Game Research/Design

presents:
EUROPA, up and coming:
GR/D is committed to you, the Europa player. We are producing
games, modules, variants, accessories to give you Europa Plus.
Look for the following proiects —

The Urals - Europa Xlll (3—89) Designed by John Astell Dennis &

Dubberley. The Urals displays the heart of the Soviet war machine on three and
1/2 maps that attach to Scorched Earth The latest OB/OA research and errata
.

along with over 10 charts makes The Urals a definite plus when added to
FITE/SE. Factory locations, additional military districts, rail nets for the entire
Soviet Union and more... $24.95 plus $1.00 shipping from GR/D.

For Whom The Bell Tolls - Europa

XIV (In Progress) Designed by
John Gee and Jeff Millefoglie. The definitive Spanish civil war game built to
Europa specifications For Whom The Bell Tolls takes you to the roots of WWII
where Hitler tested his armed might against the will of the western democracies.
This game has been designed using the latest Europa rules and will be produced
with careful attention to the standards quality that has always graced the system.

and more...
GR/D will be producing Europa - East Africa
' Russo-Finnish War
Soviet Asia
Grand Europa (in partnership with GDW)

and variants
Czech '38
The Mediterranean
Special Operations
and accessories
Accessories to the series will include special counter sheets that will provide you with the
additional armies, navies and airforces of the neutrals and opponents; extra markers and
to give you the latest in
corps counters for all the participants. We will also continue information
events, research information, OB data and interesting new previously
unavailable, in The Europa News and The Europa Association.
EUROPATM is the Trade Mark of Game Designers' Workshop and is used with their permission.
The Europa News Wand The Europa Association“VI are Trade Marks of Game Research/Design.
©Copyright‘1989. Game Research'DesEgn. All rights reserved.
 The Europa News
The magazine dedicated to the Europa system
No. 5 January/February 1989
Publishers CONTENTS
Winston Hamilton, John Astell News from GRID ________
Game Research/Design ...................................................................... 2
PO. Box 591
Grime“, IA 50112-0591
Scorched Earth 22 June 1941 Fre D l
f.....fl?..‘.’.¥.'.“f.'1‘
byioim M. Asiei ..................................... 3

Egrgnight German Security Units on the Eastern Front

by Shelby L. Stam” ........................................................................
4
Rt 2, Box 120
Brewster, KS 57732 The 1st Moscow Proletariat Rifle Division .
b y Charles C. Sha rp ......................................................................... 6
Associate Editor
Gary Stagliano Grand Europa Desi g n Re port .....................................................8
182-J Homestead St
Manchester, CT 06040
Opponents Wanted ...........................................................................8
ggllbmtissttsanton The Urals Module: An Update
e y ‘
by Denn's J. D u bbe rI ey
...................................................................9
I

Charles C. Sharp
L ay out
Beyond Compass
by JameS A. Broshot ....................................................................... 1 O
Ben Knight, Winston Hamilton

Pr‘'n t'ng
'
Scorched Earth Errata - Jan I 89
by John M. Astell
Grinnell Graphix ............................................................................. 12
Rules Court ................................................................................... 14
Copyright
_

TEN is the official publication

Home Front
Ofthe Europa Association. A” by Jay Kaufman ............................................................................... 16
material is copyright © 1989 by
Game Research/Design.
Debugging the System
by Tom Johnson .............................................................................. 17
Advertismg
_ _

Coma“ WmStO“ “ammo" at EXchange by Phillip Buhler, A. E. Goodwin, Ken Kettering,

Game ResearCh/Des'gn-
Rule ‘51 M°V°ment
Europa Association members,
please notify us of your ad-
dress changes by writing:
Game Research/Design
P-O- BOX 591
Grinnell, lA 50112-0591
Bill Stone, Rich Velay, and Mike Arthur
...................................... 18
At-TEN-tion! .......................................................................................19
Bookend
by Antonio J. Munoz ....................................................................... 20
Stubbing Your TO&E .................................................... 22
by Timothy O'Shenko
page 2
News from GR/D
by Winston Hamilton
As you may or may not have heard,
GR/D will be taking over Europa. This
means that reprints of existing games
and the new games we have talked
about will be from GR/D. Game De-
signers‘ Workshop will be publishing
Second Front and Grand Europa as
the transistion is occurring This move
has the full support and participation
of those most crucial to it, Frank
Chadwick, Marc Miller, and John
Astell.
The fact that GDW is turning the sys»
tern over to us will in no way dismiss
the high quality we have come to ex-
pect in the series. The quality will be
assured because the people that
were in charge of the production of
Europa will continue to play the lead
ing roles in the series. There will be
new games, as announced in previ-
ous TENs and notices members of
The Europa Association have re-
ceived. There will be additional acces—
sories and kits, and there will be some
variants to the system after we have
completed the series.
in short, there is much more to
come for Europa. All of those who
have contributed to the series have
indicated a desire to continue. Some
have even suggested the series
move to the Far East to encompass
the Pacific Theater of Operations.
Well . a P.T.O. series is not out of
. .
the question it we could all live long
enough to see it completed, but for
I
one want to make sure we finish the
TEN 4 Erratum
by Ben Knight
Last issue John Astell authored the
draft OB for the Free French units in
Second Front. At the bottom of page
3 he listed an optional unit, the 1st
Motorized XX, to be used in place of
the 1st "Marche" Infantry XX. lwas re—
sponsible for the graphics accompa-
Europa series in good order.
Events Coming Up
GFl/D is proposing a Europa get-
together at Origins LA. in July of
in
this year. Details on this will be set out
in the next TEN, but in general we are
thinking of a dinner and talk by some
people such as John Astell, Shelby
Stanton, and others not yet drafted to
do the duty. You would be asked to
buy a ticket to the gathering which
would give you a dinner and discus—
sion and some other goodies in and
about Europa. Cost for the dinner and
discussion would be $10 to $15 per
person. It's still in the "look at this"
stage, but watch TEN for more news.
Europafest is being put on by
Tom Johnson & Co. in Wisconsin.
Frank Chadwick, myself, and maybe
John Astell will be there. Look at the
ad in this issue for details. There will
be room for about 250 according to
Tom. Some of you may remember
Tom‘s demo that was put on at Origins
'88. It was trememdous in that it gave
a large number of new players expo-
sure to the series.
The Modern is On
TEN has the ability to talk to you di-
rect and we want all of you who want
to write and have a modem to use the
facility. We will call you, so you don't
have to pay for the call. Our modem
program should be able to receive
from any other modem program. If you
have a document you would like to
submit to us for publication, drop us a
line at PO Box 591, Grinnell, IA
50112. Be su re to give us your
phone number so we can get in touch
with you.
nying John's article, and l mistakenly
drew the 1st Mot XX as a mechanized
rather than motorized unit. The cor-
rected graphic is shown below. (My
thanks to Bill Stone for his sharp eye.)
mg
8-8
or .g0
8—1
Write Right
If you don't have a modem and want
to write, please do. But it you are writ-
ing we need you to write to us with a
typewriter, double spaced, or a word
processor, double spaced. Submis-
sions are rated for payment on the ed-
ited version of the article received—an
important point to remember.
Remember the Second Front Is
Coming iron-on we sent you last time
and the instructions for more? Forget
the additional cost. If you would like
another iron-on, just let us know.
They are free. We will honor all rea-
sonable requests for them.
Over There, Over There
Here's the word if your sub is from
over there: foreign subscribers out-
side the U.S. and Canada have two
options to remember. It you want your
subscription delivered to you via sur-
face you must let us know. We Will
send all subscriptions via air mail un-
less you teli us otherwise
A Modest(?) Proposal
There are several counters within
the exslsting Europa system that are
wrong in various respects (strength
errors, size errors, etc). GR/D is un»
dertaking a project to produce a mas»
ter counter errata sheet lor the entire
system. To this end we need the help
of anyone who may have detailed in-
formation as to what needs to be
fixed. If you have spent the usual
hours and hours on your lavorite
game and you know what needs to be
fixed we would like to have the infor-
mation. Just how many counters this
may be is unknow tor a total count,
but suspect that there are probably
I
less than 60 total counters that need
iixing. What would like to do is issue
i
a 240 standard sheet with the fixed
counters and some additional coun-
ters to be used throughout the sys-
tem-static AA counters for Case
White and the like. In any event, to
begin the project we have to see what
the total count is. If you have informa-
tion on this, please send it to GR/D,
ATTN: Counter Errata, PO Box 591, .
Grinnell, IA 50112. O

Scorched Earth
22 June 1941
Free Deployment
by John M. Astell
Scorched Earth shows the historical
deployments of the Germans and So-
viets at the start of the war. These de-
ployments reflect the precampaign
planning and, especially for the So-
viets, abilities of both sides. In the
game, players start with these deploy-
ments and develop their own strate-
gies based on their starting situations.
This article lets the players make their
own precampaign planning and de—
ployments, within historical limits.
The following rules allow each side a
limited free deployment. I've tried to
factor in historical constraints, which
limit the Soviets more than the Ger-
mans. (The Germans have a mobilized
army, fully deployable wherever they
want in the territory they directly con-
trol. The Soviets, on the other hand,
are still at peace. The Red Army, while
large and growing, isn't fully mobi-
lized, which limits its deployability.
While the border forces are good,
many of the rear area troops are tied
to their garrison stations. Many of the
strategic reserve forces are in transit
to their intended areas, rather than
being already there, prepared and
waiting. All this means the Soviet free
deployment option is at best limited.)
To use the free deployment option,
follow these steps:
1. The Soviet player secretly as-
signs (writes down) the location of his
forces.
For the border MDs, the following
forces must be assigned as historical:
all forces of the Leningrad and Trans—
caucasus MDs, 27th Army (Baltic MD),
13th Army (Western MD), 7th and 9th
Rifle Corps (Odessa MD), all MD re—
serves (Baltic, Western, and Kiev
MDs).
The remaining armies of the border
MDs (8th and 11th of the Baltic MD,
3rd, 4th, and 10th of the Western MD,
5th, 6th, 12th, and 26th of the Kiev
MD, 9th of the Odessa MD) are as—
signed to the Baltic, Western, Kiev, or
Odessa MDs. Each army must be as—
signed a frontage of at least 2 consec-
utive hexes along the Soviet border
or coastline from 18:1724 through
38:3014. The army's frontage must
be entirely within an MD, may not
overlap the frontage of another army,
and may not be assigned so that the
army can‘t cover the hexes adjacent
to the border with units or 2005. (Ex-
ample: The Soviet player assigns the
26th Army to the Western MD, with its
frontage 18:4024 through 18:4324.)
When the Soviet player actually de-
ploys these forces, he must deploy
them within 5 hexes of their assigned
frontages.
The non-divisionalforces (NDFs) as
listed on the OB for the Baltic, West-
ern, Kiev, and Odessa MDs are now
assigned, one set to each of these
MDs. (Example: The Soviet player as—
signs his NDFs as follows: the Kiev
MD NDFs to the Western MD, the
Western MD NDFs to the Baltic MD,
the Baltic MD NDFs to the Kiev MD,
and the Odessa MD NDFs to the
Odessa MD.)
For the strategic reserve forces, the
16th and 20th Armies must be as-
signed as historical. The 19th, 21st,
and 22nd Armies and the 41st Rifle
Corps may be assigned to the follow-
ing locations (no more than one per
location):
within 2 hexes of Pskov (1821705)
within 2 hexes of Dno (18:1902)
within 5 hexes of Velikie Luki
(18:2601)
within 3 hexes of Smolensk
(2Az3532)
within 2 hexes of Roslavl (2A:4030)
within 3 hexes of Gomel (18:4604)
within 3 hexes of 3810909
within 5 hexes of Poltava (4A:1229)
within 5 hexes of Kirovograd
(3821604)
All other Soviet forces are assigned
as listed on the 08.
2. Forthe Baltic, Western, Kiev, and
Odessa MDs, the Soviet player now
tells the German player how many ar—
mies are assigned frontages along
page 3
the Soviet border/coast in each of
these MDs. He only tells how many ar-
mies are assigned per MD; he doesn't
tell which armies are assigned or what
their exact frontages are. (Example: In
step 1, the Soviet player assigned the
5th, 6th, and 12th Armies to the Baltic
MD. In step 2, he tells the German
player that three armies are assigned
frontages in the Baltic MD.)
3. The German player secretly as-
signs (writes down) the location of his
forces.
The following forces must be as-
signed as historical: all Finnish, Hun-
garian, and Rumanian forces and the
German Army Norway (in Finland/
Nonrvay) and ftth Army (in Rumania).
The armies and panzer groups of
Army Groups North, Center, and
South (4th, 6th, 9th, 16th, 17th, and
18th Armies; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
Panzer Groups) are assigned to the
three Army Groups. Each army/group
must be assigned a frontage of at
least 2 consecutive hexes in Greater
Germany along the German border
from 182224 through 3810231. The
frontage must be entirely within the
Army Group, may not overlap the
frontage of another army/group, and
may not be assigned so that the army/
group can't cover the hexes adjacent
to the border with units or 2005.
When the German player actually de»
ploys these forces, he must deploy
them within 5 hexes of their assigned
frontages.
The reserves as listed on the OB for
the three Army Groups are now as-
signed, one set to each of these
Army Groups.
4. Follow Rule 36 (Preparing for
Play) to set up the game, using the
assignments made above in place of
the historical assignments on the
085. Have fun! 9
page a
9 9 9 security mopups. obviously. this was
Facts behind Counters
by Shelby L. Stanton
This segment will oover the Europa
treatment oi German securiiy units on
me eastern lioni. There are is securi-
ty divisions, 9 security brigades. and
44 separate securiry lype regiments
tincluding one GermarirArah legion)
represented in me me rasl/
in
Scorched Earth The accurate slrhula
iron or the aeiual German security
iorce while keeping me oouriter den-
sity within reasonrrrewesems a llllkr
knawn triumph oi Europa craiisrnan
ship
The German security campaign in
Russia was incredibly complex and in
eluded a lruly bizarre ihorritic?) Mix or
units Most ol these elements were
iielded al battalion level on myriad as
signrnerits Sucumy divisions and
regiments exisisd. bu order lo oov
er vast easlemvlmnx disiances many
security assets were parceled out in a
weiler oi guard posts and minuscule
detachments spread out along the
various lines oi oomrniinicaiion Laig
er securily iorces were somelimes as
sembled to slnke panisan iargets in
spoonic area operanons. but rho Ger
man security riirrn was nonnalry axe
cured at a low level (no pun intend
ed)
Ob’vmusly. his most aocuraiu dealer
hon oi German security in Russia
would have been to oreaie gigarmo
maps simicieni lo display long railroad
lines or widely scattered depots. com
olere with individual bridges and
whislle slops, deep iorests. and mieo
minable kadts oi marshlarid, German
reaction companies could race lo the
aid or rhreaieneo way siairoris or top
pied ialegraph poles; banalions could
be assembled lo hold key junctions or
hunt down positive parachute sight
ings, and evory now and men rust ior
lhe hell or it lhu Russian playurcould
rear up enlire marraiea zones, or the
Germans could mounl mullifl'msmn
beyond even me scope oi Europa (at
least most at m
Fonunatcly, ihe German zealior orr
ganizaiionai hierarchy gave [he 62»
signers an alternative ioundaiion ior
counting all German securliy lamest
while culling down drastically on the
number oi necessary counlers. The
regimen! Wuk‘l be used as [he bulk»
ing block tor the German secur y
Slmclule instead ol the battalion This
idea was based on the observation
(Ml two-ballalion secumy regiments
(the norm] barely ‘usii id a 'i' me
bat sirengih. and individual serenity
ba’l'aliorls warranted no 5119mm al all
However‘ adding an extra banalion lo
a seounly regiment iuslriied a regi
menial combat strength and gave
every ballalion the chance ior inlnrisio
game represemziiori.
once regiments were chosen as
lire bass 0! the Gennan seoiniy ioroe
lar Europa scale combal in RUSSIa
tlhis decision was reached in May
1980). ii was necessary to show mosr
German securiry units as regimenrs.
This was done in M0 stages FIISL all
German]: 55 P0 izei regiments were
leii separate, giving the SSrl-‘olizei
branch [he Independence and 50099
oi operations lhat rt actually posr
sessod. biil without lhe combat pow
er that lhe army could 1005197 with us
security divisions.
Alter the ssPouzei regiments were
separated out in June 1950. the
Army's secumy4ype regimenis were
examined ior incorporation imo d
sions. The Sammy divisions were llr
nally slanaardlzed at Three Ialmoroed
regiments each by slignily altering
their actual compositions (see Ger
man Secunly DMSIUH Slams marl),
Palnslaklng research was USEd lo
subordinate regiments lo divisions
based on the iollowrng prioriles ta)
Was he regiment amally entitled by
assignment to be part at the division7
(bi ii the regiment was nol so as
signed. was ' ever anached to me di
vision or did it serve in The same gen
eral area? to) lino known oonnection
between division and regiment could
CONTINUED ON PAGE 5
German Securiiy Division
Status Chart
by Shllby L. sranioii
Nine:
1 The 162d lni Dlv was disbanded
23 Dec 41 at Slantsa. Russia and its
asseis wem lo the sour. twin. and
zsisi ini Divs. On 15 May 42. the
-l<omniandani der legionslager in
Rahmen d. 162 lnianierie Divismrl“
was eslabir‘shed at Slellin. Germany.
and iransierred lo Mi oiud‘ Russia.
posed pnmanly oi Vurkcslanlsdie ele
monls serving in a security role.
moved through Remny‘ Gadyach.
Knorol. and Lubny beiore bemg With-
drawri lo Neuharnnisr, Gelmany‘ on
ii red 43. There it was redesignaied
ihe tea. lni Div (Turk) on as May 4:
and lmnsierred to Vugaslavia
2 rump-3 displays HIE Eslonli‘m
iorces as separate Eastern Troop
coun‘ers lor gamlnq purposes hi:
cause or rule consideraiiuns, This
measure freed Division 300 k) abth
several separate German security reg»
lmenls conveniently matching The
headquaners‘ aciual SCHJYIl'y wipes:
while reducing the number ol coun-
ms
3 1hE 7071?! was rarsed 2 May M
and designated ollvclally as the 707
lniariiene Division toodenslanaige)
wilh regimenls 727 and 747, which
were pulled "0m 'PiSENe MSlons in
Munich and Augshurg The
‘bodenslandige' descriptor led to its
lnlllal 'slahc' designation in File in the
[:51 its reooninrmny lo Securily oper-
ations once in Russia. hnwever.
caused it to be relroiided into
Scorched Earth as a reiniorded (4 5)
secumy lelSlOl’l‘ lhus reflecting ils
True role in me Russian campargn
 page 5

BMW
152 Kammandam dnr IagInnsIageI
May 42 Imm Swain. ReIch (New I)
mm MIrgamd 23 :45 Sec
Liam
xx
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May II 42
E.
Iseeumn
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2m Sm: Eda amved Ia Jan 42 an \Mabsk ham Lancm, Vm 375 Sec xx Jan II 42 2r, 62‘, em Secumy III
land. Immaw decIaIsd div I Jun 42 mm
om Am 45 nogImenIsIacIma inlo «Mm.
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2m Sec ad: amvnd I Jan 42 aI aomesk hum Pmsdam.

ReIch. rovmaIIy decIaved div I Jun 42. Cum/sned m
375 SscXX Jan 42
Raglmnnls mama Im divisIan
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In aw 21 on 44 mmaux Apr 45 a! Hula, East Pvus- on Jan 42.I

Com/sued In W aw ch II 44

2m Sm: I)“. arm/ad In Ins! nKErISII/a WIde nut Aw 45 in 275 SscXX Jun II4I 3744549»: and 94. sor Sewn»
Courland. Iy III

2I3 Sec DIV, amved W m aIIensIve Mm om Aug 44 a! 3559;)“ JunHM aIsJaagmm 171552-544
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22I Sec DIV. anva m IusI oflensIve Wipes om Jun 44 as SscXX Jun II 41 350 Jaeger and 4s. sIs‘ 52cm
near Mmsk, mam, W III

2m Sac DIV. amvnd m InsI uflensws Canvansd \a II aw 3-5 Sec xx Jun II4I 363 Jaegnv and In7. 505‘ Ser
II Nov 44.
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225 Sn: DIV, :mvnd m ”S! nfleuswe Wlued em on 44 375 SscXX Jun II4I 322 Jam. and m, 505’ 54‘
my mum, Eslnnla many III

235 Sec 0w. unwed In IImI oIIensIve Converted Io InI div as SecXX Jun II4I 354Jaagarand sI. 610‘ SecuIIr
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Rem
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as: \20‘. Ian- Sncumy III

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wa Sec ow, mm w my uIIens-ve V‘fiped om May 4a In 375 53ch Jun II M we Jangav and 55', I22 Secun
{he ukrame «y III

4aI DIV2 av. (Div II» specIaI Purposes) mm Aug M ... 35 Sec xx Aug I M 53 Landschmzan III and Iour 547
Pound. DIsbarIded on 26 M814? WnMIawn MaI 43 ll cumy II

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444 Sec ow. arrived m Im Wanswe. WIped 001 II May 3-5 Sac xx Jun II 4I 350 Jaeger. 4s Sacumy, 108‘
44 In Iha UkIaIne Landschuuan III
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naav Emdy, Ukrame Landschmzan III

707 Slam InI ow, anIved I5 Aug 4I a! KobIIrI hum MurIIch 4.5 SacXX Aug II4I v7, 747 lnlanlvy III Impruyeu
and mamhnd In MIrIsk WIpea omJun 44 amund Bar [see None 3) m 9mm IaIeI
2» sk, RussIa.

Darmagcn ssteIm Sec DIV 275 Sec xx Jun I43 Numemus mamndem bana-
Rakes 29 May 43 an MagIIev. Russia. (SS-PnlIzeI) Ian;
asImusaImmscne SSrPnIizeI Sec DIV 25 Sec xx F» I
44 I, z esImuseImmscIIe Snuvily
Amved I3 Jan 44 aI Odessa Imm LublIn am naomn. Iss-PoIIzeII III
FaIand. wiped om 09244 m. My‘ava, SImakia. I:
page 5
Facts FROM PAGE 5
be made, did the regimenl's arrival lit
in a t mely manner with the dleSlon's
amval the ocmpied zone7 The add
ed regimems enaoled John Aslell to
luslily security envisions at as levels
The appropriate division choices
were made and a resoution was made
in the case ol two German security dis
VlSlOrIS (201, 20:) that initially arrived
as brigades These were hath given
divisional status upon game amval b -
cause oi their moditred intemal re
mental allocations, savin a later
counter switch, The only division that
created trouble between games was
the 707th, which the Germans orticiat
ly classitied as lntahtene 'visiori toor
den$landlge)~a static inlantry
sion but actually utilized as security
The 707th appears as a static totma
tion in rire in the east, but John Astell
later reconsidered this classitication
and ruled on June 5, tsao, that 'the
7070: Division will have its unit type
changed to security trorn static," The
707th now appears quite property, as
a security division in both games
The remaining army security regl’r
merits not titted into diirisions were
ldenttfied tor game inclusion as sepals
ate counters This process tell the
NAllllllAl
SillVlcE
NEEDS You
(an Army L M "477/
Eulapa system with a total ot 44 sep
arate German security regiments tor
the Russian trorit, a healthy number
that allows the German playerto dupic
care the historical dispersal ot his see
curity torces. The hnal regimental
'Doum' includes one SennarhArah lee
gion (by the way, at 243 the strongest
security veg‘lmem), three army bicycle
security regiments (2nd, 3rd, 7thl,
twenty-one army regular secunty re ,
ments, and nineteen SSrPolizel re ,
merits (including one mount ‘
guahhed, the lath),
Although regimental and divisional
absorptions were used to eliminate all
separate security battalions during
19414943, another batch showed
up in early 1944 During this stage ol
Scorched Earth development, in July
toss, it was decided to u e 557
Polizei brigades to resolve the plane
lerri These were not 1ixed combat or-
ganizations but rather administrative
statls F'lve SScFolizel group heade
quarters tEckhardt, General von Gott-
oerg, Pruerzmann, Fllga, and von der
yacht were selected as being the
most suitable. considering their size
and location These were used to cor-
ral separate security battalions, path
53 and army, which iloated in dunng
the hrst part ot l944, Alter inchouse
playtesting. the live brigades were
tormally announced in Scorched
Earth t’laytes! Newsletter No, 7ot
January VA, 1987.
By the way. the tour other security
brigades in the game toirlewanger,
Druznina, szmski, and the Russ-
kaya Natlonalnaya Narodnaya Arrrilyal
were imamous organizatlons with
their own tixed internal compositions
and appear Without organizational
rnodtticat n,
The linal result oi this Europa pm-
gramming gives the German player a
wide range ol security torces with
many contrasting sizes and lypes lnr
tensive playtesting verilied that the
available German security array has
the optimal ight number’ at court
ters The resulting mix ol German 597
cunty divisions, brigades, and re
merits proved perieclly suited to how
the scale ol the simulation and own
ter-sheet economy considerations. n
RKKA
The soviet Mtlltary ln Europa
by Charles c. Sharp
"convolutions ln cardboard"
ror this titst column on the Soviet
military in Eurapa there are a lot oi
possible topics to cover, general
knowledge ol the "Big Red Army‘ in
World War it is rare, contused, and fire»
quently dead wrong However, many
ol the details ol equipment, organiza»
tions, and numbers will come out as
we cover specilic units in detail. So, to
plovlde continuity with the articles
that have already covered the u s
tst lntantry Division (my l) and the
German tst lntantry nivi on tTrlvrt),
this piece will coverthe Soviet tst l ’
tte Division» the Moscow Proletaiiat
Division
There are two problems everyone
has to be aware oi belore we go any
turther FIrSI, while German, us
Em
ish, and other Western armies original
,
documems are available to the histori
anrwargamer, that is emphatically NOT
true oi the Sou t Army. There are
hundreds ot unit histories irom ore
gade to army level pubilshed and
thousands ot articles in various Soviel
journals on the war, and German inlet
ligenee reports lromthe waron 0r
him in the us National Alchlves. out
the primary source maten'al, the Sir
viet archives, are closed lhus coverr
age is spotty. A good unit history or a
scholarly anicle in the Vaenno
lslonchelrii Zhuma/ ("Mllilary History
Journal") may give exact data on a giv.
en outtit, out many unit histories are
oi the 'wnat tun we had slaughtering
tascists" variety, and practically use-
less
Second, the histories oi many So
viet units are lat more oomplex than
their tcreign counterparts, and the
history ol the tst Rtlle D on, one or
the most lamous units in the Soviet
Anny. is a good example.
The tst Rllle Division, named in
honor oi the Moscow Prolelavial
(workers), was lormed at Moscow on

29 December 1926 and served as a stationed lust autSlde Moscow, 51107
parade or "showpiece" unit in Mos- ordinate to 7th Meeh corps HG
cow Military District urttil June 1941 in which was in turn under 2mh Amtye
Septemher 1939 it was alerted tor He that had lust started lorm g in
possible action in the oocupatton o1 April 1941. The 1st Mech Dtvls n at
Poland out dld not, apparently, acmeir this time was slightly overstrength:
ly move out. When the soviet army 12,000 men, an T7345, 10 1<v tanks,
began its expansion in September 225 BT77!“ and one light tanks, 54
Decemher 1939, the original 2d and 122mm no ers. and 13 45mm AT
3d Rifle Regiments were used as ea» guns Dorsdertng that the average is
dres tor the torrning ttsth and 12sth ile division at the lrontter only h d 9.
Rttle Divisions The 1st mile Regi- 10.000 men, and the mech drvi ns
ment stayed with the division, which were not authorized any heavy or me
was rebuilt With the 51h, 175th, and dum lanlts, this was obviously a privlr
aseth Ritte Regimenls At thrs ttm leged unit
late 1939, all the title regiment nurl'Ir The tst Moon was ordered west on
bars in the Soviet Army were Scram~ 22 June 1941 and promptly ran out
tried, previously they had been air item under 7th Meoh Corps, which
most entirery in sequence. with 1st never controiled it again When 1st
Division having regrmems 1, 2, and a, Mech went trtto action against Gudelir
and so on an'S spearheads at aohntrsk, the Bo»
in November 1939 the Soviel High hruisk Tank ottlcers School with a
Command decided to dishand the training hattalion o1 T-a4s attached it-
mechantzed corps tormed in the late sell to the division, so the 8263 rating
19305 in the light or (mistaken) leS~ tn Eumna is rustihed by more than rust
sons trom the Spanish Civil War To the torrnal strength or the division As
provide some solid base torthe indt. Western Front retreated past Smor
vidual tank brigades and horse cavalry lensk, the t1stn Tank Regiment trom
divrstons making breakthrough move the 57th Tank Division was also addr
ments, they also decided to lorm Mr ed to replace tank losses tn 1he divi-
teen 'Mechantzed Dt ' ' ns,’ The ston, and wrtn two tank regiments, on
1irst tour were convened trorn eXJSIlng 18 August it was renamed (but not re-
rirle divisions starting in May 1940, eouippedl as the 1st Tank DIVISlOW'IO
and one ot them was the 1st rtttle Divi the uller eonlusion or German 05 an-
sion. atystst
These mech divisions were each to On 31 August 1941 the divtsion
have two motorized rille regiments, an won the order ot the Red Banner,
artillery regiment, and atank regiment and on 22 September 1941 the 1st
By converting the 12m (light) Tank Mechanized (Tank) Div n became
Brlgade to the 12m Tank Regiment, the 1st Guards Motorized Rifle Divi-
the 1st Moscow Proletariat Mecha» sion The sohordina1e units did not
ntzed Division was termed with 6111 reserve their Guards titles until later in
and 1751h mot Rifle Regimems, 121h 1942, at which ttrne the Gift and t751h
Tank Regiment with 225 DTe7m became the tst and ad Gds mot Rifle
tanks, lath Artillery Regimem. 300m Regiments, and 1:tlh became the
AA Battalion, 12311 AT Battalion, and 35th Gds Aniltery Regiment. Because
93d Reconnaissance Ban , tank regiments onry had 3040 tanks
In June 1940 the lessons ot the in late 1941, 12th Tank Regiment was
Battle o1 France hit the Soviet union, redesignated 51h Tank Brigade to em-
and they began hastily lormlng tank phasize the intenlion to keep this unrt
divisions and retorrning mechanized heavily armored. and never received a
corps, this time wnh 1031 tanks each Guards destgnadon On 21 October
in two tank divisions and one mecri dt- the 1st Gds MrtD had 9206 men, 31
vision. As the 7th Mechanized Corps tanks, 10 armored cars, 44 arttilery
lormed up in Moscow Military District. pieces, 40 mortars, 20 AA guns, and
1st Mech Division was as 'gned to it, 950 trucks and cars. given the Gas»
on 22 June 1941 the d perate na1ure ol the Soviet loroes at
page 7
that time. a very powertul divis‘on.
in October 1942 the 1st Guards lair
lle Division, which had also been
lormed in September 1941 lrorn
moth Rllle Division began torming
1st Guards Mecha zed corps. This
tell the premier Guards ritle designar
tioh empty, so in January 1943 the
1st Guards Motorized was 'de»
motorized" and redesignated the 1st
Guards Rille Division. with that title it
ended the war. but the ~tst Rttle Divir
siort' story doesnt end there
in June 1942 another 1st Rllle Divir
ston was tonne ‘
Kuthyshev, with
4090i, 412th, 415m Rifle Regiments
and tozsth Artillery fieglmem. Thrs
mm sewed with 51h Reserve Army,
55111 Army and ISLGuzrds Army at
Stalingrad, and so distinguished itsell
that on at December 1942 it became
the ssih Guards Rifle Division
Never le111rtg a lucky unit title go to
waste. n January 1944 yet another
1st Fltlle Division was tonned. this time
at Nevel by 1st Baltic me command
trom 31st and tooth Rifle Brigades
The ritle regiments and artillery {Cglr
merit tormed took the same numbers
agai Aoeth, 412m, otsth. and
l0261h This unit ended the war in
Germany with 70111 Army
Thus, the ongtnal tst Rifle Division,
a nonmotortzed prewar 475 or posse
hly 575 unit, became a mechanized 01>
vision tn 1940 (13-6-9), atank d ston
hrtetly in 1941, a Guards motorized n1
lle can on in 1941 (57101, and then a
Guards rttle divson in 1943 (951.
while another ten, the original 1st
Gds Flttle Division, became a Guards
rneohanized corps, and two other divlr
sions carried the original 1st nille Diw-
510" title dunng 1942 and 1944.45
And rememoer, this is one ot the
more wellrducumemed units in the
Soviet Armyl Consider that over 7011
divisions were tormed by the Soviets
during the war, many or them almost
completely undoarmented. and the
problem ol the Soviet OE oeoomes
very evident. Behindthe mass olso,
476, 5-5, 675, and 7-5 ritle tsrons,
there e hundreds or variations on
how d sions were tanned, retormed,
and, too orlen, disbanded or r
named. n
 page a
Grand Europa
“A momenlary lapse or
reason
by Winston Hamilton
The rnrial design learn has been as»
sembied and is now working our ihe
lirsl problem oi GE war is ihe 51am
ing dale ior GP)
As a malh problem GE has a sum
and a quo‘iemi pans oi ihe problem
should ilow Io ihe soluiron in shori,
when all ihe pans are assembled ri
should add up
heiore any olher pan can be
looked al‘ discussed, developed, 127
searched orany oiher work done on
any oiher parl. we have lo know when
lo siari. Various males have been sug
gusied, ranging irom ihe Spanish CW>
ii war lo
Oper n Barbarossa The
Spanish civil war seems lo be loo
early and Operalion Barbarossa
seems in be loo laie ihe consensus
will ulirmaiely deiermine ihe lime, our
my reeling isinal rl should be in 1935
or less ll you pick lhese dines you
have begun GF on ihe eve or WWHi
which Will give bolh ihe Axis and Al
lied players ihe iiexibiirly lo examine
ihoir rcspcclrve goals and obieciives
arid nol saddle eiiher side will ihe
historical misiakes aller ihe beginnlng
oi wwu can nol begin lo describe
i
ihe ccnversaiions some or us have
had asiollie varied hisiorres ihal can
be crealed‘ regardless ol ihe dare
you sian s; irom An endless and
uresome maze is placed beiore ihis
learn as lhey approach lhe problem
ihe roam laces whai may be a nearly
impossible lask, bur ii may also be
quire easy Whal would a program run
irorn beginning lo and in or look like7
lex‘s lake ihe German High come
mand‘s plan, pul lonh in early 1937,
lo build sikiy panzer divisions (a ianlar
sy al besii By way or example, re
member ihe lacl lhal (ii Germany was
in ihe business oi producing phvale
passenger aulos unlrl i944 showing
a complele disregard lo ihe needs ol
a warrirne economy and (2) lhe exlstr
rrig mass produclion companies such
as Ford/Opal were noi used prior lo
ihe ombreak oi hosii res lo assemble
a German war mac ne because ihe
Germans did nor wanl ihese imema-
lional companies lo know ihey were
going lo a war ioonng ihe resuli or
ihese lwo ilerns meanl lhar ihe econs
omy was grossly undevulililed and
was kepl very ineiiicehr by ignoring
ihe praclices ol planned mass pros
duclion auile a drliereni piclure
when compared lo lhe unned Slales
which invoked a wanirne economy on
December a, 1541. ii does noi ap-
pear lhal lhe Germans were as curls
ning as we mighl have been led lo be
heve Em Miller had polilical realiiies lo
deal wilh He needed guns and hula
ler keeping up phvaie nonwar pro
duclron was necessary ro show ihe
hornevolkslnal all was okay
Remember loo, slave labor was
used in unskilled and sernrskrlled ploV
duclion as ihe war progressed. which
oilsei lhe real GNP ior war production
on bolh ihe credil and oosi side rac
ioring rhis one poini could be a de
sign nrghirnare Presupposing laclors
such as lhose looks like lhe besi solu
lion
All rhrs is ouile speculalive uniil a
dale and amine are draiied To lhal
end ihe learn is working on problem
Humberonei ihe dale An ouiiine and
simple siruciure and a sol oi pieces
dures (noi sei in concreiei will lollow
The basic design componenls such
as naval module uhiiied arri esseniial
production polrlrcal evenis, and olher
calegones have lo be assembled
Members oi lhe design learn will lake
on lhese componenls and design
and develop caleoories wilhin ihe
iramework or ihe uniiied GE plan
There Will be a Gland europa repori
in each subsequem issue ol ihe mag»
azrne lhal will liil in some more of ihe
blanks Many oi you have solicited
suppon ior ihe projecl and have or
lered lo help Thank you lorihis The
way you Will be able lo help is lo don
sider whal area oi GP you leel besl
quaililedlo work in in ihe neariuiure
we will be publishing ihe ordline and
direclrng lhose ol you who wanl lo
volunleer lime and eiion io respond
lo ihe coordinalorol ihe proieci This
posiiion has been crealed io organrzr
daia by oaregory and lo keep ihe (low
or rnlormalion lo ihe individual design
ream members working in ihai caleQOr
ry This should help keep ihingsin or
der and speed ihis monumeniai pro
iecr along
For now, please consider wlial l
have said Those or you who have
wririen lo Ben or mysen aboul GEcan
resl assured lhai we will wanl your
suppon We don‘l wanl an avalanche
or paperwork uniil ihe syslem has
been sel up lo deal wilh ii The sys
lcrn is being hulii and line Coordinlliliv
should be ready lo gel inlormalion or
oanrzed in aboui srxly days
in ihe nexl issue or ihe magazme
will lay our ihe drali grid we will be u:
ing lo design GE lwiii also delaii moi
iniormalion aboul now you can help, i
you are inleresied You can be or
sured lhai ihere will be a Grand l'rrri
pa designed and published beio .
you allempl lo collecl your social or
cunly reiiremenl check ll
Opp mleil‘i a Wanted
Send your Opponenrs Wanmd ad lo
ihe edrror rorpublicaiioh nekl issue
I The Europa Associairon oiiers a
conlacl Serwce lor members only
Send an sAsE lo GR/D and ash ior a
lisling oi EA members in your zip
code area
{A conlacl Sewrce
Game iiosealch’DSSign
PO Box 5m
Grinnell, lA smizeosei
Igame
larn a ruropa lanaiic wilh every
and module pul our H 55
',
MM, Narvrk, Tm, Wu CW, roF, NEV
sap, Torch, and ihe wlnler War and
Spanish ciiril War vahanls irom The
Grenadier Now all need are a iew op
i
oonenls l‘m all dressed up wilh no
place lo golll i am very inleresled in
keeping in conlaci wnh oiher Europa
devranls
James F. vandine
740 Cenlral sr Apr Hrs
Leominsler, MA ulAss

The Urals Module:
An Update
by Dennls
JV Dubberley
Eumpa xlll, The Una ls proceedlng
sleadlly lowards a llrsl duarler 1969
l -ease slnee lhe erllcle lhal apr
seared ln TEN 4 lhe scope el lhe
plolecl has become more rellned and
have compleled nearly all bl lhe r27
search For ll-qulrnlg Ylmlds. a slalus
rcpon ldelld Nerclllber l3 lees; crl
ench el lhe games mnler compe
llel ls ls MOI/Med blzkw
Maps. The drnlls cl maps an 29‘
anyand 311mm scnl lo John nslell ln
Oclnbel Tor reylew roHDwng hls re
y.e~_ lhe le.lr meps were senl lo
wlnslon llellll ler lor bredllcllen
'llere have nel been any slgnlllcahl
changes to lhe maps slneo rem be
cause lhls rmlon cl lhe p'n,ecl was
nearly complele ell -he llrne ol lhe lasl
anlcle have uncovered some addlr
l
llona mnlerlal lhal wnl allecl some or
lhe lerraln on maps 23 and 29 wlll l
also be Meakmg lhe loads and rall
llnes on map 29 Thls NIH cause lhe
pod rules le be somewhel more corn
plcx w are :hlnklne aboul address
no lhe remalnlrlg ponlens ol lhe Cas
plan ln e lulure mod le er playrald kn
More on lnal ldea le lcllcrlr al a lelcr
llme
Rules; The Il'SI drall el lne rules ls
now complele an preserlly dclng a
l
nelor edll lo ensure lelel compellbll-ly
wl'll lhe Scorched Earrh relebooh
We lylll nol be repllbllsnme lhe ennle
Tulebouk Rules lhal have been
crnnoed or added le be wrlllen ln
lhelr enllrely clarlllcallons lc exlsllne
mles Wlll also be llsled Players rlllll
lhen be asked lo ncle lrl lnelr
Scars/led Earlh rulebeen where lhe
changes occur and reler lb The l/rals
lulebook lor lhe aclual change The
lu‘es men‘selres are a corrlbmahen ol
addlllons based on lhe new map coy
erage and changes lo lhe old rules
where l lell a problem exlsled John
Aslell ls lhe llrlal arbllraleren any rule
changes or eddlllons bul some ol lhe
problem 3135 am new addressan ll’k
l
elude soyle- arrneranlllery replace
menl pbb Teslvlcllonsl range reslrlcr
IIonslmAxls alrdcpsslmllerlolhose
npblled lo lhe Sbylels. lhe dellnlllen
ol lhe end el lhe lnsl wnller ler pur
Doses or Suvle‘ wln|enzed unll Tar
placemenl, and changes lo porl slze
based on hlsloncal embmk’dlsembalk
capacllles The maln addlllerls le llle
rules wlll be lound ln lhe lecloly
capllal lransler rules‘ lhe relrllerce
menll replaccnlenl rules, and ruleslor
supply movemem el small unils lless
lhenl R[1.lluwgrbads The ell nlap
lrl lllary dlslllcl hleyenlenl procedure
ls eulle elabolale and Wm provlde
playels Wllh lllslehl lrllo belh lhe eeo
granhle enemllly ol lhe Scyler llnlen
as well as llle lypts ol unlls lhel were
ralsed ln each reglon I
e/enmally
hope le see lhls semen el lhe game
expanded m a lulure nlodule (Wllh
counlersl lb lnclllde all Seylel lerces
ralsed dullllg lhe war Tm: drall rules
wlll he lorwerded le lhe reylew leanl
assembled lor lhls prelecl lollowmg
my llnel rules scrub and lhe develop
menl ol lhe deslgnet‘s neles
sovlel order 0! Baule. Unllkc
lhe rules lhe Sovlel order bl ballle
wlll be complelely reylsed and Teprlnlr
ed AH errala will be mcorporated and
lhe Easlerll Mllllary Dlslrlcl lerces \M
amle ln lndlyldual on map rnlllrary (1‘57
lncl hbldlng boxes In mesl cases.
lhese uhlls wul ge lnlo reserve and be
released al a Ialer llme ly'arly ol l lo 4
5 ""2 dlylslohs were orlglnally ralsee
al 3 e slrerglhs They recelyed dddlr
‘lljna‘ lralnlng prlor lo lhelr commns
menl and wlll be convened ell mdp
Al lhe presenl “Mel l do nol ahllclpale
pvo‘lldlng lor eally commllmcnl ru es
ler reserve ulllls Lnless hxls lbrces
cnler 'he rnllllary dlslncl prler lo lhulr
release ln lhe case cl some or lhe
on map dlslncls lhls becomes a lever
ram lssue Charles sharp came
lhreugh wnh some llne research on
lhe ollrmap mlllary dlslrlcl lorces
WIHEII was recenllylerwarded lo me
lust llnlshed a scrub el his 05 and
have lemarded a llsl ol unlls lor hls
page a
conllrmallon whcse order ol appezvs
encc dlllers lrem Scorched Farm
The DH appears lo be ncal‘y Toadyl
lhlsllnle There wlll be no mnlol su
prlsesl bul my Axls oppenonls ln m=
poslal Searched Farm game em nerl
l
playlnq should lake ncle lllal lhe arr
yal el The as Mech xx (a are) new or
curs ln lhe Moskva MD and nel m llll
all map MD As cummanaer el
Soylel lsl Ta’lk Army ln lhe Meshla
sealer sure wellld hka lo hnyo lllls
I
brlllsercn Aug M lnslbod cl nlg ll
I
6‘ due le lhe las ' 5‘ ylelallon cl ll 0
sanbllly ol lhe Moshye MD‘ l au ll
wlll have lo wall l-nlll my non mm“ sl
searched Eanhl There wll hl’ lllll
olhbr snlall surprlsos lo we Sn/le‘l U\
as well. blll nelnlng malnr son-ell lll
lhls verslen ol lhe Sovla: on re be l ll
updahi.‘ wnh delalled lnlormallell or
all unlls arllulnb lrenl oll map nlllllely
dlsmcls By lhe way, lhe lnlnnlry l.
placemenl rules have been rewrlll
lo accounl lor lhe mdeual oll map
lnllllary dlslrlcls llllanlry replacemenl
ln me on map dlslrlcls ls m) ‘0“ng
lumped mlo one lolal
chans- Expecl lcls chnns m l
module have Lempleled pl. :lmlnan
l
walk on lhese They are rlcl expects
ed 10 requlre a qrbal deal or llnle ll
llnlsh Mesl el lhem are llprlales 1r
eXlSWVfl chans appearlnq ln Search
Earlh or lhe play ald kl‘s pwv ou
l
publlshed by (SH/D lwc nee chn
wlll be preylded One wlll coyl r ell
map mllllary dlslrlcl moycncn: end
proylde lcr ne2dlng boxes le p ,
unlls appearlhg lh lhose dlslrlcls Tm
elher new snarl wlll be an mlrmap rall
dlslallce charl ler llle easl and wesl
map edges The rules en 0" map rall
lnoyernelll Wlll no longer be abstract
ed
Mlscellaheous- Expecl le Tea
CCIVKZ sun/s rcducllons ol each map
slrnllar lo lhose DTDVlded ln lhe plays
ald klls We have downgraded lhe
scope ol lhe "scenario” due lo lhe
lack ol rel able lnlorrnallon We mlghl
be proyldlnd lnlormallbn and posSlbl/
I
mles le ceyer pelenllal Axls comman
do operallons aealnsl lhe lnduslrlal
Tegluns ln lhe Urals won‘t know lhe
l
 page 10
final scope of this effort until the mod-
ule gets closer to publication,
In summation, expect the module to
be packaged in official Europa box art
in March 1989!
Before leaving, would like to ex»
l
tend a note of thanks to the following
people: Charles Sharp, for plugging
some gaping holes in my Soviet OB;
A. E. Goodwin, for providing answers
to several sticky issues covering simi-
lar problems in both The Urals and
The Soviet Far East modules; John
Astell, for guiding me away from
"weird Europa" and providing the
master's touch in maintaining overall
continuity with previous titles in the
series; and finally to Winston Hamil-
ton, for giving me the opportunity to
develop a project that l have asked for
since Unentschieden was published
in 1974! Again, many thanks. Q
Once a Klng, now but a
Memory . Who was this guy?
Beyond Compass
by James A. Broshot
Ben Knight's fine article in TEN 2
about Operation Compass set me to
thinking what can be done to make
GDW's War in the Desert combined
game an even more accurate simula-
tion, especially as to the events of the
early days of the desert war. As dis-
cussed by Ben, Compass was con—
ceived and executed by the British
with very limited resources and far ex-
ceeded the Allied commanders' fond-
est wishes. General Wavell, C in C
Middle East Forces, was being
pushed by Churchill to mount an of~
fensive against the Italians in the
Western Desert, At the same time, he
was being told that military aid to
Greece was to have top priority, and
he was dealing with Italian East Africa,
Wavell was also responsible for keeps
ing the peace in Palestine, watching
the Vichy French in the Levant, and
protecting the Empire's interests in
Iraq and Iran. To further complicate
matters. most of his infantry units in
Egypt were Australian and New Zea—
land brigades, which were under-
trained and ill-equipped and whose
commanders were answerable not
only to him but also to their govern-
ments.
Ben takes a stab at figuring in some
of these constraints but more must be
done to put the Allied player (who in
effect is standing in Wavell's shoes)
under the same pressures and limita-
tions. Therefore, propose the follow
I
ing rules changes and modifications,
some of which affect the OB and OA
of the various units. l have tried to de-
sign these not only to fit the War in
the Desert scenario but also to be
adaptable to the larger scheme of
things of Grand Europa.
A. Naval Transport
1. Rule 2662. The Eastern Medi—
terranean, is changed as follows:
”The Axis player may not ship any-
thing east of Benghazi until the Jun |
41 turn. .
. This change simulates
the actual policy of the Italian Navy
and its reluctance to engage in major
surface actions with the Royal Navy. I
refer doubters to Bragadin, Marc An»
tonic, The Italian Navy in World War II
(Annapolis: US. Naval Institute,
1957), page 20.
2. Rule 2682, On-Map Shipping,
addition: "The Allied EMed shipping
capability on Mar 41 and Jun 41 is
I I
0." This takes into account the all-out
effort of the Royal Navy to first ship
troops to Greece and then to evacu-
atethem.
Both of these proposals would have
to be modified it the "No Expedition
to Greece" variant is used or if Marita-
Merkur is played in conjunction with
War in the Desert (or for Grand Euro—
pa). These proposals limit Italian rein-
forcement attempts to Cyrenaica dur—
ing Compass and limit British abilities,
too.
B, No Allied rail movement is possi-
ble during the regular Allied player
turn following the Allied surprise at-
tack turn. This simulates the disrupe
tion to the Allied supply network after
having brought up troops and sup-
plies for the offensive, and for rea-
sons enumerated by Ben.
C. Australian and New Zealand in-
fantry brigades must end each Allied
player turn in any city in the Delta or
Palestine; they may not leave these
areas unit "activated," They defend
normally if attacked but may not attack
until activated. An Australian or New
Zealand infantry brigade is activated
when a division HQ of the proper na»
tionality is on the game board at the
start of an Allied movement phase;
each HO may activate three infantry
brigades. Once activated, the bri-
gades may move and attack freely.
For example, no New Zealand infantry
brigade is activated until Mar I41, and
three Australian infantry brigades are
activated on Dec 40.
I
This proposal simulates the need to
train and equip the Australian Imperial
Forces and the New Zealand Expedi-
tionary Force before they can be com-
mitted to combat, and also the reluc-
tance of the governments of these-

Commonwealths and their military
commanders to allow their troops to
be committed piecemeal and under
British tactical command. They would
go to war under their own leaders and
as divisions and not brigaded togeth-
er with British troops.
D. The British government desig—
nated certain units to be sent to
Greece, and therefore these units
were kept in reserve and not sent to
the Western Desert in order to pre-
pare for and stand ready to go to
Greece. Units designated to be com-
mitted to Greece may not leave the
Delta or Palestine until one of these
events occurs:
1) They are sent to Greece as per
the order of battle (or by the Allied
player if playing MaritavMerkur with
War in the Desem.
2) Greece surrenders (as per Marita-
Merkur).
3) German ground units advance
beyond hexcolumn 18:29xx (El
Agheila).
The Allied units restricted by this
rule are: 2 NZ Inf XX (4, 5,6 NZ Inf Xs),
7 Aus Inf XX (18, 21, 25 Aus Inf Xs),
Poi Carp Inf X, and Brit 1 Arm X. This
restriction does not apply to 6 Aus Inf
XX (16, 17, 19 Aus Inf Xs), any British
inf X. Brit W Art X, or AA units and
counters.
This restriction is designed to place
the Allied player in the same position
as Wavell, that is to say trying to
mount an offensive knowing the bulk
of your forces are earmarked by your
superiors for Greece. The decision to
aid Greece was made quite soon after
the Italian invasion, but the Greek
leader Metaxas, out of fear of offend-
ing the Germans, refused to accept
any help except air units and technical
troops. After Metaxas died suddenly,
the new Greek government decided
to accept Churchill's repeated offers.
Naturally all this would have to be
changed in Grand Europa.
E. The following corrections to the
Axis and Allied orders of battle are
also suggested:
1. German Forces:
Feb || 41: delete 1x 3-10 Mot III 200;
add 2x 1-8 mot MG || 2, 8 (from Fall
of France).
Aug 41 convert 2x 1-8 mot MG ll 2,
I :
8 to 1 3-10 Mot Ill 200.
x is to play Marita-Merkur at the same
(This is to better simulate the ad hoc
nature of 5. Leichte Division.)
2. Allied Forces:
a. 2nd Armoured Division:
Jan 41: 1x 3-2-10 Arm X 3,
I
1x 12—10 SG X 2 (from Their Fin—
est Hour);
1x 372—10' Arm X 1,
1x1-10 mot AT II 102 (from Mari-
ta—Merkur).
The latter two units are assigned to
Greece and are restricted as per D
above. If 2 SG is eliminated it does not
go to the replacement pool and can-
not be rebuilt, and in any event with»
draw Feb ll 42. 1st Arm X is withdrawn
from play Dec 42; if it is on the board
l
receive one arm RP. This unit can be
scrapped, without penalty, beginning
Jun | 42. On Sep ll 41 convert 3rd Arm
X and 2x 2-1-6 Tank ll 4RT, 7RT to 1x
6-4A6 Tank X 32T. If any of these units
are on the board, no cost; it all are in
the replacement pool, one arm RP.
(The 2nd Armoured Division was sent
to the Middle East below strength
[two of its armored regiments had
been sent ahead early in 1941 to
bring 7th Armoured Division up to
strength] and ill-equipped. See Crisp,
Robert, The Gods Were NeutrallNew
York: Ballantine Books, 1961] and
Joslen, H. F., Orders of Battle [Lon-
don: HMSO, 1960]. The British simply
did not have two lully equipped ar-
mored divisions in Egypt in January
1941)
b. 2-3-8 Art X W is removed from
play and may not be replaced upon its
'
return from Greece.
c. Withdraw 1—8 AT ll 65 Sep II 42
(became organic AT unit of 7th Ar-
moured Division).
d. Withdraw 1-10 mot AT II 102
Oct 42 (became organic AT unit of
l
50th Infantry Division).
e. Lastly, add airtield at 19:0708
(Allied controlled initially, becomes
Axis controlled Jun I41).
I
believe these modifications will
more accurately simulate the Allied sit-
uation at the start of Operation Com-
page 11
pass and give the Allied player more
of a taste of Wavell's predicament.
The best way to play War in the Desert
time, but rules of both games must be
standardized. It should be pointed
out that to accurately be in Wavell's
shoes, the Allied player has no choice
as to the issue of helping Greece.
This decision has already been made
for him by Churchill.
Two final notes: First, to accurately
simulate Operation Compass as set
out in Ben's article, you must use the
Scorched Earth administrative move-
ment rules rather than those in War in
the Desert. Otherwise the Australi-
ans can't get to Bardia in time.
Second, in staging Compass under
Ben's proposals, have found that an
l
aggressive Italian player, if he risks
2:1, 1.511, or even 1:1 counterat-
tacks, can significantly delay or even
cripple the Allied offensive, especially
if he can
get a surrounded DR or EX
on the 7th Armoured Division. Per-
haps some sort of "Graziani" rule,
such as was proposed in David
Scheel's article in The Grenadier #23,
would be in order to curb ahistorical
overaggressiveness on the part of
the Italians.
In preparing this article have relied
I
on the sources already noted, as well
as Jackson, W. G. F., The Battle for
North Africa, 1940 . 1943 (New York:
Mason/Charter, 1975), corresponv
dence with GDW, and notes and arti-
cles in The Grenadier and Europa
Nuts 8. Bolts. Comments and critir
cisms welcomed. £2
1
ISSUES 1, 2, 3, AND 4 OF
THE EUROPA NEWLETTEH
ARE AVAILABLE FROM GRID
The lirst four issues of The Europa
Newsletter are in a newsletter format,
They come printed on 8 1/2 by 11
inch sheets with three holes punched
on the left side. Issues 1 thru 4 repre-
sent the pre-magazine format. They
cost $3 each plus 50¢ shipping.
Members of the Association pay
$2.50 each, shippping included.
page 12

Scorched Earth Errata - Jan I 89

COUNTERS:
The German 461st Ersatz unit is a division (XX), not a battalion (if).
The German 2-1-10 Asault Gun H H, J should be 21-10 P2 ll H, J.
The cadre of the German 17-10 Pz XX 4 should be 8-8, not 7-8.
The cadre of the German 15-10 Pz XX 2 should be 7-8, not 8-8.

MAP 7A:
Change the spelling of "Kuybuyshev" (7A:4701) to "Kuybyshev."

ORDERS OF BATTLE:
Axis 08:
Forces, Rumanian Reserves: Change 3x1-2-6 MG X 1, 5, Res to 2x1-2-6 MG X 1, Res.
Initial
May 43: The upgradings of the 2nd and 4th Panzer Div. are scrambled and should be as follows:
I

1x 11~10 Pz XX 2 upgrades to 1x 15—10 Pz XX 2, at a cost of 3 arm RPS;

1x 1010 P2 XX 4 upgrades to 1x 1710 P2 XX 4, at aoost of Sam RPs.
Sep I44: 1x 271-4 Art II 774 should be 1x 2-1-8 Art || 774, corresponding to the counter.
Dec I44: 2x 1-2-6 Emrgncy XX 605, 608 should be 2x 1-2-6 Emrgncy Cadre 605, 608.
1942 Scenario: Finnish Front: Delete 1x 2-8 Mtn Pol ill 18 (SS-Pol).
1942 Scenario: Regauged Rail Lines:
a) The line starting with "Riga" is incorrect. It should read "Riga (181816) to 1B2212 to
182407" and “1B:2608 to Vitebsk (18:3203) to Vyazma (2A:3425)."
b) In the line starting with "15: 3512," "1b:47-4" should read "1Bz4704."
c) In the line starting with "3820710," all references to map 2A should be map 4A.
Abbreviations: German: RAD stands for Reichsarbeitsdienst. SS: H stands for Hohenstaufen, not Hohenzollern.
Soviet OB:
North Caucasus MD: The deployment instructions forthis MD should read: "At any major or dot cities in
the district, with at least 3 REs at each major city in the district."
Jul || 41: Add: Baltic MD: Any City in Latvia or Estonia: 1x3-6 Rifle XX 201.
Jul ll 41, From Eastern MDs: Change 1x3-6 Rifle XX 178 to 2x3-6 Rifle XX 178, 194.
Jul || 41, Replacement Pool: Add 2x3-2-8 Tank X 17, 18 lo the twelve already in the pool, making a total of fourteen.
Aug 41, Replacement Pool: The "234" unit identification is printed twice here. Delete one.
I

Aug II 41, From Eastern MDs: Change 2x646 Tank XX 59, 60 to 1x6-4-8 Tank XX 60,
Sep ll 44, Moskva MD: Change 2x36 Rifle XX 201, 328 to 1x396 Rifle XX 328. Delete 2x3-2—8 Tank X 17, 18
from the seven listed as reinforcements, leaving five.
Oct l 41, From Eastem MDs: Delete 1x36 Rifle XX 194. Add 1x7-6 Rifle XX 78 (w).
Nov 41, From Eastern MDs: Delete 1x7-6 Rifle XX 78 (w).
l

Nov ll 41, From Eastern Mds: Add 1x2-6‘ Rifle X 35.

Dec | 41, From Eastern MDs: Change 5x2-6‘ Rifle X 34, 35, 36, 37, 40 to 4x2-6' Rifle X 34, 36, 37, 40.
Feb 42, Moskva MD: Change 1x2-1-8 Tank X 79 to 2x2-1-8 Tank X 69,79. NOTE: The counter for the 69th
I

Tank Brigade appears in Fire In The East.

Apr | 42: Withdraw: Add 1x218 Tank 69 to the list making a total of ten 2-1-8 tank Brigades withdrawn.
Sep 43: Change "Convert: 2x14-11-8 Tank XXX any to: 2x15-12-8 Tank XXX 8, 9 (Gds)" to "Convert
I

1x14-11-8 Tank XXX any to: 1x15—12-8 Tank XXX 8 (Gds)."

Nov 43: Add "Convert: 1x 15-8 Mech XXX any to: 1x16-8 Mech XXX 8 (Gds)."
1

Jul 44: Delete "Convert: 1x17-8 Mech XXX any to: 1x18-8 Mech XXX 8 (Gds)."
I

Sep 44: Move the conversion of 1x18-8 Mech 9 (Gds) to this turn from Oct 44. Delete the conversion of
l I

1x15-12-8 Tank XXX 12 (Gds) from this turn.

Oct l 44: Move the conversion of 1x5-6 Rifle XX 101 (Gds) to this turn from Novl 44.
Nov | 44: Add "Convert: 2xf4-11<8 Tank XXX any to: 2x15-12-8 Tank XXX 9, 12 (Gds)."
Soviet Air Force: Add 1xG—1 air unit to the initial forces.
1942 Scenario, General Reserves: Change 1x3-6 Rifle XX 11 (NKVD) to 7x3-6 Rifle XX 2. 5, 6, 7,8,9, 13 (NKVD).

CHARTS
Unit Identification Chan: a) Heavy antiaircraft units have heavy equipment. b) The Replacement Army indicator for Re-
 page 13

placement Army units is not shown. It is a square in the upper right corner of the counter. (See a German
reserve, training,
or ersatz division for an example.) 0) The NKVD political troops symbol is shown with the motorized symbol. This is incor-
rect; the basic symbol should be the NKVD symbol without the motorized symbol. An NKVD political
troop symbol with the
motorized symbol is combat/motorized, it is AEC/ATEC neutral, and has heavy equipment.
Terrain Effects Chart, Note 5) Addition: Rivers and lakes in Zone G are frozen during cold weather.

RULES
70: Railroad Construction. The Soviet player may build railroads starting with the Jul l 41 turn.
28A3. Ports. In the fourth paragraph of this section, change "controls" to ”owns."
28C2. Amphibious Landings. Change "enemy-controlled" to "enemy-owned."
32A2. Rumania. Change "10 more REs" to "10 or more REs."
3281. Finnish War Aims. When determining if the German RE limit in the Finnish theater is raised due to the
presence of unisolated Soviet units within 7 hexes of Helsinki, only Soviets units in Finland are considered.
3403. Reorganization. Note: The phrase "replacement pool substitution" in this rule does relerto the
substitution procedure given in Rule 34E1.
34F8. Special Replacement Pool Activities. When the orders of battle require a unit to be removed from or
substituted in the replacement pool and no appropriate unit is in the pool, the activity is delayed until an
appropriate unit enters the pool. For example, if the German 3-2-8 Pz III is not in the replacement pool on Jan
I
43, then its removal is delayed until it enters the pool. it it never enters the pool, it's never removed or withdrawn.
37C. Levels of Victory. Change the victory point total for a Soviet marginal victory from 8-14 to 9-14.
378. Victory Determination. When calculating victory, ignore Danzig (18:2433).
39D8. Kriegsmarine Commando. According to the rules, the Kriegsmarine commando must
use a Kriegsmarine trans—
port for naval transport when it makes an amphibious landing. However, this causes problems, as Rule 280 re—
quires the transport to end its movement in the hex where the commando landed, while Rule 2831 requires it to re
turn to port. Use the following rule to resolve this problem: The Kriegsmarine commando has its own intrinsic naval
transport ability when in the Baltic Sea and does not use a Kriegsmarine transport. The unit may use its transport
ability during each German movement phase, including the movement phase in the German surprise turn of the
Jun ll 41 turn.

DESIGNER'S NOTES.
In note 6) in section on the the Soviet Order of Battle,
change the reference to the 47th Mountain Rifle Division to the
79th Mountain Rifle Division. Also, add the 66th Rifle Division and 59th Tank Division to the list of Soviet Far Eastern
fore
es which did not go west.
N 0T E S
Some of the errata for the Soviet OB comes from Soviet books and magazines that were unavailable when Scorched Earth
was under research. want to thank Charles Sharp and Karl Gaarsoe for their efforts in finding this information. Charles
I

Sharp has dug up some interesting facts on certain formations. since showing his discoveries would require counters not
supplied in the game, I‘ve made these changes optional. (Units in italics have no counters provided in the game).

Jan | 42: Convert: 1x4-7 Mtn Rifle XX 9 (w) to: 1x4-7 Mtn Rifle XX (w) and 1x1-7‘ Mtn Rifle /II 251 (w). Note: The 251st
Mountain Rifle Regiment and the 1/256th Field Artillery Battalion were removed from the 9th Mountain Rifle Division for in-
dependent operations in the Kerch landings, while the 1329th Mountain Rifle Regiment was formed to build the division
back up to strength.
Sep | 43: Convert: 1x4-7 Mtn Rifle XX 9 (w) or 1x4-6 Rifle XX 9 to: 1x6-6 Rifle XX 9. Note: The 9th Mountain Rifle Divi—
sion was rebuilt as a (non-mountain) rifle division, with a special organization. It was a "Cossack" rifle division,
overstrength
with 14,500 men, with a permanently-assigned self-propelled gun regiment, and extra field and antitank artillery.

Additionally, the entry of the 201st Rifle Division was changed from Moskva MD on Sep ll 41 to Baltic MD on Jul ll 41 in the
above errata. The reason forthis is that the Soviets raised two Latvian rifle regiments (1 st and 2nd Latvian) as they were
driven from Latvia. These regiments fought in Estonia, were evacuated from Tallinn, and then used (together with the staff
from the 24th Rifle Corps) to form the 201st Rifle Division. changed its entry as noted to reflect this. It .you really want
i

more units in the game, make up two counters (2x0-1-4 Rifle Ill 1 Lat, 2 Lat), bring them into the game instead of the 201st
Rifle XX on Jul ii, and then convert them to the 201 st Rifle XX on Sep ll 41.

John Astell
page 14
Rules ©©ufltrfi
Send your rules questions along with
a SASE to Ben Knight, R12 Box 120,
Brewster KS 67732, Please phrase
your questions for yes/no responses.
FltE / Scorched Earth
Can a ground unit in hex 13:0905
move directly to hex 1820906? Yes.
Can a 0-8 commando unit out of
supply draw from special supply and
make its air drop? Yes, but airborne
units in SE are not required to be in
supply to make their air drop (see SE
Rule 250, paragraph 3). ln WitD they
are (see VWtD Rule 25F, paragraph 2).
The Axis OB for Aug || 41 German
calls tor 1 x 475 Sec XX 707 but the
counter is Static. A Security counter is
provided in SE.
The Soviet player is about to re-
ceive 60 RPS trom disbanded militia
from the previous turn. Can all of
these go into just one MD or is there a
maximum limit like for special replace
ments? (Rule 34F1 just isn't clear to
me.) Rule 34F1, Disbanding, refers to
3432, Soviet Replacements, specifi-
cally case c under infantry RPs. When
a Soviet unit disbands, its RPs go to
the MD that it is in, in the same way a
cadre must be in the MD to draw RPS
form that MD's pool. Conceivably, a
disbanding unit can send its RPS to
an isolated replacement city in the MD
as long as the unit can trace a "supply
line" to that city. (The unit does not
have to be in supply to disband.) For
example, suppose Leningrad is cut
off by the Axis. A Soviet militia unit in
the city can still disband (as long as it
is not in an enemy 200), but its RPs
go to the Leningrad pool not the MD's
pool. This requires that you carefully
document the number of disbanding
RPs and the M05 they disband in, but
it is a more reasonable treatment than
the rule for special replacements.
I
suspect that the printed airtields in
Nonivay are all the airbases there are
instead of additional to cities, and this
makes Norway unique tor Europa
maps. Is that correct? If yes, then
none of the cities (of whatever kind) in
Norway have any airbase capability,
which helps to explain why so many
very small places in north Norway
show up. Correct? When playing Nar-
vik, yes, cities have no intrinsic air-
base capacity When playing FitE/SE,
the Norwegian cities do have intrinsic
airbases.
Eastern Troops are listed on the
Unit Colors chart as German forces,
not Axis Allies. Are their losses added
to the German losses for that turn?
[No, see Rule 3483, Special Replace-
ments, last sentence of paragraph 2.]
May German lnl RPS be used to re-
build them [no], and when Eastern
Troop replacements are received are
they added to German lnf RPs for that
month or are they maintained separ-
ately? Maintained separately. See
Rule 3451, Axis Replacements, next
to last sentence of paragraph 1.
39lt Rule 39K, Luftwaffe Manpower,
is used, do reorganized units come in
at no cost or does the unit have to pay
the reorganization cost from the chart
to appear? No cost.
Rule 14A1b, Quick Construction,
lists quick constmction costs as MP5.
Does quick construction of forts and
permanent airlields also require the
expenditure of a resource point? Yes.
Rule 34F does not prohibit the re-
building of Soviet ski brigades after
they have been disbanded (39011).
May they be rebuilt after disband—
ment? No. First sentence of Rule
348, Replacements, states that RPS
are used to replace eliminated units.
Disbanded units are different than
eliminated units and thus may not be
replaced.
Does the German player have to
make a replacement pool removal it
the unit is not in the replacement
pool? it is delayed See SE Errata Jan
/ 89 (on previous page), Rule 34F8.
It a truck unit is stacked with a unit
that has a cadre and an EX is thrown
reducing the unit to a cadre, is the
truck destroyed or can it retreat with
the cadre? Per Rule 14/, a truck is
treated as a 0<strength c/m unit and as
such it would be eliminated in the ex-
change.
When does the phasing player de-
cide exactly which mission each air
unit is pertorming? When does he an-
nounce this?
The phasing player announces the
general mission of each air unit (and
whether it is a day or night mission) at
the moment it takes off (Step 1 of the
Air Phase). The general missions are:
escort, transfer, transport, and bomb-
ing. Note that the phasing player
does not have to decide or announce
the specific type of bombing mission
at this time.
During Step 2 of the Air Phase, the
nonsphasing player launches air units
on interception and scramble mis-
sions.
During Step 3, Air Combat Resolus
tion, fighters flying bombing missions
may switch to escort per Rule 24A.
During Step 4, Mission Resolution,
the phasing player decides and an-
nounces the exact target of each
bombing unit prior to all AA fire in the
hex. After all AA fire in the hex, the
phasing player resolves his missions.
Per Rule 20F, surviving air units
bombng the same target may attack
individually or combine their
strengths.
Are Soviets allowed to convert new-
ly arrived 3-6 XXs to 4-6 XXs (Rule
34F4)? Yes, as long as the "four per
turn" limit is obeyed
Rule 3482: The 3 RES of winterized
units that the Soviets may rebuild (re-
striction #6), does that include 3 RES
of mountain units from #5? Yes, but
note that restriction #6 applies only
through the first winter while #5 ap-
plies through the entire game.
Are there restrictions to buying
Guards units after the above restric-
tion (#6) runs out? No.
Are you limited to one commando
per attack and/or one commando
modifier per attack? No.
Can air/naval interdiction be used
on lake hexes to interdict tlotillas? No.
Can partisans be built in hexes sole»
ly occupied by enemy trucks? No.
Trucks are "units" (14/), and partisans
may not be recruited in a hex occu-
pied by an enemy unit (400).
Can partisans be built in hexes sole»
ly occupied by position AA units? No.
Again, position AA units are units.
Can warships which carried supply

give defensive support in the next
players combat phase? No.
Can a unit use rail movement on a
line at hexes between two broken rail
line hexes? Yes.
Can construction units spend re
source points to regauge railways by
using rule 38C2 (upgrading roads)?
There is no provision for this but it
sounds perfectly acceptable. Yes.
Can Axis aircraft base and fly mis-
sions from Bulgarian airbases against
Russia? Yes.
Rule 32A4, Bulgaria: in the sen-
tence "If any he; in Bulgaria is Soviet
owned at the start of a game turn and
a supply line can be traced irom the
my to a Soviet regular source of sup-
ply, Bulgaria defects," should this be
"If any 9111.." or "..Jrom the 1151.”?
From the hex.
When tracing supply (Rule 123), is
the hex the unit occupies counted?
No. Trace the line from the unit but
exclude its hex.
To use a resource point in construc-
tion (Rule 14A1), does that point
have to be within 7 hexes (in clear
weather) oi the engineer unit? Yes,
the unit must be able to trace an over
land supply line (not road or rail) to the
resource point. See Rule 1281 and
the Supply Line Summary chart.
Can security units admin. move up
to partisans and then attack them?
Good questioin. No, if they admin.
move they may not attack. Note that
their APZOCs are unaffected and
thus they may cut off the partisans' re—
treat routes.
Does an overrunning unit have to
pay the MP cost for leaving the 200
of an enemy unit (in an adjacent hex)
even if the overrunning unit does not
advance into the overrun hex? Yes, if
must pay all the MP costs, whether/t
advances or not.
What constitutes being on the rail
net? For example, when the Crimea is
sealed off the rail line runs only from
Sevastopol to the causeway. Should-
n't such a rail line have some limits
placed on its capacity? How about
when Murmansk has been isolated
before the Arkangelsk line has been
upgraded, should capacity be as
much as the Russian wants to spend?
Maybe the number of partial or full hex
cities should determine capacity with
regard to national capacity. Your con-
cern is understandable. Perhaps
Grand Europa will address this but for
now SE won’t.
War In the Desert (WltD)
Should the 102nd Italian Div be me
torized? No. Although officially a mo-
torized division, it was stripped of its
motor transport upon arrival in Africa
and did not regain it.
What is the effect on AA when not
in general supply? No effect in WitD.
What is the effect on AEC/ATEC
when not in general supply? No effect
inWrtD.
Does the number of consecutive
turns out of general supply have any
effect? Not in VWtD.
If an AA unit is unsupported is the
AA value affected? No.
On overrunning a hex with defen—
sive air can you attempt to drive off
the air with available AA fire? No.
Do mech units using sea movement
incur any extra movement cost? It is
suggested that c/m units incur 4 MP5
for sniping while non-c/m units incur
only 2 MP5 (per SE Rule 2801a). Do
they use extra port capacity? No.
If you attempt to drive off defensive
air during the combat phase and are
unsuccessful can the attack be called
oft? No!
When using rule 3203, SMP Loss—
es, ii the Allied player regains control
of Alexandria (example), does he re-
gain the lost SMP points? No.
Can an engineer unit use the extra
MPs gained in admin. movement to
build or repair items on the map? No.
Rule 78, Roads, states, "Movement
along a road is subject to the same
limitations as regular movement," and
earlier in 78 it is stated that "A unit
moving along a road pays the MP cost
for clear terrain.. . Does this mean
that during rain the MP costs for ar-
mor/art is 4MPs per hex and 2 MP5 for
other types even it the unit is moving
along a road? Yes, weather affects
road movement.
You describe in rule 148, Artillery,
how a 2-10 motorized regiment is
stacked with three artillery regiments
page 15
of 243-6 strength each and state that
the total defense of the hex is 6.
Shouldn‘t this be 7? 6 is correct. See
143, first paragraph, last sentence.
The artillery RES in excess of the non-
artillery REs defend with a total
strength of 1, not 1 each.
Is a HQ unit counted as an RE for
supply counter expenditure purpos-
es if it is on the map giving support to
one or more unsupported units in an
attack? Yes.
if an airbase is built on a hex with a
city, be it reference, dot, panial or full
hex city, does it supplement the al-
ready existing airbase capacity there
or does it supplant it? The airfield ca-
pacity is in addition to (supplements)
the reference/dot city capacity. Note,
however, that partial/full hex cities are
their own terrain type, different from
clear, thus airfields may not be built on
them.
Inthe rule book for Western Desert
you describe AA Suppression as a vi~
able bombing mission in Rule 33.
However, this mission is no longer
mentioned in the rule book for Torch,
Since the War in the Desert rules
seem to supplant Western Desert
rules does this mean that AA supres-
sion is no longer a viable mission?
Correct.
Can a hex containing both British
and American contingents be sup»
ported by either or both air forces?
Yes, but the amount of support is lim-
ited to the strength of the ground
contingent. For example, in a stack of
one US 38 and one British 28, US air
units could provide up to 3 tactical
points of support and British air units
could provide up to 2 tactical points of
support.
What happened to the 155th British
Brigade? ln WD it appears Aug II 42.
while in Torch the 152nd appears in
its place. The 155th was a mistake for
152nd. The 152nd Brigade is includ-
ed in Torch to replace the 155th.
Their Finest Hour
Does an air unit attacking naval units
in portget to make three bombing at-
tacks (31A)? No, only one attack. Rule
31 applies to 20F2i, not to 20F2h.
Q
page 16
Home Front
by Jay Kaufinan
The following are some house rules
for Scorched Earth we've been play-
ing with here in Moorhead, Minneso-
ta.
Rule 9.F.1, Retreats. Change re-
treat priority 3 to 4 and insert a new
priority: "3) to a hex closer to a supply
line/source; if unable to decrease the
distance. the unit must not increase
the distance unless no other legal
route exists; German c/m units may ig-
nore this priority."
The new retreat priority is designed
to keep defeated forces from retreat-
ing forward, an obnoxious abuse.
German c/m units are permitted this
ability reflecting their purported mas-
tery of a fluid environment.
Rule 9.F.1, Retreats. Add at the
end: "Units attacking from cities, forts
or fortresses may ignore retreats."
The ability to ignore AR results
when attacking from a city or fort/
fortress has two inspirations: first. why
would a defeated attacker flee out of a
defensive strongpoint due to any ac
tion it initiated? Even if badly beaten,
such a force would surely only return
to the safety of its startline, not retreat
to possibly open ground behind such
favorable and familiar terrain. Second,
this rule allows a badly-pressed force
in a city or fort to counterattack one of
the hexes of its enemies without fear
of being driven from its strongpoint
due to its own initiative. An extreme
example of this rule's applicability is a
siege of Odessa or Tobruk: no de-
tender in such a siege dares risk an
AR~annihilating his forceA-so he in—
stead resists by dumbly sitting out
each of his own turns. The proposed
change allows a lighting defense in
such a situation.
Rule 13»-Overruns. Replace "The
overrunning units must have a total at—
tack strength sufficient to achieve
10:1 odds . defensive air support"
, .
with "All overruns are resolved on the
CRT. A penalty of a two column shift is
applied to the attack, in addition to all
other modifiers. An overrun may be
attempted at any odds, If a DE result is
rolled, the attacker may continue mov—
ing the overrunning force. Any other
result is treated as a HX for the attack
er and the force ends its movement
immediately. The defending force
suffers any negative result rolled by
the attacker. If all defenders are
forced to vacate the attacked hex,
surviving attackers may occupy the
emptied hex even if the overrun
failed. The attacker may always attack
normally in the combat phase."
Also, "German c/m units spend 1
MP to attempt an overrun. All other
units spend 2 MP5."
This overrun rule is a simplification
of Bill Stone's "Hot Rod Europa" rule
printed in ETO #6, with later suggesr
tions from that estimable 'zine, The
advantage of the rule is that it makes
an overrun—proof line impossible.
While low odds overruns are now pos
sible, danger exists to the attacker in
casualties incurred by failing to get
the DE result. A possible danger to
Europa inherent in this rule is that
some standard defensive positions
no longer can be held with certainty.
The first turn of FitE could become
even more one-sided towards the
Germans, something that probably
isn't desirable. But in general, greater
uncertainty is desirable. A defender
cannot be certain of halting an ad-
vance cold, until the exploitation
phase, as is now possible. And the at—
tacker is now faced with the decision
to attempt an overrun at the risk of
wholly unnecessary losses at odds
between 3:1 and 9:1. It's always pre-
ferable from a gaming point of view to
confront the players with additional
uncertainty and necessity to make
these difficult choices.
Rule 14.A.1, Construction Engi-
neers. Change the first paragraph to:
"A construction unit may build a minor
fort or regular fort in any hex, except
one already containing a regular fort,
fortress, or fortified area; two forts may
not occupy the same hex. A regular
fort may be constructed from a minor
fort. The unit begins building a fort
during its initial phase and must be in
supply. It takes one game turn to build
a minor fort in clear or rough terrain
and two game turns to build a minor
fort in any other terrain. It costs one
RP to build a minor fort. A minor fort
provides a defender with a -1 die
modifier in combat. (Use a fort counter
with a hit marker to represent a minor
fort.) A minor fort may be upgraded
into a regular fort after one additional
turn of constmction and the expendi-
ture of one additional RP. A regular
fort provides a defender with a -1 die
modifier and negates AECA and
AECD effects. if the construction unit
leaves the hex at any time before the
minor fort is built or is upgraded into a
regular fort, the fort counter is re,
moved or the hit marker remains in
place. Quick construction (14A to)
may be used to build regular forts, but
without reducing the two RPs cost."
This "minor fort" rule is also adopted
from a suggestion in ETO, Ken Ket—
tering's "A Modest Proposal" (ETO
3331/32). The ability to deny AECA is
sometimes wildly abused, especially
in FF and WD. The additional cost and
additional time to accomplish this do
fensive tour de force is entirely war»
ranted think. This rule is just an ex-
I
pounding of Kettering's original
ideas.
14.G, NKVD Political Troops.
Change this section's heading to
"Fanatical Troop Types." Add:
"German SS units (except SSAPolizei)
gain abilities similar to Soviet NKVD
political troops units:
"Hold at All Costs: This is identical to
the NKVD political troops rule except
that the effect cannot be extended to
non-SS in the hex and may only be
used in defense.
"Conquer or Die (Siegen oder Un’
tergehen): This order is issued only
when attacking. It can only be issued
to an attacking force half of whose
REs are 88. If the CRT result is NE,
this is changed to HX; all Axis losses
must first be satisfied by 88 units in
the attack, AR results in all attacking
SS suffering an EX based upon the.

defending force's strength, the de-
fenders are unaffected, and surviving
attackers retreat.
"Both orders may be issued at any
time before the die resolving the at~
tack is rolled, but not after. The deci-
sion to issue either order is made sep—
arately for every attack."
We haven't playtested this rule yet; I
hope some of you will give it a try and
report your experiences Obviously
it's inspired by Hitler's use of the SS
as a fire brigade and their fantastic will-
ingness to follow his most bloody-
minded orders.
25.0, Airborne Ground Operations,
and 14.H.2, Commandos~Surprise
Attack. Add: "A paratroop drop consti-
tutes a kind of surprise attack. Para-
troops add a +1 die modifier to any at-
tack in which at least one RE of
airborne units drop successfully with-
out disruption. Smaller airborne forc-
es provide the +1 bonus if a favorable
roll on the Success Table is made. At-
tacks consisting entirely of dropped
airborne units gain a +2 bonus."
Europa gamers have been strug~
gling to simulate the advantages para-
troopers ought to have in combat for
some time now, Currently, Malta can
not be seriously threatened by air-
borne invasion; many historical suc-
cesses of the airborne arm are suicidal
enterprises if penormed in Europa.
Airborne forces are definitely under»
rated feel. Surely the value of para-
|
troops when used in conjunction with
a ground attack was greater than the
mere addition of their combat
strength. A paratroop drop is the epi-
tome of a surprise attack; the expan-
sion of the surprise attack rule to air-
borne ops is appropriate. Airborne
units usually operated as part of im-
portant attacks--the German assault in
the Low Countries, the Russian
crossing of the Dnepr, the British Si—
cilian campaign, and Overlord and
Market-Garden. The +1 bonus to the
attack will encourage the historical
use of paratroops as extra spice in
such major attacks. The +2 bonus for
all»para ops enables a recreation of
the Merkur operation. WitD's para-
troop withdrawal rule should be used
in conjunction with this rule, to avoid
abuse. In comparison, commandos--
who never suffer withdrawal (no pun
intended) and require no planning to
be used in combat--are more liable to
abuse than my expanded paratroop-
ers. It's been suggested that airborne
units be considered supported when
dropping-again, to boost their com-
bat effectiveness to something like
their historical value. I've always
thought "support" should mean just
that--arti/Iery support or support by
some similarly complementary arm,
and not a mere bonus when we feel
some elite unit is undervalued versus
conventional enemies. think the sur»
I
prise attack bonus is a more elegant
treatment for airborne's undereffec~
tiveness.
Let me add that my local circle of
friends have been using David Berry's
two-dice Ground CRT (from ETO #30)
and incremental odds figuring (using
calculator and percentile dice). [But
see John Asteff's more recent 206
CRT in ETO #40] The overrun and
airborne surprise attack rules have
worked well in conjunction with these
variants. see no reason why they
I
shouldn't elsewhere. 0
Debugging
the System
by TontJohnson
These are minor rules changes sug-
gested for Scorched Earth in specific
and Grand Europa in general. The in-
tent of each will be given along with
the change.
1. SF,Ownership: In the second
paragraph, change the wording from:
"By itself, a battalion or battery sized
unit cannot gain permanent owner-
ship of an enemy hex. When entering
an enemy-owned hex, such a unit
page 17
owns the hex only as long as it occu-
pies the hex; upon Ieaving the hex,
ownership reverts to the other
player," to read: "By itself, a battalion
or battery sized unit cannot gain own-
ership of a hex. When entering an en-
emy-owned hex, such a unit gains
control but not ownership of the hex,
When it leaves the hex ownership re-
mains with the other player."
This will eliminate much of the
"slime" problem since battalions will
no longer be able to block a supply
line. The presence of an enemy batta-
lion will stop rail movement through
the hex it occupies, but that is all.
2. 17C, Airbase Capture: Change
second sentence of first paragraph
from: "An enemy airbase is captured
when a friendly ground unit gains
ownership of the hex," to read: "An
enemy airbase is captured when a
friendly ground unit gains control or
ownership of the hex."
This brings the rule in line with the
suggested change in 1 above and al
lows the use of Brandenburger units
to seize an airbase without having to
claim ownership of an entire hex (be
yond the capacity of such a small ele-
ment).
3. 34B, Replacements: Change the
third paragraph from: "Replacement
points may be used to replace an
eliminated unit at its cadre strength.
The RP cost is equal to the strength
of the cadre. RPs may be used to re-
place a unit at its full strength; the
cost is equal to the full strength of the
unit," to read: "Eliminated units with
cadres must be replaced to their ca-
dre strength. The RP cost is equal to
the strength of the cadre. Cadres may
then be rebuilt to full strength in a
subsequent turn. If a unit does not
have a cadre, then it may be replaced
at full strength; the cost is equal to the
full strength of the unit."
This brings the cadre into play more
realistically and shows the effect of to-
tal elimination vs. the saving of cadres
better. Currently, an eliminated divi—
sion can pop back into existence with
far too much ease. Q
page 18 _
EXchange
Have something to say? Post it to
TEN EXchange, c/o Ben Knight, Rt 2
Box 120, Brewster KS 67732 USA.
Phillip Buhler
Oh boy, more maps! | read with glee
that GR/D will be adding the Ural area
maps to FitE/SE so that my panzers
can now climb yet another mountain
chain, although l will be forced to look
for a larger apartment to house this
monster! Maybe we can finally find out
what happened to the Romanov fami-
ly at Ekaterinburg (aka Sverdlovsk) on
Map 29. Will there be a hidden Czarist
gold counter in the form of 100 re-
source points?
Seriously though. it is great that
someone has decided not to let the
eastern front end in the middle of no-
where on some half maps. was al-
I
ways bothered that SE did not in—
clude at least two more full—sized
maps to add to FitE. Those alone
would almost have stretched to the
Urals. One bone of contention re»
mains even with the Urals map plan.
Why did GDW not bother to include a
half map north of Map 7A to make the
game area symmetrical? While realize
I
that the terrrain east of Arkhangelsk is
not exciting to panzer commanders,
many players (myself included) are
fond of coastlines, isolated towns,
and other unusual corners of the war
where we can launch paradrops and
commando raids (see my article on
Arkhangelsk in ETO #39). The prob-
lem is not solved by the Urals module.
Attaching Map 28 to the east of Map
6A and then adding a puny Map 31 to
that does not align the north with the
eastern edges of Maps 29 and 30. A
straight eastern edge would look
neater when mounted. | submit that
instead of the present plan a half map
be created to fit above 7A. Then Map
28 would run in line with 29 and 30.
How about it guys?
This infatuation with the northern
maps brings up another suggestion.
During much of the war the Germans
maintained weather stations in the
Arctic, where northern Europe's
weather patterns are born. The main
stations were on Greenland and
Spitzbergen. the latter being occu-
pied after the surrender of Norway.
These stations gave vital information
to the Kriegsmarine but might also
have provided advance information to
land forces on impending weather
changes. is there a chance that such
stations would have allowed the Ger-
mans to predict weather changes a
few weeks (Le. a game turn) in ad-
vance? If German units were to occu-
py southern Novaya Zemlya on pro-
posed Map 28, could a rule be
designed to allow the German to se-
cretly roll the weather dice a turn in ad
vance, representing his very good
lorcasting ability? would like to hear
I
the opinions of other players on this
matter. still am uncertain if this fore-
I
casting could be fit into Europa scale
operations. Any weather experts out
there?
A. E. Goodwin
I've been studying the "Turkish En-
try into the Russian Campaign" piece
(TEN 2) a bit more and think there is a
I
problem with it. In the "EXchange" of
TEN 3 Bill Stone takes exception with
Phillip Buhler’s designation of all Turk-
ish cities as supply sources, his objec-
tion being that this is much too liberal
and does not correspond to supply
rules in any of the other games. While
I
agree with Bill, think that the reason
I
Mr. Buhler may have done this is be-
cause of the mechanics of SE Rule
3802 (Upgrading roads to railroads).
Since the easternmost Turkish rail line
only extends to Erzurum and there
are only roads further east it is ex-
tremely difficult for Turkish forces to
remain in supply once they advance
any distance into the Soviet Union.
And since roads in mountain hexes
cannot be upgraded to rail lines (ac—
cording to SE rules) the Turkish
player cannot extend his most direct
rail supply route (the railhead at Erzur-
um) further east. (This is due to the
first road hex east of Erzurum being a
mountain hex.) The Turkish player
can upgrade the road irom 2121429
to Batumi to rail status under SE rules,
but this is a distance of 30 hexes!
After studying the SE mle think the
reason it was written was to keep
I
players from converting true roads
(vice low capacity rail lines that have
been designated as roads) into rail
lines. The only roads the SE rule pro-
hibits from being converted to rail stat-
us are those in the Arctic and those in
mountain hexes, and in every in-
stance roads in these categories are
true roads and not low capacity rail
lines. The road from Erzurum east, on
the other hand. IS a low capacity rail
line. (See Bill Stone‘s forum discus-
sion in ETO #12.) Thus think that if
I
the Turks are added to SE that the rail
line east from Erzurum be made an
exception to SE Rule 38C2 and the
Turks should be allowed to upgrade it
to a rail line.
Europa trivia questions of the week:
The first Free Norwegian combat unit
(an infantry battalion) was formed in
early 1941. What vital function did this
unit perform during its first two years
of existence?
Answer: It garrisoned the lonely,
windswept island of South Georgia in
the South Atlantic Ocean.
Ken Kettering
Cheers for the "Vlfinter War' project!
As for a name, the two best have
been taken: "Winter War" and "White
Death." Maybe TSR would sell the for-
mer name cheap. It would be worth a
couple hundered dollars. if neither of
those names works, then try a prosaic
name: "The Russo-Finnish War" or
the exotic "Sisu."
if there is one project really would
I
like to see the Baker Street lrregulars
get to work on, it would be the
"Outposts" project Bill Stone sug-
gested a couple of years ago in ETO.
This interests me greatly and surely
will never be generated by the official
GDW mill. know that Art Goodwin was
I
interested in the Outposts project
and did some preliminary work on it
this spring Perhaps you could run up
a few flags, or trial balloons, or what-
not, to see whether anyone is inter-
ested in writing and publishing this?

Bill Stone
Gary Stagliano raised a notewonhy
point in the "EXchange" department
of TEN 4. That is, the official Europa
rules (including FE, SE, WitD, etc) do
not clearly specify at what point in a
player's turn he must decide and/or
announce exactly what mission(s) his
air unit(s) is flying.
In some instances the mission is
readily apparent, at least by the time
the target hex is reached. (For exam-
ple, if a bomber flies to a hex in which
there is no feature other than a rail
line, and there are no enemy units
around to harass, it's a pretty good
bet that the bombardier is aiming for
the tracks.) In other instances, the
bombers have a plethora of targets
and missions from which to choose,
80, while the aim of Gary's argument
may be right on target (so to speak), at
least one of his bombloads misses.
Specifically, Gary writes as follows:
"...for example, five bombers [are
sent] to an enemy held hex that holds
an airfield with one inoperative tighter
on it and a rail line. After all air combat
and flak takes place, the bombers at-
tack one at a time announcing their
missions as they drop their bombs.
The original intention may have been,
perhaps, to destroy the fighter on the
ground. In this case let's assume the
bombers hit on the second try. de-
stroying the fighter. The three remain-
ing bombers are free to pursue any
tactical mission in the hex since they
have not yet announced their mis-
sion."
The problem here is the wording of
Scorched Earth Rule 20F2a, Tactical
Bombing ot Air Units. The rule states:
"At each airbase, the phasing player
must specify the target of his bomb-
ing units before resolving any bomb-
ing attacks there." (Note that this rul-
ing appears in Fire in the East and
Scorched Earth but not in Western
Desert or Torch, which seems a little
puzzling.)
Consequently, Gary's example ap-
pears tlawed, at least under east from
rules. If those bombers were commit-
ted to tac bombing of air units on the
ground, then they apparently cannot
switch to alternative targets even if
the primary target is already destroyed
by the time they come to bat. Like-
wise, by my reading ot the rule, they
could not opt for air unit bombing after
seeing the lead bombers miss the pri-
mary target.
Gary's commentary and this oddball
case led me to put the question for—
mally to the good Mr. Knight. "Just
when doesthe phasing player decide
and announce his missions?" Per-
haps he will be so kind as to publish
his ruling in this issue of TEN. [See
"Rules Court,"page 14, column 2.]
Rich Velay
I
have a computer program that
does all Europa combat resolution:
air, antiair, bombing, and ground com-
bat as well as keeping track of rail cap.
IfI
made this available in an IBM com-
patible format, would anyone be inter—
ested?
Rich C. Velay
#208—830 Pembroke
Victoria BC.
Canada V8T 1H9
Mike Arthur
l
have a few suggestions would like
I
to propose to Europa players.
The first has to do with the Rank and
Reward Program as outlined in TEN 4.
Why not develop that further. Stan-
dardize the criteria for giving certain
awards and make them available to
anyone who is a Commander or
Gamemaster in multiplayer games.
Giving out actual certificates to players
with a picture of the award and the
reasons for the award being given
would be nice. The document lor
each award could be unique or could
be standardized with only the picture
of the award changing. A nice compu—
terized certificate maker would be
ideal. Awards for each side (British,
U.S,, French, etc.) would have to be
developed.
My other suggestion has to do with
adding leaders to the game. In multi-
player games, this would not be ne—
cessary. However, in one-on-one
games the players, as Supreme Com-
manders, have complete control of
every unit on the board. seriously
I often reminds me that "It's just a
doubt this was the actual case. There
I 4— page 19
were many instances where the local
commanders disregarded the instruc-
tions of the High Command. Rommel
in North Africa was told not to conduct
any major offensive operations but
did on his own initiative soon after he
arrived.
propose that a system be deve|~
I
oped where the players (in a two
player game) would have Army and
Army Group Commanders control
their respective HQs. Issue #29 of
ETO had an article on "Bro Rules"
which described H05 and their ei-
tects. This is a start and would like to
I
see this developed further. Leaders
themselves could be rated on effi-
ciency of command or radius in whici
they can control units assigned to
them and, more importantly, their el-
tect on combat and tactical abilities.
The way see it, if Rudel has his own
I
counter, why not Patton, Rommel,
Montgomery, Zhukov, and many oth»
er generals and tield marshalls who
commanded the armies in the field. (2
At-TEN-tion!
by Ben Knight
For those of you who read my edito-
rialcolumn and remember what write,
I
I
would like to remind you that "the
best-laid schemes 0' Mice an‘ Men
gang aft a-gley." In my greenness I
have sometimes called to your atten-
tion upcoming articles, but for one
reason or another these fail to appear.
Starting now, i shall refrain trorn this
practice. TEN will always be about Eu-
ropa and WW" in Europe-you can
count on that~but to maintain the re-
mains of my editorial credibility will
I
stop crystal—balling the next issue.
As rules questions answerer, re- I
ceive clues that tempers sometimes
flare during a rules debate. Admitted-
ly, my voice occasionally escalates
when arguing a rules point. What we
need to remember is that this is our
hobby, we play Europa tor lun.
Though we compete in the game, we
are also comrades in Europa. My wife
game," a simple yet wise remark. Q
page 20

r W book they are listed. For example, 1st

AN IMPORTANT Bookend Regiment Brandenburg is listed on
pages 192, 253, 263, 277, 281, and
NOTICE TO Books of Interest 283 ct Vol. 8 of this series. The 44th
THE SUBSCRIBERS to Europa Fans Infanterie-Division is listed on over fif-
OF "NUTS & BOLTS" ty pages of Vol. 8 alone!
by Antonio J. Munoz In effect, a battle history of every
THE EUROPA NEWS German unit can be formed by follow«
AND ing the action reports of a particular di»
NUTS &BOLTS Forthose of you who are strict fanat- vision through these volumes! Com-
HAVE MERGED. ics when it comes to accurate and plete orders of battle are listed every
complete orders of battle (AND are three to four weeks. I'm not just talk—
THOSE OF YOU HAVE connoisseurs of quality books), Biblio ing divisions but independent regi~
SUBSCRIPTIONS WITH Verlag‘s newest addition to its book ments and brigades, as well as such
ISSUES STILL OWED list might be of interest. This is their specialty battalions as the 502nd
YOU FROM N&B WILL fifthvolume in a series of which a total Heavy Tank Battalion, etc!
HAVE THE REMAIN- of twelve volumes will complete the The beauty of this series lies in the
DER OF YOUR SUB- set. The name of the series is Der Ge- large maps which take up the end of
SCRIPTION HONORED heimen Tagesberichte der Deuts- each book. These situation maps not
BY GAME RESEARCH! Chen Wehrmachffuhrung Irn Zweiten only list armies, corps, and divisional
DESIGN. HERE IS Weltkn'eg, 1939-1945. Translation: positions per month, but indepen-
HOW IT WILL WORK: "The Secret OKW War Diary in the dent units abound as well!
Second World War, 1939-1945." A "Lokationregister" is also listed.
You will receive a dollar The name of this series tells it all! This register mentions on which pag-
for dollar exchange In Each massive 9 1/ "by 13" volume is es in the book you will find a particular
credit towards a TEN handsomely bound with the highest village/town/city mentioned! Thus, if
subscription. quality given to every step in the pro- you want to locate the city of Kalinin,
duction of the books. Each volume you simply look at the register (which
you are still owed ls- is listed alphabetically) for that city.
If ranges from 550 to 600+ pages. This
sues that equal $15 In is the daily situation reports of every The "Formationregister" is well orga—
value from N&B you front in the war! The reports are given nized, too. We are not just talking
have a credit of $15 on on a daily (yes folks! daily) basis. Each about German Army units, but Luft-
a subscription to The front is split up into different sections waffe ground units, flak units. special-
Europa News magazine per day. The Russian front is so large ty units, naval units, and Waffen-SS
that Is "on the books". that it is subdivided imo army groups! formations-the whole German military
The detail of these reports is out- might!
GRID has received all of the standing, often mentioning individual True, the text in these books is in
data from Gary detailing what battalions but most often listing the German. But the manner in which the
is owed to each person that actions of regiments and divisions information is set up is so simple that
has an outstanding balance (and corps/armies, of course). At the you don't really need to speak the lan
due from Nuts & Bolts. end of the books there is a guage. Certainly this is especially true
of the situation maps and orders of
"Formationregister" This lists every
All former subscribers will re- conceivable unit (from battalion to battle. Each volume is split up into
ceive a letter of credit from army group) as to which pages in the three to four month intervals. For ex~
Game Research/Design out- ample, Vol, 8 (the newest addition)
lining the exact amount due lists the German operations from 1
with an explaination of how September 1943 to 30 November
PARTS IS PARTS 1943. As of August 1988, only Vol-
the transfer works.
umes 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 have been
This process will begin short» GR/D will be offering published. 9
Iy and is bound to take some a complete listing of
time. Please be patient. the spare Europa parts
that will be available
Thanks: GRID soon. Watch the
magazine for detials.
\—-———/

STUBBING YOUR TO&E
By Timothy O'Shenko
Wargaming is a synthesis of two contra-
dictory concepts: gaming and history.
On one level wargaming is simply a con-
test between (usually) two players out to
determine a winner in a reasonable length
of time by use of a map, playing pieces
and dice. For some gamers the history
aspect of the game is as relevant to their
pursuit of happiness as a critique of the
weapons and armor of the Jack of Spades
would be to a poker player. The fact that
the game purports to be set in a particular
place ortime in which certain material
forces were involved in a dynamic is of no
issue to the players. A recent
”publication” by some gamers set the tone
in their designer's notes by saying that
their design time was not wasted in read-
ing books. but was more productively
spent fiddling with counter strengths to
guarantee that the attacker could not get
very many 3-1's. Nevermind that this pro-
duced a game on the Soviet drive into
Manchuria in which Soviet Breakthrough
Artillery Corps weigh in with the strength
of a Manchuko cavalry division. After all,
who cares?
Of course, most wargamers would like a
few more scoops of history on their dice
and cardboard pie, thank you. The histo-
ry is important to the gamers, and the
game is not only a venue for competition
but also a tool for the examination of his-
tory through a dynamic model.
One of the weaknesses of a wargame as
a dynamic historical model is the problem
of defining what a unit is. This brings a
designer immediately to the question of
TO&E (Table of Organization and Equip-
ment). Each nation has its own ideal mod—
el of what, say, an infantry division should
be. A designer looks up in appropriate
handbooks and finds three infantry regi-
ments of so many officers, so many en-
listed men, so many machine guys, mor-
tars, etc etc, plus the division's artillery
regiment, reconnaissance, antitank, and
engineer battalions etc. So that is an in-
fantry division, except that those orga~
nized in 1942 had less of this and those
after 1944 had more ofthat. OK, so in
your game the umptythird division is a
little stronger because of that extra.
So far, so good. The designer must
start somewhere, and when units are reor-
ganized to a new TOE-E, a game like Euro-
pa provides for the withdrawal of the unit
and its' subsequent reappearance as a
new counter with increased strength.
This is just fine, given the limitations of
the format. However, for the sake of his-
tory, it is necessary for the notes that ac-
company games to give a clear explana-
tion of the historical meaning that is
abstracted so that it can appear in card-
board. This is sadly often neglected, and
too many wargamers have a tendency to
think of divisions as divisions (or pla-
toons, companies, battalions, regiments,
brigades what-have-you) as they exist in
TO&E form.
The problem with this is that almost
everything you know is wrong, to one ex-
tent or another. This was brought sharply
to my attention when reading the design-
er's notes for the game "Great Patriotic
War“. The game is a simple one, on a
large scale, with large scale abstraction
to match. No problem there. However,
my feeling is that the designer is a little in-
cautious in describing typical unit organi-
zations and strengths and failing to point
out that TO&E is someone's idea on paper
of organization, and almost never a reali-
ty in the field. The designer in this case is
simply one of many who make this same
mistake, and thereby mislead their audi—
ence as to what is being represented. In
some cases, of course, the designer him-
W
self may be the one who doesn‘t realize
that those nice charts of how many men
are in a regiment or how many tanks are in
a division are almost
less in the field.
OK, you have my opinion, now what
backs it up? For example, let us examine
the Kcrsun-Shevchenkcvsky Operation
in January-February 1944 in the Ukraine.
By TOR-E, a Soviet tank army of this peri-
od would have two tank corps and a
mechanized corps. There were at this
time six Soviet tank armies in the field and
three of them took part in this operation.
And how were they organized? Semnd
Tank Army under Bogdanov had two tank
corps, the 3rd and 16th, with 372 tanks
and self-propelled guns between them.
The 5th Guards under Rotmistrov had
three tank corps, the 18th, 20th, and
29th, each of which had between 50 and
60 armored fighting vehicles (AFV) rather
than the 240 they were each authorized.
General Kravchenkc's 6th Tank Army was
organized just weeks before the battle,
and consisted of the 5th Guards Tank
Corps and the 5th Mechanized Corps,
with a total of less than 150 AFV between
the two corps. So of the six tank armies
in begin atthis time, fully half did not fol»
low the official model (Katukov's 1st
Guard and Flybalko's 3rd Guard did, the
page 21
4th was soon to emerge from high com-
mand reserve in the approved form) and
all were far under strength.
Similarly a regular Soviet army in theory
had three rifle corps of three rifle divisions
each along with varying support elements
(an antiaircraft division, an artillery divi-
s.on if on an imponant line of advance or
several artillery brigades if not, an engi-
neer brigade, etc). In tact, of the armies
completely committed to the Korsun oper-
ation, namely the 27th, 52nd, 53rd. and
4th Guards (also part of 40th), the 27th
had only three rifle divisions and two forti»
tied areas with no corps organization at
all, the 52nd had two corps with fourto
five rifle divisions, the 4th Guards was
similar, although with somewhat better di-
visions, and the 53rd had three rifle corps
with up to 13 rifle divisions.
There is nothing wrong, mind you, with
representing a tank army as a 6 and a reg-
ular army as a 5 and giving the model of
organization in your rules booklet, as long
as you make clear that while TO&E is a
lovely idea, the number of tanks in the line
is equal to the number supplied, plus the
number repaired from the last operation,
plus the number of replacements re-
ceived, minus the number knocked out,
minus the number down for repair, and this
number is almost always smaller than the
authorized number. How much smaller is
directly dependent on the length of supply
line of the unit, the number and efficacy of
its repair shops, the strength of its' na-
tion's industry and population base, the
durability of its equipment (and the in-
verse of its complexity), and the amount
of time the unit has been out of combat.
Another example. In the batttes around
Kiev in November and December 1943,
seven German panzer divisions were en-
gaged in a highly mobile battle of thrust
and riposte. By TO&E, each division was
entitled to 150 or so AFV, while the one SS
panzer division was entitled to 231. But
the real numbers were far different. The
1st Panzer started the operation with 171
AFV (over TO&E!) and was quickly re-
duced to 40, 3rd started with 18 (l) and
was reduced to 5, 7th went from 25 to 4,
8th from 16 to 33 (by staying out of the
worst of the action), 1ch from 8 to 7, and
the green 25th from 75 to 3 (l). The 1st 88
started the operation with 137 AFV and
was quickly reduced to 47.
Artillery strength of units is considera-
bly less volatile, usually approaching
TOE-E and remaining fairly stable unless
the unit is overrun or has to retreat in a
hurry (especially in bad road conditions or
page 22
in a situation of
enemy air superiority),
while infantry strength falls somewhere in
between the two. But as you can see,
TO&E is not a relevant concept in dealing
with this situation.
The only time during any war in which
TO&E is a relevant concept as far as the
actual make up of troops is the field is
concerned is at the beginning of a major
campaign, when the antagonists have
had time to build up theirforces to close
to (or in some cases in excess of) TO&E,
or when fresh units are committed to com»
bat. In either case, there is still no guar-
antee that everything is as it is shown on
paper, and units will have discrepancies
from the ideal based on scarcities of
weapons or personnel.
Another example, involving the United
States Army concerns the Battle of Aach»
en. While working on the design, it was
discovered that the father-in-Iaw of a
playtester had served in the 3rd Armored
Division during 1944 and 1945. While fur-
ther investigation showed that he had
missed the battle (he was in the hospital
recovering from a wound) he was able to
give us a good insight into the question of
TO&E. When asked about the TO&E of a
combat command or task force (regiment
and battalion sized combined arms teams
- the US armored divisions had
a formal
regimental structure that separated ar»
mor, armored infantry and engineers, but
in practice it was superseded by combat
command/task force), he replied, “What
the hell is TO&E? reported tothe Divi.
l
sion Commander and was told to take
some tanks, armored infantry, tank de-
stroyers and self-propelled artillery out of
the division's replacement pool and make
up a task force."
It should be noted that the veteran in
question was a major.
To further confuse the job of the histori—
cal researcher, the German Army had the
widespread practice, particularly in italy, 5
to freely borrow regiments and battalions
from one division to another, loaning bat-
teries of artillery and antitank guns, batta—
lions of infantry and even field training
units for periods of days up to months. In
some times and places divisions might
give up a regiment of infantry and a batta-
lion of artillery plus some antitank guns to
a neighboring division, have an additional
battalion extracted into corps reserve,
gain half a sturmgeshutz battalion from
corps, two battalions and a fold ersatz
battalion from yet another division, only to
have the whole situation rescrambled in a
week or two.
The Soviets would freely trade divisions
from rifle corps to rifle corps, corps from
army to army, and less frequently armies
from front to front. Indeed, while compo
nents of divisions were usually not traded
around, the tank corps would more than
occasionally detach tan brigades to be
subordinated to neighboring rifle corps or
armies. This was always a temporary at-
tachment for a week or two, at which time
the brigade would revert to its' original
corps.
Antitank guns were perhaps the most
changeable of items, no division in action
having the same holding of AT guns for
three days running. (One of the nick-
names the Soviets had forthe 45mm AT
gun after 1942 was “goodbye comrades",
the equivalent of the German tag of
'doorknocker" for the 37mm in 1941 .)
Now you see ‘em, now you don‘t seems to
have been the practice.
The point in all of this confusion is that
there is nothing wrong with using TO&E as
the basis for designing counters, but it
must be made very clear that reality had a
way of being far more complex.
For the unwary, other pitfalls await. For
example, the Soviet rifle brigade. No
doubt there somewhere existed a table for
what these units should consist of, but
since many of them were raised under cri-
sis conditions out of whatever manpower
was available and armed with the weap-
ons that were at hand, one has to be very
careful in generalizing about them. In the
fighting around Novorossisk in February
1943, for example, there were 9 Soviet
brigades involved. Two of them were ma-
rine brigades, one a guards brigade and
the rest were rifle brigades. NO TWO OF
THEM HAD THE SAME STRUCTURE!
Another more common trap is the ques-
tion of Guards units. While the TO&E of a
guards unit was somewhat higher than
that of it‘s non-guard equivalent, that only
had significance when a unit was rebuilt
and temporarily filled out. When it was
committed it would quickly assume the
depleted state of the other units in the
line. Consequently, a guards division in
the line is not likely to be stronger than its
neighboring non-guards division.
A unit just designated guards had un-
doubtedly earned the honor the hard way,
and would have suffered heavy casu-
alties in the process. Thus game design-
ers that assign an automatic higher
strength to guards units may be mistaking
form for content.
Similarly the guards designation was
used in somewhat erratic ways. For ex-
ample, a guards tank army might have no
guards corps subordinated to it, and a
guards rifle corps might have regular rifle
division as most of its sub-units. A
guards army might have guards rifle corps
under it, but in at least one case an army
was designated guards and consisted
solely of elderly reservist units'. All rock»
et launcher (katyusha) units were auto—
matically designated guards units, no
matter what their previous experience as
an honor to their weapon and in order that
their commander might have more in—
fluence with whatever formation his unit
was attached 10, Likewise, all airborne
units that were converted to airborne rifle
divisions were automatically designated
guards, although in this case there was a
logic to it since the troops were of high ca-
liber to begin with.
Of course as the war went on, and more
and more material became available, units
could be brought nearer their ideal
strength before a major operation, but
once the guns started going again, you
would find units operating at a third of the
strength they should have on paper.
One abstraction. that of SS units being
stronger, actually has more basis in realie
ty, because they had a priority for re-
placements and good equipment, so that
an 83 division might operate with many
times the amount of equipment its neigh»
boring unit would have, This was not so
much due to its higher TO&E as to its be-
ing first in line when the new tanks arrived
from the factory ,— ’
I
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 Game Research/Design Market Survey
We are conducting this survey to find out your preferences in the Europa
marketplace. Please read the
following information and respond to this survey.

Listed below are the current Europa titles. We would like to know which titles
you possess. We would
also like to know which of the new titles you would be interested in buying.

Europa Game l have I

want Europa Accessory Kits I
have I
want

fl—D I
Fire in the East ——E’—I‘_‘I Kit 1 - Fire in the East

H
Scorched Earth Kit 2 - Desert Pak
Marita Merkur
‘EZE Kit 3 - Narvik

H
Narvik Kit 4 - Scorched Earth
Their Finest Hour Kit 5 - Spain
Western Desert:EF—-r—E
“El—l3
Kit 6 - Europa By Mail
Case White

New Products - Games, Modules and variants

Indicate your desire for these products by number code: 0: no interest (through) 9: I've got to have this

Second Front Invasion of Europe from '43 thru May, ‘45— 0-1 -2-3-4-5-6-7-849
The Urals Maps, rules and CBS for the Soviet Union—0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8
For Whom The Bell Tolls All new complete Spanish Civil War.
0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7@
Russo-Finnish War The winter war. 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-®8-9
Soviet Far Asia Front action in the Soviet Far East. 0-1-2-3-45516-7-8-9
Grand Europa Connection of the entire series. 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8@
Europa East Africa The fight on the "other“ Africa front. 0-1-2-3-4f5}6-7-8-9
Czech '38 The Czech's fight the German takeover. — 0-1
The Med. -2-3-4%6-7-8-9
Naval operations in the Med - '40-'45. —0-1-2-3-4 6-7-8-9
Adlantic War The struggle to control the ocean. ——0-1-2-3-4®6-7-8-9
Pacific Theater of Operations— From Bombay to Pearl Harbor. 0-1-2-3-4-636-7-8-9
Do you have any suggestions?

SEND THIS SURVEY TO:

MARKET C/O Game Research/Design, P.O. Box 591, Grinnell, Iowa 50112-0591
 "series game from GDW

OURS IS A WORLD AT WAR

In this century, we have put two world wars
behind us. But smaller wars are being fought in Third
World countries every day. In these wars, emergv
ing nations battle to determine their destinies, aide
ed by major powers seeking to spread their own
political ideologies or strengthen their own economic
standings. The superpowers also look to these wars
to discover how modern equipment stands the test
of battle.
Test of Arms is about these wars. it covers bate
tles from the Korean War, Vietnam War, Arabelsraeli
wars, and Persxan Gulf War, as well as conflicts be-
tween India and Pakistan, Libya and Chad, Ethiopia
and Somalia, Angola and UNITA, and battles in the
Falklands, Grenada, and on the Nicaraguan-
Honduran border.
These are real battles. They are the arenas in
which tomorrow's world is being formed. They are
the proving grounds for ideologies and weapons.
They are the battlefields on which our world cone
ducts a test of arms.
Test of Arms is a boardgame based upon the
renowned Team Vankee rules system, It has 480
counters depicting the modern weapons of war, six
map sections which can be assembled to produce
many different battlefields, plus the rules and 29
scenarios to conduct modern toe-to—toe battles in
the trouble spots of the world.
ISBN 0-94358077076. Boxed. $24.00.

e is available at your local hobby shop, or direct from GDW. Add $1 for handling. For a free
or current catalog, write: GDW. PO Box 1646, Bloomington, IL 61702.
 Enropafest
July 27 - 30

leminars
Workshops
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Developers
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Dates: July 27 thru 30 plus. . .
Times: 8am to Midnight (Sun. 8-5)
Place: Eau Claire, WI
Cost: $5 per day Gaming
For details and information Gaming
about Europafest contact :

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