 𝐼𝐼 is the jpirapyp rkdpg;gz;G. ,q;F> 𝐼𝐼
𝐼𝐼
unit matrix vd;gJ myF mzpahFk;.
5 𝑝𝑝(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑝𝑝 Distributive property of scalar and ,uz;L mzpfs; kw;Wk;
𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝
two matrices jpirapypapd; gq;fPl;L gz;G
𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 ) = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐴 Right Distributive property tyJ gq;fPl;L tpjp
𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴
6 (𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞 )𝐴𝐴 = 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞 Distributive property of two scalars ,uz;L jpirapyp cila Xh;
𝑝𝑝
𝑞𝑞
with a matrix mzpapd; gq;fPl;Lg; gz;G
(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)𝐶𝐶 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 Left Distributive property ,lJ gq;fPl;L tpjp
𝐴𝐴
𝐵𝐵
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10 Mk; tFg;G - fzpjk; / MATHEMATICS 61

5. Coordinate Geometry / Maj;njhiy tbtpay;

Distance between two points Two points (,U Gs;spfs;) ⇒ 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) , 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 )
,U Gs;spfSf;F |𝐴𝐴 | = 𝑑𝑑 = �(𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 )2 .
,ilg;gl;l njhiyT

𝐴𝐴
Mid – point of line segment Two points (,U Gs;spfs;) ⇒ 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) , 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 )
Nfhl;Lj; Jz;bd; eLg;Gs;sp 𝑥𝑥 +𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 +𝑦𝑦
Mid – point (eLg;Gs;sp) � 1 2 2 , 1 2 2 �

𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ), 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ) ⇒ two distinct points (,UNtWgl;l Gs;spfs;),
gpupT #j;jpuk;

Ratio(tpfpjk;) ⇒ 𝑚𝑚: 𝑛𝑛
Formula
Section

Internal Division 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥1 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑛𝑛𝑦𝑦1

𝑃𝑃 � , �
cl;Gwkhf 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛
External Division 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥1 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑛𝑛𝑦𝑦1
𝑃𝑃 � , �
ntspg;Gwkhf 𝑚𝑚 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 − 𝑛𝑛
Centroid of a triangle Points (Gs;spfs;)⇒ 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ), 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ) , 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥3 , 𝑦𝑦3 )
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; eLf;Nfhl;L 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑥3 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑦𝑦3
ikak; 𝐺𝐺 � , �
3 3
1
Area of a Triangle = 2 {𝑥𝑥1 (𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦3 ) + 𝑥𝑥2 (𝑦𝑦3 − 𝑦𝑦1 ) + 𝑥𝑥3 (𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦2 )}
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gug;G
Sq. units(rJu myFfs;)
Collinearity of three points Area ∆𝐴𝐴 =0
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
xU Nfhl;like;j %d;W ∆𝐴𝐴 d; gug;G = 0
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Gs;spfs;
1
Area of the quadrilateral = {(𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦3 + 𝑥𝑥3 𝑦𝑦4 + 𝑥𝑥4 𝑦𝑦1 ) − (𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑥𝑥3 𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑥4 𝑦𝑦3 + 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦4 )}
2
ehw;fuj;jpd; gug;G sq.units (rJu myFfs;)

Equation of Straight line in various forms / Neu;f;Nfhl;L rkd;ghl;bd; gy;NtW tbtq;fs;

Form / tbtk; Name / ngau;
1 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 General form / nghJ tbtk;
𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏
2 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥1 ) Point – slope form / Gs;sp-rha;T tbtk;
3 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐 Slope – intercept / rha;T-ntl;Lj;Jz;L
𝑚𝑚
tbtk;
𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦1 𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1
4 = 𝑥𝑥 Two point form / ,U Gs;sp tbtk;
𝑦𝑦2 −𝑦𝑦1 2 −𝑥𝑥1
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
5 + =1 Intercept form / ntl;Lj;Jz;L tbtk;
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏

6 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 Parallel to 𝑌𝑌 axis / 𝑌𝑌 mr;Rf;F ,iz

7 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 Parallel to 𝑋𝑋 axis / 𝑋𝑋 mr;Rf;F ,iz

Slope of a straight line 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 vd;w Neu;Nfhl;bd; rha;T:

𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏
− coefficient of 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑥𝑥 - apd; nfO 𝑎𝑎
Slope 𝑚𝑚 = =− , rha;T 𝑚𝑚 = =− ,
coefficient of 𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 - apd; nfO 𝑏𝑏

− constant term − khwpyp

𝑦𝑦 intercept = = − 𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 ntl;Lj;Jz;L = = − 𝑏𝑏
𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐
coefficient of 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦-apd; nfO

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62  ntw;wpf;F top mikg;Nghk; - Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk;

6. Trigonometry / Kf;Nfhztpay;
Trigonometric Ratios: Let 0° < 𝜃𝜃 < 90° Kf;Nfhztpay; tpfpjq;fs;: 0° < 𝜃𝜃 < 90° vd;f.

𝑂𝑂 𝑂𝑂 𝑂𝑂 𝑂𝑂 𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 vjph;g;gf;fk; 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

sin 𝜃𝜃 = = sin 𝜃𝜃 = =
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑂𝑂
𝑂𝑂
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻 𝑂𝑂 fh;zk; 𝑂𝑂
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑂𝑂
𝑂𝑂
mLj;Js;s gf;fk; 𝑂𝑂
cos 𝜃𝜃 = =

𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 𝑂𝑂
cos 𝜃𝜃 = = fh;zk; 𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑂𝑂
𝑂𝑂
𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻 𝑂𝑂
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑂𝑂
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1 1 1
𝑡𝑡 = (or) ; 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = (or) ; 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ; 𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 cot 𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 tan 𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Identities / Kw;nwhUikfs;
sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ 1 + cot2 θ = cosec 2 θ
sin2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1 cosecθ = �1 + cot2 θ
sinθ = �1 − cos 2 θ secθ = �1 + tan2 θ cosec2 θ − cot2 θ = 1
cos 2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ tan2 θ = sec2 θ − 1 cot2 θ = cosec2 θ − 1
cosθ = �1 − sin2 θ tanθ = �sec2 θ − 1 cotθ = �cosec2 θ − 1

Some other Identities / NkYk; rpy Kw;nwhUikfs;

(1 − sin2 𝜃𝜃 ) sec2 𝜃𝜃 = 1 , (1 − cos 2 𝜃𝜃 )(1 + cot2 𝜃𝜃 ) = 1
Complementary angle / epug;Gf;Nfhzq;fs;
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (90° − 𝜃𝜃 ) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (90° − 𝜃𝜃 ) = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 (90° − 𝜃𝜃 ) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (90° − 𝜃𝜃 ) = 𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(90° − 𝜃𝜃 ) = 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 (90° − 𝜃𝜃 ) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐
Table of Trigonometric Ratios (Kf;Nfhztpay; tpfpjq;fspd; ml;ltiz) for
𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 , 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 , 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎 , 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 , 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟔
𝜃𝜃 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Trigonometric Ratios
(Kf;Nfhztpay; tpfpjq;fs;)
1 1
0 √3 1
sin 𝜃𝜃 2 √2
2
1 1
cos 𝜃𝜃 1 √3 0
2 √2 2
1
0 1 √3 Undefined
√3
tan 𝜃𝜃 (tiuaWf;f
,ayhJ)
2
Undefined 2 √2 1
√3
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 (tiuaWf;f
𝑐𝑐
,ayhJ)
2
1 √2 2 Undefined
√3
sec 𝜃𝜃 (tiuaWf;f
,ayhJ)
1
Undefined √3 1 0
√3
cot 𝜃𝜃 (tiuaWf;f
,ayhJ)
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10 Mk; tFg;G - fzpjk; / MATHEMATICS  63

7. Mensuration / mstpay;
CSA (sq.units) TSA (sq.units) Volume (cu.units)
Sl.No Solid Figure
tisgug;G / nkhj;jg;Gwg;gug;G fd msT
t.vz; jpz;kk; glk;
gf;fgug;G (r.m) (rJu myFfs;) (fd myFfs;)
Right
circular
2𝜋𝜋 (ℎ + ) 2
1 cylinder 2𝜋𝜋 ℎ 𝜋𝜋 ℎ

𝜋𝜋
𝑟𝑟
𝜋𝜋
𝑟𝑟
Neh;; tl;l
cUis
Hollow
cylinder 2𝜋𝜋 (𝑅𝑅 + ) 𝜋𝜋 ℎ (𝑅𝑅 + )
2. 2𝜋𝜋ℎ(𝑅𝑅 + )

𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
cs;sPlw;w (𝑅𝑅 − + ℎ) (𝑅𝑅 − )

𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
cUis
Right 𝜋𝜋

𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
circular 𝑙𝑙 = �ℎ2 + 2 1
3 � � 𝜋𝜋 (𝑙𝑙 + ) 𝜋𝜋 2
ℎ

𝑟𝑟
cone Neh; = �𝑙𝑙 2 − ℎ2 3

𝜋𝜋
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
tl;l f; $k; G
𝑟𝑟
Sphere 2 4 3
4 4𝜋𝜋 ---- 𝜋𝜋
Nfhsk; 3
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
Hemisphere 2
2 2 3
5 miuf; 2𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
3
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
Nfhsk;

Hollow
hemisphere 2𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅2 + 2) 2
6 2𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅2 + 2
) 𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅3 − 3
)
𝑟𝑟
cs;sPlw;w +𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅2 − 2
) 3
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
miuf;Nfhsk;

Frustum 𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅 + )𝑙𝑙 𝜋𝜋 (𝑅𝑅 + ) + 𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅2

1
𝑟𝑟
𝜋𝜋
𝑟𝑟
7 ,ilf; �𝑙𝑙 = �ℎ2 + (𝑅𝑅 − )2 � + 𝜋𝜋 2 𝜋𝜋ℎ(𝑅𝑅2 + 2
+ 𝑅𝑅 )
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
3
𝑟𝑟
𝑅𝑅
fz;lk;

4𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅2 = Outer 4
Hollow sphere
Surface area 4𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅2 + 2)
𝜋𝜋(𝑅𝑅3 − 3)
8 cs;sPlw;w 3
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
Nfhsk; (ntspg;Gw
tisg;gug;G)

9 Cuboid 2ℎ(𝑙𝑙 + 𝑏𝑏) 2(𝑙𝑙 + 𝑏𝑏ℎ + 𝑙𝑙ℎ) 𝑙𝑙 × 𝑏𝑏 × ℎ

fdr;nrt;tfk;
𝑙𝑙
Cube 4𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎3
6𝑎𝑎2
10 fdr;
rJuk;

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64  ntw;wpf;F top mikg;Nghk; - Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk;

8. Statistics and Probability / Gs;spapaYk; epfo;jfTk;

Arithmetic Mean / Sum of all the observations juTg; Gs;spfspd; $Ljy; kjp;g;G
𝑥𝑥̅ = � �
$l;Lr; ruhrup Number of observations juTg; Gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if

Range / tPr;R 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑆𝑆
Coefficient of range 𝐿𝐿−𝑆𝑆
tPr;Rf; nfO 𝐿𝐿+𝑆𝑆
Variance/ ∑𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥̅ )
2

tpyf;f tu;f;fr; ruhrup 𝜎𝜎 2 =

𝑛𝑛
Standard Deviation / ∑𝑛𝑛 2
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥̅ )
jpl;l tpyf;fk; 𝜎𝜎 = �
𝑛𝑛

Calculation of Standard Deviation for ungrouped data (njhFf;fg;glhj juTfspd; jpl;l tpyf;fk; fhZjy;)
(i) Direct Method Σ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 Σ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 2
Neub Kiw 𝜎𝜎 = � 𝑛𝑛
−� 𝑛𝑛
�
(ii) Mean Method Σ𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖2
$l;Lr; ruhrhp Kiw 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥̅ , 𝜎𝜎 = �
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
(iii) Assumed Mean Method Σ𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖2 Σ𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 2
Cfr; ruhrhp Kiw 𝜎𝜎 = � −� �
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
(iv) Step deviation Method Σ𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖2 Σ𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 2
gb tpyf;f Kiw 𝜎𝜎 = 𝑐𝑐 × � −� �
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛

Calculation of Standard Deviation for ungrouped data (njhFf;fg;gl;l jutpd; jpl;l tpyf;fk; fzf;fply;)
(i) Mean Method Σ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖2
ruhrhp Kiw 𝜎𝜎 = � , where 𝑁𝑁 = ∑𝑛𝑛=1 𝑓𝑓
𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
(ii) Assumed Mean Method Σ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖2 Σ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 2
Cfr; ruhrhp Kiw 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐴𝐴 , 𝜎𝜎 = � −� �
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖
Calculation of Standard deviation for continuous frequency distribution
njhlh; epfo;ntz; gutypd; jpl;ltpyf;fj;jpidf; fzf;fpLjy;
Σ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥̅ )2
𝜎𝜎 = � 𝑁𝑁
,
Mean Method 𝑥𝑥 = Middle value of the th class /
(i)
ruhrhp Kiw
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
MtJ ,ilntspapd; ika kjpg;G
𝑖𝑖
𝑓𝑓 = Frequency of the th class /
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
MtJ ,ilntspapd; epfo;ntz;
𝑖𝑖
Shortcut Method (or)
Step deviation method 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −𝐴𝐴 Σ𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 Σ𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 2 2
(ii)
vspa Kiw (my;yJ) 𝑑𝑑 = , 𝜎𝜎 = 𝑐𝑐 × � 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 − � 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖�
𝑖𝑖
𝑐𝑐
gb tpyf;f Kiw

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10 Mk; tFg;G - fzpjk; / MATHEMATICS  65
𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎
Coefficient of variation (khWghl;Lf;nfO) : C.V1= 𝑥𝑥̅1 × 100%, C.V2= 𝑥𝑥̅2 × 100%
1 2
i) C.V is more ⇒ Data is less consistent
khWghl;Lf;nfO mjpfk; ⇒Gs;sp tptuk; Fiwe;j rPh;ikj;jd;ik cilaJ.
ii) C.V is less ⇒ Data is more consistent
khWghl;Lf;nfO FiwT ⇒Gs;sp tptuk; mjpf rPh;ikj;jd;ik cilaJ.
iii) C.V is equal ⇒ One data depend other
khWghl;Lf;nfO rkk; ⇒ Gs;sp tptuq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W rhh;e;Js;sd.
To Find the Square root: Example:To find the square root of 75
th;f;f %yk; fz;lwpjy;: v.fh: 75f;F th;f;f %yk; fz;lwpjy;
(𝑋𝑋−𝑆𝑆) 𝑋𝑋 = 75,
√𝑋𝑋 = √𝑆𝑆 + 2√𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆 = 81(nearest square / mUfhikapy;
𝑋𝑋 –the number you want the square root
cs;s th;f;fk;)
(th;f;f %yk; fz;lwpa Ntz;ba vz;)
√𝑆𝑆 = 9
𝑆𝑆 – the closet square number you know to 𝑋𝑋 (75−81) −6 6
√75 = √81 + =9+ = 9−
(𝑋𝑋 f;F mUfhikapy; cs;s th;f;fk;) 2�√81� 2(9) 18

= 9 − 0.333 = 8.667

Verbal description of the

epfo;r;rp Equivalent set theoretical notation
event
Not 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 my;y 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 my;yJ 𝐵𝐵
𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵
(at least one of 𝐴𝐴or 𝐵𝐵) (Fiwe;j gl;rk; 𝐴𝐴 my;yJ 𝐵𝐵)
𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵
𝐴𝐴 but not 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 Mdhy; 𝐵𝐵 my;y 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵
Neither 𝐴𝐴 nor 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 Tk; ,y;iy 𝐵𝐵 Tk; ,y;iy 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵
At least one of 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 or 𝐶𝐶 Fiwe;jgl;rk; 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 my;yJ 𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝐶𝐶
Exactly one of 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐵𝐵 y; VNjDk; xd;W (𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) ∪ (𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵)
All three of 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 kw;Wk; 𝐶𝐶 Mfpa %d;Wk; 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶
Exactly two of 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 kw;Wk; 𝐶𝐶 Mfpatw;wpy; (𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶) ∪ (𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶) ∪ (𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶)
𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶 VNjDk; ,uz;L kl;Lk;
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Probability of an event(xU epfo;r;rpapd; epfo;jfT):
Number of outcomes favourable to occurence of 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 epfo;tjw;F rhjfkhd tha;g;Gfs; 𝑛𝑛(𝐸𝐸)
𝑃𝑃 (𝐸𝐸) = � � =
Number of all possible outcomes nkhj;j tha;g;Gfs; 𝑛𝑛(𝑆𝑆)
𝑛𝑛(𝑆𝑆)
 𝑃𝑃(𝑆𝑆) = = 1. The probability of sure event is 1. (cWjpahd epfo;r;rpapd; epfo;jfT 1)
𝑛𝑛(𝑆𝑆)

𝑛𝑛(∅) 0
 𝑃𝑃(∅) = = = 0. The probability of impossible event is 0. (,ayh epfo;;r;rpapd; epfo;jfT 0)
𝑛𝑛(𝑆𝑆) 𝑛𝑛(𝑠𝑠)

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66  ntw;wpf;F top mikg;Nghk; - Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk;

Algebra events: In a random experiment, epfo;r;rpfspd; nray;ghLfs;: xU rktha;g;G

𝑆𝑆 ⇒Sample space. Nrhjidapy; 𝑆𝑆 MdJ $Wntsp. 𝐴𝐴 ⊆ 𝑆𝑆 > 𝐵𝐵 ⊆
𝐴𝐴 ⊆ 𝑆𝑆 and 𝐵𝐵 ⊆ 𝑆𝑆 be the events in 𝑆𝑆. 𝑆𝑆 Mfpait $Wntsp 𝑆𝑆 d; epfo;;r;rpfs;
(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) is an event that 𝐴𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐵𝐵 Mfpa ,uz;L
occurs only when both 𝐴𝐴 epfo;;r;rpfSk; Nrh;e;J
and 𝐵𝐵 occurs. eilngw; why;> me;j epfo;
r r
; pahdJ
(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) vd;w epfo;r;rpahFk;.

(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) is an event that 𝐴𝐴 my;yJ 𝐵𝐵 apy; VjhtJ xd;W

occurs when either one of 𝐴𝐴 eilngw;why; me;j epfo;r;rpahdJ
or 𝐵𝐵 occurs. (𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) vd;w epfo;r;rpahFk;.

𝐴𝐴 is an event that occurs 𝐴𝐴 vd;w epfo;r;rpahdJ> 𝐴𝐴 vd;w

only when 𝐴𝐴 doesn’t occur. epfo;r;rp eilngwhj nghOJ
eilngWk; epfo;r;rpahFk;.

 𝑃𝑃�𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵� = 𝑃𝑃 (only 𝐴𝐴)= 𝑃𝑃 (𝐴𝐴) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) 𝑃𝑃�𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵� = 𝑃𝑃 (kl;Lk; 𝐴𝐴)= 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵)

 𝑃𝑃� 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵� = 𝑃𝑃(only 𝐵𝐵)= 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) 𝑃𝑃� 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵� = 𝑃𝑃(kl;Lk; 𝐵𝐵)= 𝑃𝑃 (𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵)

 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵)
If 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are mutually exclusive events 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 Mfpad xd;iwnahd;W tpyf;Fk;
then 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) epfo;r;rpfs; vdpy;. 𝑃𝑃 (𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃 (𝐵𝐵)

 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝐶𝐶 ) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶 ) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃 (𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ) − 𝑃𝑃 (𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶)

Fwpg;G 1: Nkw;fz;l #j;jpuq;fs; (Formulae) midj;Jk; Kf;fpakhditahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

vdNt khzth;fs; ,tw;iw ed;F kdg;ghlk; nra;J nfhs;Sk;gb mwpTWj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
Vnddpy; Njh;tpy; fzf;Ffis gpioapd;wp nra;tjw;F #j;jpuq;fis (Formulae) ed;F
mwpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpakhdjhFk;.

Fwpg;G 2: gpd;tUk; gFjpapy; tiuaiwfSk; (Definitions) Njw;wq;fSk; (Theorems)

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Njh;tpy; rpy 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; “tiuaW (Define) > vd;why; vd;d
(What is ..)?> Njw;wj;ij vOJf (State the theorem)” Nghd;w tbtpy; tu tha;g;Gs;sJ. vdNt
gpd;tUk; gFjpiaAk; khzth;fs; ed;F kdg;ghlk; nra;J nfhs;sTk;.
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II. Definitions and Theorems / tiuaiwfSk; Njw;wq;fSk;

tiuaiw
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1. Relations and Functions / cwTfSk; rhh;GfSk;
Definition
Cartesian Product: If 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two non-empty sets, then the fhh;Brpad; ngUf;fy;: 𝑨𝑨 kw;Wk; 𝑩𝑩 vd;gd ,uz;L ntw;wpy;yh fzq;fs;
set of all ordered pairs (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that 𝑎𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝐴, vdpy;> ,tw;wpd; thpirr; Nrhbfspd; fzkhdJ (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) 𝑎𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝐴, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ 𝐵𝐵 vd
𝑏𝑏 ∈ 𝐵𝐵 is called the Cartesian Product of 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵. ,Uf;Fk;. ,ij 𝐴𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐵𝐵 apd; fhh;Brpad; ngUf;fy; vd;fpNwhk;.
Thus 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 = {(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)|𝑎𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝐴, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ 𝐵𝐵} vdNt 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 = {(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)|𝑎𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝐴, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ 𝐵𝐵}

𝑅𝑅
f;F cs;s cwT
𝑅𝑅
Relation (R): Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 be any two non-empty sets. A relation cwT (𝑹𝑹): 𝐴𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐵𝐵 vd;gd ,uz;L ntw;wpy;yh fzq;fs; vd;f. 𝐴𝐴 apypUe;J 𝐵𝐵

d; topahf
MdJ rpy tpjpKiwfis epiwT nra;J> 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 apd;

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑅
(R) from 𝐴𝐴 to 𝐵𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 satisfying some

𝑥𝑥
,Ue;jhy; vd vOjyhk; . vd ,Ue; jhy; kl;
L Nk
specified conditions. If 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝐴 is related to 𝑦𝑦 ∈ 𝐵𝐵 through R, cl;fzkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝐴 tpw;Fk; 𝑦𝑦 ∈ 𝐵𝐵 f;Fkhd cwT
then we write it as 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 . 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∈ .
Image, Pre-image, Range: If 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑏𝑏, then 𝑏𝑏 is called image of epoy; cU> Kd; cU> tPr;rfk;: 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑏𝑏 Mf ,Ue;jjhy; rhh;G 𝑓𝑓y; 𝑏𝑏

vdTk; miof;fpNwhk;.
under 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑎𝑎 is called a pre-image of 𝑏𝑏. The set of all MdJ 𝑎𝑎 apd; epoy; cU vdTk; kw;Wk; 𝑎𝑎 MdJ 𝑏𝑏 apd; Kd; cU
images of the elements 𝑋𝑋 under 𝑓𝑓 is called the range of 𝑓𝑓. 𝑋𝑋 apd; midj;J epoy; cUf;fisAk;
nfhz;l fzj;ij 𝑓𝑓-apd; tPr;rfk; vd;fpNwhk;.

xU Gs;spapy; ntl;bdhy; mt;tistiu xU rhh;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk;.

Vertical line test: A curve drawn in a graph represents a function, if Fj;Jf;Nfhl;Lr; Nrhjid tistiuia xt;nthU Fj;Jf;NfhLk; mjpfgl;rk;

fpilkl;lf;Nfhl;Lr;Nrhjid: tistiu xd;Wf;nfhd;whd rhh;igf;Fwpj;jhy;> tiuag;

every vertical line intersects the curve in atmost one point.

gLk; fpilkl;lf;NfhL tistiuia mjpfgl;rkhf xU Gs;spapy; kl;LNk ntl;Lk;.

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Horizontal Line Test:A function represented in a graph in one – one,
if every horizontal line intersects the curve in at most one point.
Composition of function: Let 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 and 𝑔𝑔: 𝐵𝐵 → 𝐶𝐶 be two rhh;Gfspd; Nrh;g;G: 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 kw;Wk; 𝑔𝑔: 𝐵𝐵 → 𝐶𝐶 Mfpad ,uz;L rhh;Gfs;
functions. Then the composition of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 denoted by 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 vdpy; 𝑓𝑓 kw;Wk; 𝑔𝑔 d; rhh;Gfspd; Nrh;g;G 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 I 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥))

𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑚𝑚
is defined as the function 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)) for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝐴. midj;J 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝐴 vd tiuaWf;fyhk;.

𝑚𝑚
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lhy;> mJ Nehpa rhh;ghFk;.
Linear function: A function 𝑓𝑓: → defined by Nehpa rhh;G: 𝑓𝑓: → vd;w rhh;ghdJ> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑚𝑚 ≠ 0 vd

𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑏𝑏
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑚𝑚 ≠ 0 is called a linear function.

𝑏𝑏
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lhy;> mij ,Ugbr; rhh;G vd;fpNwhk;.
Quadratic function: A function 𝑓𝑓: → defined by ,Ugbr; rhh;G: xU rhh;G 𝑓𝑓: → , 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 ,(𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0) vd

𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 (𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a quadratic function.

𝑐𝑐
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lhy;> mijf; fdr; rhh;G my;yJ Kg;gb rhh;G vdg;gLk;.
Cubic function: A function 𝑓𝑓: → defined by fdr; rhh;G : xU rhh;G 𝑓𝑓: → , 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 (𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0) vd

𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 (𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a cubic function.
1

tiuaWf;fg;gl;lhy;> mJ jiyfPo;r;rhh;G vdg;gLk;.

Reciprocal function: A function 𝑓𝑓: − {0} → defined by
𝑥𝑥
jiyfPo;r;rhh;G: xU rhh;G 𝑓𝑓: − {0} → , 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = vd
1

𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 vd
𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = is called a reciprocal function.

𝑅𝑅
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ khwpypr;rhh;G vdg;gLk;.
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Constant function: A function 𝑓𝑓: → defined by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐 khwpypr;rhh;G: xU rhh;G 𝑓𝑓: → I 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐 midj;J 𝑥𝑥 ∈

67
for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈ is called a constant function.
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Types of mappings
Definition
One-One function (Injection): A function
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𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 is called one-one function if
distinct elements of 𝐴𝐴 have distinct
images in 𝐵𝐵.
Many-one function: A function 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 is
called many-one function if two or more
elements of 𝐴𝐴 have same image in 𝐵𝐵
Onto function (Surjection): A function 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 →
𝐵𝐵 is said to be onto function if the range
of 𝑓𝑓 is equal to the co-domain of 𝑓𝑓.
Into function: A function 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 is called an
into function if there exists at least one
element in 𝐵𝐵 which is not the image of any
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element of 𝐴𝐴
Constant function: A function 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 is
called a constant function if the range of 𝑓𝑓
contains only one element.
That is, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑐 for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝐴 and for
some fixed 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝐵𝐵.
Identity function: Let 𝐴𝐴 be a non-empty set.
Then the function 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐴𝐴 defined by
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝐴 is called an identity
function on 𝐴𝐴 and is denoted by 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 .
Real – Valued function: A function 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 is called a real
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
valued function if the range of 𝑓𝑓 is a subset of the set of
all real numbers . That is 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) ⊆
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rhh;Gfspd; tiffs;
tiuaiw
Example / vLj;Jf;fhl;L
xd;Wf;F xd;whd rhh;G (xU Gwr; rhh;G) 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 vd;gJ
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rhh;G vd;f. 𝐴𝐴d; ntt;Ntwhd cWg;Gfis 𝐵𝐵y; cs;s
ntt;NtW cWg;GfSld; 𝑓𝑓MdJ njhlh;GgLj;Jkhdhy;>
gytw;wpw;F xd;whd rhh;G:
𝑓𝑓 vd;gJ xd;Wf;F xd;whd rhh;G MFk;.
rhh;G 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 I
gytw;wpw;F xd;whd rhh;G vdpy;> mr;rhh;gpy; 𝐴𝐴 d;
cU ,Uf;Fk;.
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l cWg;GfSf;F> 𝐵𝐵 y; xNu epoy;
Nky; rhh;G (Nky;Gwr; rhh;G): 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 vd;w xU rhh;G>
Nky; rhh;G vdpy; 𝑓𝑓 d; tPr;rfkhdJ> 𝑓𝑓 d; Jiz
kjpg;gfj;jpw;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 𝐵𝐵
Fiwe;jgl;rk; Xh; cWg;gpw;fhtJ>
cl;rhh;G: xU rhh;G 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 MdJ cl;rhh;G vdpy;> 𝐵𝐵 y;
cU ,Uf;fhJ.
𝐴𝐴 y; Kd;
vdpy;>
khwpypr; rhh;G: rhh;G 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 MdJ khwpypr; rhh;G
𝑓𝑓 d; tPr;rfkhdJ xNu Xh; cWg;igf;
nfhz;ljhFk;. mjhtJ> 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑐> midj;J 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝐴
VNjDk; xU epiyahd 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝐵𝐵.
rkdpr; rhh;G: 𝐴𝐴 xU ntw;wpyh fzk; vd;f. rhh;G
𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐴𝐴 MdJ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 midj;J 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝐴 > vd
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lhy;> me;j rhh;G 𝐴𝐴 apd; rkdpr;
nka; kjpg;Gr; rhh;G:
rhh;G vdg;gLk;. ,ij 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 vdf; Fwpf;fyhk;.
𝑅𝑅
tPr;rfkhdJ> vDk; nka;naz;fspd;
rhh;G 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 MdJ nka; kjpg;Gr; rhh;G
𝑅𝑅
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vdpy;> 𝑓𝑓 apd;
68
cl;fzkhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjhtJ 𝑓𝑓 (𝐴𝐴) ⊆
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tiuaiw
nka;naz;fspd; njhlh;thpir vd;gJ ,ay; vz;fspd; kPJ
2. Numbers and Sequences / vz;fSk; njhlh;thpirfSk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l> nka;naz; kjpg;Gfisg; ngWk; rhh;ghFk;.

Definition

KbTW njhlh;thpir : xU njhlh;thpir KbTW vz;zpf;ifapy;

Sequences: A real valued sequence is a function defined
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cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mJ KbTW njhlh;thpir vdg;gLk;.
on the set of natural numbers and taking real values.

KbTwhj; njhlh;thpir :xU njhlh;thpirapy; KbTwh vz;zpf;ifapy;

Finite sequence: If the number of elements in a sequence is

cWg;Gfs; ,Ug;gpd; mJ KbTwhj; njhlh;thpir vdg;gLk;.

finite [countable]
Infinite sequence : If the number of elements in a sequence is

cWg;G: njhlh;thpirapd; xt;nthU epiyapy; tUk; vz;Zk;>

njhlh;thpirapd; Xh; cWg;G vdg;gLk;.
infinite. [uncountable]
Term: Each element in the sequence is called a term of the

njhlh;thpiria xU rhh;ghf mwpjy;: njhlh;thpirahdJ ,ay;

sequence.

𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
vd;gJ nka;naz;fspd;
Sequence as a function: A sequence can be considered as a
vz;fspd; 𝑁𝑁 kPJ tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l xU rhh;ghFk;. Fwpg;ghfj;

fzk; vd tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l rhh;ghFk;.

function defined on the set of natural numbers 𝑁𝑁. In
particular a sequence is a function 𝑓𝑓: 𝑁𝑁 → , where
is the set of all real numbers.
Arithmetic progression: Let 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑑𝑑 be real numbers.
Then the numbers of the form
njhlh;thpir MdJ 𝑓𝑓: 𝑁𝑁 → > ,q;F
$l;Lj;njhlh; thpir: 𝑎𝑎 kw;Wk; 𝑑𝑑 nka;naz;fs; vdpy;> 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑑𝑑, 𝑎𝑎 +
3𝑑𝑑, 𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑑𝑑, … vd;w tbtpy; mikAk; vz;fs; xU $l;Lj;njhlh;
thpiria mikf;Fk;. $l;Lj;njhlh;thpiria RUf;fkhf A.P. vd

vd;w vz;iz nghJ tpj;jpahrk; vd;Wk; miof;fpNwhk;.

𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑑𝑑, 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑑𝑑, 𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑑𝑑, 𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑑𝑑, … is said to Arithmetic
progression denoted by A.P. The number ′𝑎𝑎′ is called the first Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. ,q;F 𝑎𝑎 vd;w vz;iz Kjy; cWg;G vd;Wk; 𝑑𝑑

njhlh;:xU njhlh;thpirapd; cWg;Gfspd; $Ljy; njhlh; vdg;gLk;.

term and ′𝑑𝑑′ is called the common difference.

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Series :The sum of the terms of a sequence is called series.
𝑎𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑎2 , 𝑎𝑎3 , … 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 … vd;gJ xU nka;naz; njhlh;thpir vd;f. ,q;F

KbTW njhlh; : xU njhlhpy; KbTW vz;zpf;ifapy; cWg;Gfs;

Let 𝑎𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑎2 , 𝑎𝑎3 , … 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 … be the sequence of real numbers.

mikAkhdhy; mJ KbTW njhlh; vdg;gLk;.

Then the real number 𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎3 + ⋯ is defined as 𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎3 + ⋯vd;gJ nka;naz; njhlh; MFk;.

KbTwhj; njhlh; : xU njhlhpy; KbTwh vz;zpf;ifapy; cWg;Gfs;

the series of real numbers.

mikAkhdhy; mJ KbTwhj;njhlh; vdg;gLk;.

Finite series: If a series has finite number of terms

$l;Lj;njhlh;: xU njhlhpd; cWg;Gfs; $l;Lj; njhlh;thpirapy;

Infinite series: If a series has infinite number of terms

mikAkhdhy; mj;njhlh; $l;Lj;njhlh; vdg;gLk;.

Arithmetic series : A series whose terms are in Arithmetic

ngUf;Fj; njhlh;thpir: Kjy; cWg;igj; jtph;j;J kw;w cWg;Gfs;

midj;Jk; mjw;F Ke;ija cWg;ig xU G+r;rpakw;w khwhj
progression is called Arithmetic series.

vz;zhy; ngUf;ff; fpilf;Fk; njhlh;thpirahdJ ngUf;Fj;

Geometric progression: A Geometric progression is a

njhlh;thpir vdg;gLk;. ,e;j khwhj vz; nghJ tpfpjk; vdg;gLk;.

sequence in which each term is obtained by multiplying

nghJ tpfpjk; tof;fkhf vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

𝑎𝑎
a fixed non-zero number to the preceding term except

𝑎𝑎
the first term Let 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑟𝑟 ≠ 0 be real numbers.
𝑟𝑟

nghJ tpfpjk;
𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 , 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 2 , … 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛−1 is called General form of 𝐺𝐺. 𝑃𝑃. 𝑎𝑎 is
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𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 , 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 2 , … 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛−1 ,q;F 𝑎𝑎 vd;gJ Kjy; cWg;G kw;Wk; 𝑟𝑟 vd;gJ
called first term, 𝑟𝑟 is called common ratio.

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njhlh;thpirapy; mike;jhy; me;j njhlh; ngUf;Fj;njhlh; vdg;gLk;.

Geometric Series: A series whose terms are in Geometric ngUf;Fj;njhlh;:
progression is called Geometric series.

𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘
cilajhFk;. mjhtJ ,ij
Congruence Modulo: Two integers 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are congruence kl;L xUq;fikT : 𝑎𝑎 kw;Wk; 𝑏𝑏 f;F ,ilNa cs;s tpj;jpahrk; 𝑛𝑛d;
klq;F vdpy; kl;L 𝑛𝑛 d; mbg;gilapy; 𝑎𝑎Ak; 𝑏𝑏 Ak; xUq;fpirT

L vOjyhk; . ,q; F vd;g J kl; L vz; vd

modulo 𝑛𝑛 if they differ by an integer multiple of 𝑛𝑛. That
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𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑘𝑘 , 𝑘𝑘 ∈ 𝑍𝑍

miof; fg;
g LfpwJ. L vd; gjd; nghUs; MdJ
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑘𝑘 for some integer 𝑘𝑘. This can also be written
𝑎𝑎 ≡ 𝑏𝑏 (kl; 𝑛𝑛)vdTk; 𝑛𝑛

𝑚𝑚
as 𝑎𝑎 ≡ 𝑏𝑏 (mod 𝑛𝑛)
Here, the number 𝑛𝑛 is called modulus. In other words, 𝑎𝑎 ≡ 𝑏𝑏 (kl; 𝑛𝑛) 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏

Njw;wq;fs;
𝑎𝑎 ≡ 𝑏𝑏 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛) means 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏 is divisible by 𝑛𝑛. 𝑛𝑛My; tFgLk; vdyhk;.

Theorems

𝑏𝑏
Theorem 1 - Euclid’s division Lemma :Let 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 (𝑎𝑎 > 𝑏𝑏) Njw;wk; 1: A+f;spbd; tFj;jy; Jizj; Njw;wk;: 𝑎𝑎 kw;Wk; 𝑏𝑏 (𝑎𝑎 > 𝑏𝑏)

𝑏𝑏
be any two positive integers. Then, there exist unique vd;gd VNjDk; ,U kpif KOf;fs; vdpy;>𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟𝑟 < 𝑏𝑏
integers 𝑞𝑞 and 𝑟𝑟 such that 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟𝑟 < 𝑏𝑏. vd;wthW 𝑞𝑞, 𝑟𝑟 vDk; jdpj;j kpif KOf;fs; fpilf;Fk;.

𝑏𝑏
Generalised form of Euclid’s division lemma: If 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l A+f;spbd; tFj;jy; Jizj;Njw;wk;: 𝑎𝑎 kw;Wk; 𝑏𝑏

𝑏𝑏
any two integers then there exist unique integers 𝑞𝑞 and (𝑎𝑎 < 𝑏𝑏) vd;gd VNjDk; ,U KOf;fs; vdpy;> 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑟,

𝑏𝑏
𝑟𝑟 such that 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑟, where 0 ≤ 𝑟𝑟 < |𝑏𝑏| 0 ≤ 𝑟𝑟 < |𝑏𝑏| vd;wthW 𝑞𝑞, 𝑟𝑟 vDk; KOf;fs; fpilf;Fk;.

𝑏𝑏
Theorem 2:If 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are positive integers such that Njw;wk; 2: 𝑎𝑎 kw;Wk; 𝑏𝑏 vd;gd 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑟, vd mikAk; kpif KOf;fs;
vdpy;> 𝑎𝑎 kw;Wk; 𝑏𝑏 Mfpatw;wpd; midj;Jg; nghJ tFj;jpfSk;

,Uf;Fk;> NkYk; ,jd; kWjiyAk; cz;ik.

𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑟, then every common divisor of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 is 𝑎𝑎
common divisor of 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑟𝑟 and vice – versa. KiwNa 𝑏𝑏 kw;Wk; 𝑟𝑟 Mfpatw;wpd; nghJ tFj;jpfSf;Fr; rkkhf

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Theorem 3: If 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 are two positive integers with 𝑎𝑎 > 𝑏𝑏 Njw;wk; 3: 𝑎𝑎 kw;Wk; 𝑏𝑏 vd;gd ,U kpif KOf;fs; kw;Wk; 𝑎𝑎 > 𝑏𝑏
vdpy;> (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)apd; kP.ngh.t = (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏, 𝑏𝑏)apd; kP.ngh.t

,ay; vz;fisAk; gfh vz;fspd; ngUf;fw;gydhff; fhuzpg;gLj;j

then GCD of (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) =GCD of (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏, 𝑏𝑏)

KbAk;. NkYk; ,e;j fhuzpg;gLj;JjyhdJ (gfh vz;fis vOJk;

Theorem 4 : Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every Njw;wk; 4 (mbg;gil vz;zpay; Njw;wk;): 1 I jtph;j;J kw;w midj;J

thpiriaj; jtph;j;J) xNu Kiwapy; mikAk;.

natural number except 1 can be factorized as a product
of primes and this factorization is unique except for the
order in which the prime factors are written.

𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
Njw;wk; 5 : 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 kw;Wk; 𝑑𝑑 vd;gd KOf;fs; kw;Wk; 𝑚𝑚 vd;gJ xU kpif

𝑚𝑚
Theorem 5 : 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 and 𝑑𝑑 are integers and 𝑚𝑚 is a positive
( )
integer such that if 𝑎𝑎 ≡ 𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑐𝑐 ≡ 𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 ( ) KO. 𝑎𝑎 ≡ 𝑏𝑏 (kl;L 𝑚𝑚) kw;Wk; 𝑐𝑐 ≡ 𝑑𝑑 (kl;L 𝑚𝑚)vdpy;>

𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
then (i) (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑐𝑐) ≡ (𝑏𝑏 + 𝑑𝑑)(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚) (i) (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑐𝑐) ≡ (𝑏𝑏 + 𝑑𝑑 )(kl;L 𝑚𝑚) (ii) (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑐𝑐 ) ≡ (𝑏𝑏 − 𝑑𝑑 )(kl;L 𝑚𝑚)

𝑚𝑚
(ii) (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑐𝑐) ≡ (𝑏𝑏 − 𝑑𝑑)(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚) (iii) (𝑎𝑎 × 𝑐𝑐) ≡ (𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑)(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚) (iii) (𝑎𝑎 × 𝑐𝑐 ) ≡ (𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 )(kl;L 𝑚𝑚)

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚
Theorem 6 : If 𝑎𝑎 ≡ 𝑏𝑏 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚)then Njw;wk; 6 : 𝑎𝑎 ≡ 𝑏𝑏 (kl;L 𝑚𝑚) vdpy;

𝑚𝑚
(i) 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 (kl;L 𝑚𝑚)
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(i) 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚)

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(ii) 𝑎𝑎 ± 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑏𝑏 ± 𝑐𝑐 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚)for any integer 𝑐𝑐. (ii) 𝑎𝑎 ± 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑏𝑏 ± 𝑐𝑐 (kl;L 𝑚𝑚) VNjDk; xU kpif KO 𝑐𝑐

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3. Algebra / ,aw;fzpjk;
Definition

mike;j xUgbr; rkd;ghL> ,U khwpfspy; mike;j Nehpa rkd;ghL

Linear equation in two variable: Any first degree ,U khwpfspy; mike;j Nehpa rkd;ghLfs;: 𝑥𝑥 kw;Wk; 𝑦𝑦 vd;w ,U khwpfspy;
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equation containing two variables 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 is called a

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
linear equation in two variables. vdg;gLk;. 𝑥𝑥 kw;Wk; 𝑦𝑦 vd;w ,U khwpfspy; mike;j Nehpa rkd;ghl;bd;
Its general form is 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0, where atleast one nghJ tbtk; 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 MFk;. ,q;F 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 vd;gdtw;wpy; VNjDk;
of 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 is non-zero and 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 are real numbers. xd;W G+r;rpakw;wJ kw;Wk; 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 Mfpait nka;naz;fs;.

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
Linear equation in three variable: Any first degree %d;W khwpfspy; mike;j Nehpa rkd;ghLfs;: 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 , 𝑧𝑧 vd;w %d;W
equation containing three variables 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 and 𝑧𝑧 is khwpfspy; mike;j Nehpa rkd;ghl;bd; nghJ tbtk; 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 +

VNjDk; xd;whtJ G+r;rpakw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

called a linear equation in three variables. where 𝑑𝑑 = 0 ,q;F 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐, 𝑑𝑑 vd;gd nka;naz;fs; kw;Wk; 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 vd;gdtw;wpy;
atleast one of 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 is non-zero and 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐, 𝑑𝑑 are real

njhFg;gpd; nghJ tbtk;

numbers. General form of a system of linear 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 vd;w %d;W khwpfspy; mike;j Nehpa rkd;ghl;L
equations in three variables 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧
𝑎𝑎1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐1 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑1 = 0 𝑎𝑎1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐1 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑1 = 0
𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐2𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑2 = 0 𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐2 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑2 = 0
𝑎𝑎3 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏3 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐3𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑3 = 0 𝑎𝑎3 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏3 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐3𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑3 = 0
Rational Expression: An expression can be written in the tpfpjKW Nfhitfs;: 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) vd;w tbtpy; vOj ,aYk; Nfhitfs;

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𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)
form 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) then it is called a rational expression where tpfpjKW Nfhitfs; vdg;gLk;;. ,q;F 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) kw;Wk; 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) vd;git

gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhitfspd; tpfpjkhff; fUjyhk;.

𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) are polynomials and 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥 ) ≠ 0. A gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhitfs; kw;Wk; 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥 ) ≠ 0 tpfpjKW Nfhitfis ,U
rational expression is the ratio of two polynomials.

tpfpjKW Nfhitia tiuaWf;fg;gl Kbatpy;iyNah mk;kjpg;ig>

Excluded value: A value that makes a rational tpyf;fg;gl;l kjpg;G: ve;j nka; kjpg;gpw;F > 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) (RUq;fpa tbtpy;) vDk;
𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)

nfhLf;fg;l;l tpfpjKW Nfhitapd; tpyf;fg;gl;l kjpg;G vd;Nghk;

expression (in its lowest form) undefined is
called exclude value.

𝑏𝑏
vd miof;fpNwhk;. ,U gbf;Nfhitia
Quadratic Expression: An expression of degree 2 is called ,Ugbf; Nfhit: Nfhitapd; gb 2 Mf ,Ug;gpd; mij “,Ugbf; Nfhit”

𝑏𝑏
a Quadratic Expression. It is expressed as 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 vd
𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 are real numbers. vOjyhk;. ,q;F, 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0 kw;Wk; 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 Mfpait nka; vz;fshFk;.
Zeros of a quadratic expression: For a polynomial 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 ), ,Ugb gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitapd; G+r;rpaq;fs;: 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 ) vd;gJ xU gy;YWg;Gf;

G+r;rpakhFk;.
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if 𝑝𝑝(𝑎𝑎) = 0 then 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 is called zero of 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 ). Nfhit vd;f 𝑝𝑝(𝑎𝑎) = 0 vdpy; 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 vd;gJ 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 ) d; xU

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𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏
Roots of the quadratic equation: The values of 𝑥𝑥 such ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs;: 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0, (𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0) vd;gJ Xh;

𝑏𝑏
that the expression 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 becomes zero ,Ugbr; rkd;ghL vd;f. 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 vd;w Nfhitapd; kjpg;ig

𝑏𝑏
,Ugb rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; vd;fpNwhk;.
are called roots of the quadratic equation G+r;rpakhf;Ffpd;w 𝑥𝑥 apd; kjpg;Gfis 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 vd;w
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𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0.
−𝑏𝑏±√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −𝑏𝑏±√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎
The roots are 𝑥𝑥 = %yq;fshtd> 𝑥𝑥 =

cs;s mLf;F epiu vd;Wk; nrq;Fj;J kl;lj;jpy; cs;s mLf;F epuy;

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Matrix: A Matrix is a rectangular array of elements. The mzp : nrt;tf mLf;F mikg;ig mzp vdf; $WfpNwhk;. fpilkl;lj;jpy;
horizontal arrangements are called rows and vertical
arrangements are called columns.
Order of a matrix: If a matrix 𝐴𝐴 has 𝑚𝑚 rows and 𝑛𝑛 mzpapd; thpir: 𝐴𝐴 vd;w Xh; mzpapy; 𝑚𝑚 epiufSk;> 𝑛𝑛 epuy;fSk;
columns, then the order of 𝐴𝐴 is 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑛𝑛 ,Ug;gpd; mzp 𝐴𝐴 d; 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑛𝑛 thpir MFk;.
epiu epuy; khw;W mzp: 𝐴𝐴 vd;w mzpapd; epiufis epuy;fshfTk; my;yJ

mzp vdg;gLk;.
Transpose of a matrix: It is obtained by interchanging
epuy;fis epiufshfTk; khw;w fpilf;Fk; mzp 𝐴𝐴 apd; epiu epuy; khw;W

Fwpg;gplyhk;.
rows and columns of a matrix of the given 𝐴𝐴 is
𝐴𝐴 apd; epiu epuy; khw;W mzpia 𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇 vdf;
called transpose of 𝐴𝐴 and is denoted by 𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇

Equal Matrices: Two marices 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are said to be

rk mzpfs;: mzpfs; 𝐴𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐵𝐵 Mfpatw;wpd; thpirfs; kw;Wk; 𝐴𝐴 apy;
equal if and only if they have the same order and
cs;s xt;Nthh; cWg;Gk; 𝐵𝐵 apy; cs;s xj;j cWg;GfSf;Fr; rkk;

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each element of matrix 𝐴𝐴 is equal to the
vdpy;> 𝐴𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐵𝐵 Mfpait rk mzpfs; vdg;gLk;.
corresponding element of matrix 𝐵𝐵.
The negative of a matrix: The negative of a matrix
vjph; mzp: mzp −𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚×𝑛𝑛 apd; vjph; mzp 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚×𝑛𝑛 vd;wthW mikAk;. −𝐴𝐴

cWg;Gfspd; $l;ly; Neh;khwy;fshf ,Uf;Fk;.

𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚×𝑛𝑛 denoted by (−𝐴𝐴)𝑚𝑚×𝑛𝑛 is the matrix formed
vd;w mzpapy; cs;s midj;J cWg;GfSf;Fk; 𝐴𝐴 tpy; cs;s xj;j
by replacing each element in the matrix 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚×𝑛𝑛 with
its additive inverse.

$l;ly; rkdpahFk;.
Additive identity : Null matrix (or) zero matrix is the $l;ly; rkdp : mzp $l;lypy; ntw;W mzp my;yJ G+r;rpa mzpahdJ
identity of matrix addition. Let 𝐴𝐴 be any matrix,
𝐴𝐴 vd;gJ VjhtJ Xh; mzp vd;f. 𝐴𝐴 + 𝑂𝑂 = 𝑂𝑂 + 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 ($l;ly; rkdpg;

mzpAk; xNu thpiriaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

𝐴𝐴 + 𝑂𝑂 = 𝑂𝑂 + 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 Where 𝑂𝑂 is the null matrix or
zero matrix of same order as that of 𝐴𝐴. gz;G) ,q;F> 𝐴𝐴 vd;w mzpAk; 𝑂𝑂 vd;w ntw;W mzp my;yJ G+r;rpa

Additive inverse: If 𝐴𝐴 be any given matrix then −𝐴𝐴 is mzpapd; $l;ly; Neh;khW: 𝐴𝐴 vd;gJ VjhtJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l mzp vd;f.
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the additive inverse of 𝐴𝐴. 𝐴𝐴 + (−𝐴𝐴) = (−𝐴𝐴) + 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑂𝑂 −𝐴𝐴 vd;gJ 𝐴𝐴 apd; $l;ly; Neh;khW vdg;gLk;.

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,q;F 𝐴𝐴 + (−𝐴𝐴) = (−𝐴𝐴) + 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑂𝑂
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tiuaiw vLj;Jf;fhl;L
epiu mzp: Xh; mzpapy; xU epiu
Types of matrices

kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; mt;tzp epiu mzp

Definition Example
Row matrix: A matrix that has only one 𝐴𝐴 = [5 3 4 1] 𝐴𝐴 = [5 3 4 1]

epuy; mzp: Xh; mzpapy; xU epuy; kl;Lk;

row. Order = 1 × 𝑛𝑛 Order = 1 × 4 thpir = 1 × 4
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vdg;gLk;. thpir = 1 × 𝑛𝑛

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Column matrix: A matrix that has only 1 1
one column 𝐴𝐴 = �2� Order = 3 × 1 ,Ue;jhy; mt;tzp epuy; mzp vdg;gLk;. 𝐴𝐴 = �2� thpir = 3 × 1

rJu mzp: Xh; mzpapd; epiufspd;

5 thpir = 𝑚𝑚 × 1 5

vz;zpf;ifahdJ epuy;fspd;
Order = 𝑚𝑚 × 1

vz;zpf;iff;Fr; rkkhf ,Ug;gpd; mt;tzp

Square matrix: A matrix in which have 1 2 1 2
𝐴𝐴 = � � 𝐴𝐴 = � �

rJu mzp vdg;gLk;.

equal number of rows and columns. 3 4 3 4
Order = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑚𝑚

%iytpl;l mzp: xU rJu mzpapy;

Order = 2 × 2 thpir = 2 × 2

Kjd;ik %iytpl;lj;jpw;F NkNyAk;

thpir = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑚𝑚

fPNoAk; cs;s midj;J cWg;GfSk;

Diagonal matrix:A square matrix which 3 0 0 3 0 0

G+r;rpaq;fs; vdpy;> mt;tzp %iytpl;l

have 0 value for elements above and 𝐴𝐴 = �0 1 0� 𝐴𝐴 = �0 1 0�

mzp vdg;gLk;.
below the leading diagonal. 0 0 2 0 0 2

jpirapyp mzp: xU %iytpl;l mzpapy;>

Order = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑚𝑚 thpir = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑚𝑚 thpir = 3 × 3

Kjd;ik %iytpl;l cWg;Gfs;

Order = 3 × 3

midj;Jk; rkkhfTk; G+r;rpakpy;yhj

Scalar matrix:A diagonal matrix which 7 0 0 7 0 0

khwpypahfTk; ,Ug;gpd; me;j mzp>

have equal, non-zero constant value 𝐴𝐴 = �0 7 0� 𝐴𝐴 = �0 7 0�

jpirapyp mzp vdg;gLk;.

for all elements along the leading 0 0 7 0 0 7
diagonal
Order = 3 × 3 thpir = 3 × 3
thpir = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑚𝑚

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Order = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑚𝑚

Kjd;ik %iytpl;;l cWg;Gfs;

xt;nthd;Wk; 1 vdpy; me;j mzp myF
Identity (or) Unit matrix ( 𝑰𝑰 ): 1 0 myF mzp ( 𝑰𝑰 ): xU jpirapyp mzpapy; 1 0
𝐼𝐼2 = 𝐴𝐴 = � � 𝐼𝐼2 = 𝐴𝐴 = � �

mzp vdg;gLk;.
A diagonal matrix which have value 1 0 1 0 1
for all elements along the leading
diagonal. Order = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑚𝑚 thpir = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑚𝑚

cWg;Gk; G+r;rpak; vdpy;> me;j mzp

Zero matrix (or) Null matrix ( 𝑶𝑶 ): 0 0 G+r;rpa mzp (𝑶𝑶): Xh; mzpapYs;s xt;nthU 0 0
A matrix which have all element 𝑂𝑂 = 𝐴𝐴 = �0 0� 𝑂𝑂 = 𝐴𝐴 = �0 0�

fPo; Kf;Nfhz mzp :xU rJu mzpapy;

0 0 G+r;rpa mzp vdg;gLk;. thpir = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑛𝑛 0 0

Kjd;ik %iytpl;lj;jpw;F NkNy

value as 0. Order = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑛𝑛

cs;s cWg;Gfs; midj;Jk; G+r;rpak;

Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix 7 0 0 7 0 0

vdpy;> me;j mzp fPo; Kf;Nfhz mzp

in which all the entries above the 𝐴𝐴 = �4 8 0� 𝐴𝐴 = �4 8 0�

vdg;gLk;.
leading diagonal are zero is called a 6 1 9 6 1 9

Nky; Kf;Nfhz mzp : xU rJu mzpapy;

Kjd;ik %iytpl;lj;jpw;F fPNo cs;s
lower triangular matrix.

cWg;Gfs; midj;Jk; G+r;rpak; vdpy;> me;j

Upper triangular matrix: If all the entries 7 5 2 7 5 2

mzp Nky; Kf;Nfhz mzp vdg;gLk;.

below the leading diagonal are zero, 𝐵𝐵 = �0 6 1� 𝐵𝐵 = �0 6 1�
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then it is called an upper triangular 0 0 9 0 0 9

73
matrix.
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Xh; cUtj;jpd; xt;Nthh; msTk; kw;nwhU cUtj;jpd; msTf;F tpfpjr;

rkkhf ,Ue;jhy; me;j ,U cUtq;fSk; tbnthj;jit MFk;.
4. Geometry / tbtpay;
Two figures are said to be similar if every aspect of one figure is

xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; %d;W
proportional to other figure.
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Nfhzq;fSk; kw;w Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; %d;W xj;j
Congruent triangle: If three angles and their corresponding ru;trk Kf;Nfhzq;fs; :

Nfhzq;fSf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. xj;j gf;fq;fSk;

sides of two triangles are same, then the two triangles are

rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
said to be congruent.

v.fh:
Example:

𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴
𝐵𝐵 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝐵𝐵 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃
𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 =
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃

Nfhzq;fSk; kw;w Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; %d;W xj;j

Similar triangle: If three angles of two triangles are same and tbnthj;j Kf;Nfhzq;fs; : xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; %d;W

Nfhzq;fSf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. xj;j gf;fq;fs;

their corresponding sides are proportional, then the two

tpfpjrkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
triangles are said to be Similar

v.fh:
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴
Example:

𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑃𝑃
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𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 = =
= = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃

Theorems Njw;wq;fs;

Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; xU gf;fj;jpw;F ,izahfTk; kw;w ,U gf;fq;fis

Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) or Thales theorem: A mbg;gil tpfpjrk Njw;wk; my;yJ Njy;]; Njw;wk;:xU Neu;NfhL

ntl;LkhWk; tiuag;gl;lhy; mf;NfhL mt;tpuz;L gf;fq;fisAk; rk

tpfpjj;jpy; gpupf;fpwJ.
straight line drawn parallel to a side of triangle
intersecting the other two sides, divides the sides in

mbg;gil tpfpjrk Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiy (m) Njy;]; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiy:

the same ratio.

xU Neu;NfhL xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fisr; rktpfpjj;jpy;

Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem: If a straight

gpupj;jhy;> me;Neu;NfhlhdJ %d;whtJ gf;fj;jpw;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk;.

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line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same

74
ratio, then the line must be parallel to the third side.
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cl;Gw ,U rkntl;bahdJ mf;Nfhzj;jpd; vjpu;g;gf;fj;ij cl;Gwkhf
Angle Bisector Theorem: The internal bisector of an angle of Nfhz ,Urkntl;b Njw;wk;: xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; xU Nfhzj;jpd;

mf;Nfhzj;jpid mlf;fpa gf;fq;fspd; tpfpjj;jpy; gpupf;Fk;.

a triangle divides the opposite side internally in the ratio of

Nfhz ,Urkntl;b Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiy : xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; xU

the corresponding sides containing the angle.

KidapypUe;J nry;Yk; xU Neu;NfhL> mjd; vjpu; gf;fj;jpid

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Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem: If a straight line

cl;Gwkhf kw;w ,U gf;fq;fspd; tpfpjj;jpy; gpupf;Fkhdhy;> mf;NfhL

through one vertex of a triangle divides the opposite

mike;j Kidf; Nfhzj;jpid cl;Gwkhf ,U rkkhfg; gpupf;Fk;.

side internally in the ratio of the other two sides, then
the line bisects the angle internally at the vertex.

gpjhfu]; Njw;wk;: xU nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzj;jpy; fu;zj;jpd;

tu;f;fk; kw;w ,U gf;fq;fspd; tu;ff
; q;fspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;.
Pythagoras Theorem: In a right angle triangle, the square
on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
on the other two sides.

tu;f;fk; kw;w ,U gf;fq;fspd; tu;f;fq;fspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;

Converse of Pythagoras Theorem: If the square of the longest gpjhfu]; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiy: xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpy; ePskhd gf;fj;jpd;

vdpy;> me;j Kf;Nfhzk; nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzk; MFk;.

side of a triangle is equal to sums of squares of other two
sides, then the triangle is a right angle triangle.

topNa xU ehz; tiuag;gl;lhy;> me;j ehz; njhLNfhl;Lld;

Alternate Segment theorem: If a line touches a circle and khw;W tl;lj; Jz;L Njw;wk;: tl;lj;jpy; njhLNfhl;bd; njhLGs;sp

Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzq;fs; KiwNa xt;nthd;Wk; jdpj;jdpahf

from the point of contact a chord is drawn, the angles

khw;W tl;lj;Jz;Lfspy; mike;j Nfhzq;fSf;Fr; rkk;.

between the tangent and the chord are respectively equal

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
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to the angles in the corresponding alternate segments.

𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴
𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴
Ceva’s Theorem:Let 𝐴𝐴 be a triangle and let 𝐷𝐷, 𝐸𝐸, 𝐹𝐹 be rPth]; Njw;wk;: 𝐴𝐴 vd;gJ xU Kf;Nfhzk; vd;f. gf;fq;fs; 𝐵𝐵 ,

𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶 , kw;Wk; 𝐴𝐴 -apy; cs;s Gs;spfs; KiwNa 𝐷𝐷, 𝐸𝐸 kw;Wk; 𝐹𝐹

𝐶𝐶
points on lines 𝐵𝐵 , 𝐶𝐶 , 𝐴𝐴 respectively. Then the

𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
𝐷𝐷 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐷𝐷 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
vd;f. Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gf;fq;fs; xNu jpiriag; nghWj;J> 𝐴𝐴 ,
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
cevians 𝐴𝐴 , 𝐵𝐵 , 𝐶𝐶 are concurrent if and only if
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

xt;nthU tpfpjj;jpidAk; jiyfPopahf khw;wpdhYk;

𝐷𝐷

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝐵𝐵 , 𝐶𝐶 vd;w rPtpad;fs; xUq;fpire;Js;sJ vdpy;> × ×
𝐷𝐷
× × = 1 where the lengths are directed. This
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

Nkw;$wpaJ cz;ikNa. Vnddpy; 1-d; jiyfPop xd;W MFk;.

also works for the reciprocal of each of the ratios as the = 1.

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴
reciporcal of 1 is 1.

𝑄𝑄 𝑅𝑅 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴
𝑄𝑄 𝑅𝑅
Menelaus Theorem: A necessary and sufficient condition nkdpyh]; Njw;wk; : 𝐴𝐴 vd;w Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gf;fq;fs; 𝐵𝐵 , 𝐶𝐶 , 𝐴𝐴

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Mfpad xU Nfhlike;j Gs;spfshf mikaj; Njitahd kw;Wk;
𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶
for points 𝑃𝑃, , on the respective sides 𝐵𝐵 , 𝐶𝐶 , 𝐴𝐴 (my;yJ mtw;wpd; ePl;rp)-apy; cs;s Gs;spfs; KiwNa 𝑃𝑃, ,

NghJkhd epge;jid
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
(or their extension) of a triangle 𝐴𝐴 to be collinear is
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

cs;s Nfhl;Lj;Jz;Lfs; midj;Jk; jpir rhu;e;jitahFk;.

that × × = −1 where all segments in the × × = −1 . ,e;jr; #j;jpuj;jpy;
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formula are directed segments.

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𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
5. Coordinate Geometry / Maj;njhiyT tbtpay;
rha;T: Neu;Fj;jw;w Neu;Nfhl;bd; (non-vertical line) rha;Tf; Nfhzk;

Fwpf;fyhk;.
Slope: If 𝜃𝜃 is the angle of inclination of a non-vertical straight

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝜃𝜃 vdpy;> 𝑡𝑡 vd;gJ mf;Nfhl;bd; rha;T MFk;. ,ij 𝑚𝑚 vdf;

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
line, then 𝑡𝑡 is called the slope or gradient of the line and is
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denoted by 𝑚𝑚.
Therefore the slope of the straight line is 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑡𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ vdNt> Neu;Nfhl;bd; rha;T 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑡𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 180° , 𝜃𝜃 ≠ 90° MFk;.
0 0
180 , 𝜃𝜃 ≠ 90

rha;T
Values of slopes / rha;Tfspd; kjpg;Gfs;

t. vz; epge;jid tiuglk;

S.no Condition Slope Diagram

kpif jpirapy; ,izahf

The line is parallel to

mikAk;
Neu;NfhlhdJ 𝑋𝑋 mr;rpd;
(i) 𝜃𝜃 = 0° the positive direction
of 𝑋𝑋 axis.

Neu;Nfhl;bd; rha;T xU kpif

vz; MFk;
(Neu;NfhlhdJ ,lkpUe;J
The line has positive

tyJ Nehf;fp caUk;NghJ

slope (A line with

rha;thdJ kpif vz; MFk;)

(ii) 0 < 𝜃𝜃 < 90°
positive slope rises

Neu;Nfhl;bd; rha;T xU Fiw

from left to right)

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vz; MFk;.
(Neu;NfhlhdJ ,lkpUe;J
The line has negative

tyJ Nehf;fp ,wq;Fk; NghJ

slope (A line with

rha;thdJ Fiw vz; MFk;)

(iii) 90° < 𝜃𝜃 < 180°
negative slope falls
from left to right).

Fiw jpirapy; ,izahf

The line is parallel to

,Uf;Fk;
Neu;NfhlhdJ 𝑋𝑋 mr;rpd;
(iv) 𝜃𝜃 = 180° the negative direction
of 𝑋𝑋 axis.

(v) 𝜃𝜃 = 90° The slope is undefined. rha;it tiuaWf;f ,ayhJ.

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 Let 𝑙𝑙1 and 𝑙𝑙2 be two lines with well-defined slopes 𝑚𝑚1 and  Neu;Fj;jw;w ,U Neu;NfhLfs; 𝑙𝑙1 , 𝑙𝑙2 Mfpatw;wpd; rha;Tfs;
𝑚𝑚2 respectively, then KiwNa 𝑚𝑚1 , 𝑚𝑚2 vdpy;>
(i) 𝑙𝑙1 is parallel to 𝑙𝑙2 if and only if 𝑚𝑚1 = 𝑚𝑚2 . (i) 𝑙𝑙1 MdJ 𝑙𝑙2 -f;F ,iz vdpy;> vdpy; 𝑚𝑚1 = 𝑚𝑚2 .
(ii) 𝑙𝑙1 , 𝑙𝑙2 xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;J vdpy;> 𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 = −1.

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
(ii) 𝑙𝑙1 is perpendicular to 𝑙𝑙2 if and only if 𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 = −1.

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
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Straight line: Any first degree equation in two variables 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 Neu;NfhL: 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 vDk; ,U khwpypfspy; mike;j xUgbr; rkd;ghL
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 vd;gJ 𝑥𝑥 jsj;jpy; mike;j xU Neu;NfhlhFk;.

𝑥𝑥
xd;whtJ G+r;rpakw;wjhFk;.
of the form 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 are real numbers
and at least one of 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 is non-zero is called “Straight line” in ,q;F 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 Mfpad nka;naz;fs; kw;Wk; 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 -apy; VNjDk;
𝑥𝑥 plane.

ghh;itf;NfhL: ehk; xU nghUis cw;W

6. Trigonometry / Kf;Nfhztpay;

Nehf;Fk; NghJ ekJ fz;zpypUe;J

Definition
Line of sight: The line of sight is the line

mg;nghUSf;F tiuag;gLk;
drawn from the eye of an observer to the

Neh;f;Nfhl;il “ghh;it NfhL” vd

point in the object viewed by the

miof;fpNwhk;.
observer.

ghh;itf;Nfhl;bw;F NkNy ,Uf;Fk; NghJ

Angle of elevation: The angle of elevation is Vw;wf;Nfhzk;: xU nghUs; ek; fpilepiyg;

fpilepiyg; ghh;it Nfhl;bw;Fk;> ghh;itf;

an angle formed by the line of sight with

Nfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s Nfhzk; Vw;wf;

the horizontal when the point being

Nfhzk; vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ mg;nghUis

viewed is above the horizontal level.

ghh;f;f ehk; jiyia rw;Nw cah;j;Jk;

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That is, the case when we raise our head

epiyNa MFk;.
to look at the object.

,wf;ff; Nfhzk;: xU nghUs; ek; fpilepiyg;

ghh;itf;Nfhl;bw;Ff; fPNo ,Uf;Fk; NghJ>
ghh;itf;Nfhl;bw;Fk;> fpilepiyg; ghh;itf;
Angle of Depression : The angle of

Nfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s Nfhzk;

depression is an angle formed by the line

,wf;ff; Nfhzk; vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ

of sight with the horizontal when the

mg;nghUis ehk; ghh;f;f jiyia rw;Nw

point is below the horizontal level. That

jho;j;Jk; epiyNa MFk;.

is, the case when we lower our head to
look at the point being viewed.

kw;Wk; ,wf;ff; Nfhzq;fisf;

fpisNdh kPl;lh;: nghJthf Vw;wf;Nfhzk;

fpisNdh kPl;lh; vd;w fUtpapd; %yk;

Clinometer : The angle of elevation and
depression are usually measured by a

fz;lwpayhk;.
device called clinometer.
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tiuaiw
khwp: Xu; fzf;nfLg;gpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; msTfs; khwpfs;
8. Statistics and Probability / Gs;spapaYk; epfo;jfTk;

vdg;gLfpd;wd. khwpfs; nghJthf vdf;

Definition

Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Variable: The quantities which are being considered in a
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survey are called variables. Variables are generally 𝑥𝑥i , 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛𝑛.

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epfo;ntz;fs;: Xu; fzf;nfLg;gpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; msTfs; khwpfs;
denoted by 𝑥𝑥i , where 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛𝑛.

Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Frequencies: The number of times, a variable occurs in a given
data is called the frequency of that variable. Frequencies vdg;gLfpd;wd. khwpfs; nghJthf 𝑥𝑥i , 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛𝑛. vdf;

$l;Lr; ruhrup: $l;Lr; ruhrup my;yJ ruhrup vd;gJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l juTg;

are generally denoted as 𝑓𝑓i , where 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛𝑛.

Gs;spfspd; $Ljiy juTg; Gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;L

Arithmetic Mean: The Arithmetic Mean or Mean of the given
values is sum of all the observations divided by the total

tPr;R: jutpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l kpfg; ngupa kjpg;gpw;Fk; kpfr; rpwpa

number of observations. It is denoted by 𝑥𝑥̅ tFf;Fk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; kjpg;G MFk;. ,jid 𝑥𝑥̅ vdf; Fwpg;gpLNthk;.

kjpg;gpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghL tPr;R vdg;gLk;.

Range: The difference between the largest value and the

tpyf;f tu;f;fr; ruhrup : juTj; njhFg;gpYs;s xt;nthU juTg; Gs;spf;Fk;>

smallest value is called Range

mjd; $l;L ruhrupf;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrq;fis tu;f;fg;gLj;jp> me;j

Variance: The mean of the squares of the deviations from the
mean is called Variance. It is denoted by 𝜎𝜎 2
tu;f;fq;fSf;F ruhrup fhz;gJ tpyf;f tu;f;fr; ruhrup (𝜎𝜎 2 )MFk;.

vdg;gLk;. jpl;l tpyf;fkhdJ> vt;thW xt;nthU kjpg;G $l;L

ruhrupapypUe;J gutp my;yJ tpyfp cs;sJ vd;gijj
Standard Deviation: The positive square root of Variance is called jpl;l tpyf;fk;: tpyf;f tu;f;fr; ruhrupapd; kpif tu;f;f%yk; jpl;ltpyf;fk;

njspTgLj; J fpwJ.
Standard deviation. That is, standard deviation is the positive
square root of the mean of the squares of deviations of the given

khWghl;Lf;nfO: ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;g;gl;l juTfspd; xj;j

values from their mean. It is denoted by 𝜎𝜎

khw;wq;fis xg;gpl jpl;ltpyf;fj;jpw;F njhlh;Gila msthd>

khWghl;Lf;nfO gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Coefficient of variation: For comparing two or more data for

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corresponding changes the relative measure of standard

rktha;g;G Nrhjid: xU rktha;g;G Nrhjid vd;gjpy;

deviation called Coefficient of variation.
Random experiment: A random experiment is an experiment in
which (i) The set of all possible outcomes are known (i) nkhj;j tha;g;Gfs; mwpag;gLk;

$Wntsp: xU rktha;g;G Nrhjidapy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; midj;J

(ii) Exact outcome is not known (ii) Fwpg;gpl;l tha;g;Gfs; mwpag;glhJ.

rhj;jpakhd tpisTfspd; njhFg;G $Wntsp vdg;gLfpwJ.

Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes in a random

$W Gs;sp: xU $WntspapYs;s xt;nthU cWg;Gk; $W Gs;sp vd;W

experiment is called a sample space.

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Sample point: Each element of a sample space is called a sample point.

tpisTfisAk; ku tiuglk; %yk; vspjhf ntspg;gLj;jyhk;. xU

kutiuglj;jpy; cs;s xt;nthU fpisAk; rhj;jpakhd tpisitg;
Tree diagram: Tree diagram allow us to see visually all possible ku tiuglk;: xU rktha;g;Gr; Nrhjidapd; midj;Jr; rhj;jpakhd

gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
outcomes of an random experiment. Each branch in a tree

epfo;r;rp: xU rktha;g;Gr; Nrhjidapy; fpilf;Fk; xt;nthU tpisTk;

diagram represent a possible outcome.

epfo;r;rp vd;fpNwhk;. vdNt> xU epfo;r;rp $Wntspapd; cl;fzkhf

,Uf;Fk;.
Probability of an event: In a random experiment, let 𝑆𝑆 be the
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sample space and 𝐸𝐸 ⊆ 𝑆𝑆. Then if 𝐸𝐸 is an event, the probability

78
of occurrence of 𝐸𝐸 is defined as 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)
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epfo;
r r
; p vLj;Jf;fhl;L
Types of Events
Events

mjw;F Nkw;gl;l epfo;r;rpfs; fpilf;Fk; jiy kw;Wk; G+

Example

xt; n thd;
W k; epfo;tjw;F Mfpait rktha;g;G
Equally likely events: Two or more events Head and tail are equally rktha;g;G epfo;r;rpfs; :,uz;L my;yJ xU ehzaj;ij Rz;Lk;NghJ

rktha;g;Gfs; ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwr; epfo;r;rpfs;.

are said to be equally likely if each one of likely events in tossing a
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rktha;g;G epfo;r;rpfs; vd;fpNwhk;.
them has an equal chance of occurring. coin.

cWjpahd epfo;r;rpfs;: xU Nrhjidapy; xU gfilia cUl;Lk;NghJ

epr;rakhf epfOk; epfo;r;rpia 1ypU e;J 6 tiu cs; s ,ay;
vz;fspy; VNjDk; xU vz; fpilf;Fk;
cWjpahd epfo;r;rp vd;fpNwhk;.
Certain events/ Sure Event: In an When we roll a die, the event

epfo;r;rp cWjpahd epfo;r;rpahFk;.

experiment, the event which surely occur of getting any natural number

,uz;L ehzaq;fis Rz;Lk;

is called certain event. from 1 to 6 is a certain event.

NghJk; eilngw Kbahj epfo;r;rp NghJ %d;W jiyfs;

When we toss two coins, ,ayh epfo;r;rpfs;:xU Nrhjidapy;> xU

,ayh epfo;r;rp vdg;gLk;. fpilf;Fk; epfo;r;rp ,ayh

Impossible events / NULL Event: In an
the event of getting three

epfo;r;rpahFk;.
experiment if an event has no scope to occur
heads is an impossible

xU gfilia cUl;Lk;NghJ
then it is called an impossible event. event.

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l xw;iwg;gil vz;fs; kw;Wk;

epfo;r;rpfSf;F nghJthd
When we roll a die the xd;iwnahd;W tpyf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs;:

,ul;ilg;gil vz;fs;
Mutually exclusive events: Two or more

$WGs;spfs; ,Uf;fhJ. me;j

events of getting odd

fpilf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs;
events are said to be mutually exclusive if

epfo;r;rpfis xd;iwnahd;W xd;iwnahd;W tpyf;Fk;

they don’t have common sample points. numbers and even

epfo;r;rpfs;.
numbers are mutually

Mfpait xd;iwnahd;W tpyf;Fk

i.e., events 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 are said to be mutually
exclusive events. tpyf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs; vd;fpNwhk;. 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵

epfo;r;rpfs; vd;why;
exclusive if, 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 = ∅.

epiwT nra; epfo;r;rpfs; :epfo;r;rpfspd; xU ehzaj;ij ,UKiw

Rz;Lk;NghJ ,uz;L jiyfs;
𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 = ∅.

Nru;g;G fzk; $Wntspahf ,Ug;gpd;

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xNu xU jiy> jiy ,y;yhky;
When we toss a coin twice,

mtw;iw epiwT nra; epfo;r;rpfs;

Exhaustive events: The collection of events

fpilf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs; epiwT

the collection of events of

vd;fpNwhk;.
whose union is the whole sample space

nra; epfo;r;rpfs;.
getting two heads, exactly
are called exhaustive events. one head, no head are

epug;G epfo;r;rpfs; : xU gfilia cUl;Lk;NghJ

exhaustive events.
When we roll a die, the 𝐴𝐴 -apd; epug;G

tpisTfisf; nfhz;l $W Gs;spfs;

Complementary events: The complement of

kw;Wk;
𝑐𝑐
event ‘rolling 5 or 6’ and 5 ,6 fpilg;gjw;fhd epfo;r;rpAk;

𝑐𝑐
epfo;r;rpahdJ 𝐴𝐴 -apy; ,y;yhj kw;w

fpilg;gjw;fhd epfo;r;rpAk;
an event 𝐴𝐴 is the event representing
the event of rolling 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3,4

epug;G epfo;r;rpfshFk;.
collection of sample points not in 𝐴𝐴. It is
MFk;. ,ij 𝐴𝐴′ my;yJ 𝐴𝐴 my;yJ 𝐴𝐴̅

xd;iwnahd;W tpyf;Fk; kw;Wk; epiwT

denoted 𝐴𝐴′ or 𝐴𝐴 or 𝐴𝐴̅ . The event 𝐴𝐴 and its or 4 are complementary
vdf; Fwpf;fyhk;. 𝐴𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐴𝐴′ Mfpait

nra;Ak; epfo;r;rpfshf ,Uf;Fk;.

complement 𝐴𝐴′ are mutually exclusive events.
and exhaustive.
Addition theorem on Probability: epfo;jftpd; $l;ly; Njw;wk;:
(i) If 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are any two events then, (i) 𝐴𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐵𝐵 Mfpad VNjDk; ,U epfo;r;rpfs; vdpy;>
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵)
(ii) If 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶 are any three events then (ii) 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 kw;Wk; 𝐶𝐶 Mfpad VNjDk; %d;W epfo;r;rpfs; vdpy;>
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𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝐶𝐶 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃 (𝐵𝐵) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶 ) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝐶𝐶 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃 (𝐵𝐵) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶 ) −𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐶𝐶 )

79
+𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶) +𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶)
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