A Game Research/Design Publicatidn

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30¢
“1‘0 TM a 91608
The Official magazine of the EurOpa system.

John Astell
Shelby Stanton
Rick Gayier
Michael K. Parker
News from GRID
Europafest Report
GenCon Report
Origins Report
Piaytest Kit Info
 (S’uwba
Catalog of Products
The Europa Association for 1989
get the issues of the magazine produced in
You
$ 24.95 and allall 1989,
the free products produced for members in 1989,
and the binder, and discounts on products available to
members.

Game Accessories:
$ 9.95 Kit 1, Fire in The East
6 printed reductions maps and charts designed to
enhance play and reduce paper work.

$ 6.95 Kit 3, Narvik

2 printed reductions maps, enlarged combat maps, and
many charts.

$ 6.95 Kit 4, Scorced Earth

3 printedreductions maps, additional charts, and
reduced TEC/CRT. This kit companions Kit 1.

$ 7.95 Kit 5, Spain

2 printed reductions maps covering all of Spain, port
charts and more, including John Astell's "Spanish Torch".

$ 9.95 Kit 6, Europa By Mail

Yes, true, people play Europa by mail and we have
it is
the accessory kit designed to help make it happen. We
also have an air system designed to eliminate the need
for a referee.
And coming soon, issues 1 through 4 of the original newsletter
published by GDW for Europa in 1973 together with issues 1 through 4
of The Europa News/etterin a book titled "Europa, Then & Now". Look
for the ad in the magazine.

Order from: GR/D, PO Box 591, Grinnell, IA 50112

Be sure to enclose $1 for handling for each item
ordered it you are not a member of the association.
 $1” (Europa mania
The official magazine of the (Suntan system
No. 8 July/August 1989
Publisher
Game Research/Design CONTENTS
PO. Box 591
Grinnell, IA 50112 News from GRID by Winston
.
Hamilton .......................................... 2
.

Editor Inside Europa by John Astell ..................................................... ..5

Rick Gayler
PO Box 2431
Opelika‘ AL 36801 German RH Engineers
.
Part II by John Astell .........................10

Associate Editor Facts Behind The Counters by Shelby Stanton ....................13

Gary Stagliano
Rules Court by Ben Knight ............................................................. 22
Columnists
Shelby Stanton .
John A516" Europatest _ Gencon Pictorial
.
..................................................26
Michael K. Parker
The Italian 1st, Superga by Michael .
K. Parker .....................30
Advertising Info Available from'
GRD, PO BOX 591 EXchange ...........................................................................................31
Grinnell, IA 50112

Rule 5; Movement @utovafest Report by Tom Johnson .................................... 38

If
you change your address let us
know by writing 1° “5 3‘1
GRD, PO Box 591
Grinnell, IA 50112
(5511190)”! World Wide
In Australia:
Pacific Europa Players
353 Flinders Lane, Basement
Melbourne, Australia. 3000
In Great Britain:
Europa Association of the UK
62 Earlston Road - Wallasey
Merseyside, England L45 SDZ
So you want to playtest a game? ...........................................40
Credits: Europatest photos by Winston Hamilton, GenCon photos by Tom
Johnson. Pictures in the magazine are from the National Archives, Washington,
DC. and GUI Archives, Bonn, West Germany. Graphics by Winston Hamilton on
a Mac IICX with a Microtec MSF 300G Scanner. Wehrkreise drawings by Shelby
Stanton. Cover inspired by John Greer who gets the credit for improving
our
look and thanks from the publishertor taking the time to do so.
Europa font and
symbols designed by Scott Baxter for GR/D and available from the company (ad
on page 9). The Europa News is the publication of Game Research Design and
is copyright 1989, all rights reserved. Printed at Grinnell
Graphix. Europa is the
Trademark of Game Designers' Workshop and is used with their kind permission.
"Remember, tracers work both ways."

In Canada: FROM THE EDITOR: RICK GAYLER

Europa Association of Canada
2047 34 Ave, SW A Treat And Some Tricks - Europa at Origins
Calgary, Alberta
Canada - T2T 204 Gamers from all over the United States and various points
around the globe assembled at the Los Angeles Airport Hilton
In Spain
Europa Association of Spain
June 29 - July 2, 1989, forthe annual Origins National Gaming
Joan Pares Mares Convention. had the pleasure of attending this extravaganza
as
I
i

Provenca 85, 08029 Barcelona a representative of GR/D. and while working the GR/D booth
Spain Continued on Page 36
Page 2
game
Subscriptions,
The Association,
and all the rest...
There have been some questions
about how The Europa Association
works: how do you join, what do you
get, and how is this magazine related
to The Association.
We run The Association on an annual
basis. Therefore, a new member who
joins in December 1989 will get all the
published materials for calendar year
1989, a 20% discount on 1989
purchases from GR/D, and a binder.
However. he will have to re-up for
1990 to continue to get the printed
materials and take discounts during
1990. By the end of 1989, members
will have received six issues of The
Europa News, John Astell's Europa
Almanac, and a 20% discount on our
first Europa module, The Urals,
and/or anything else purchased from
GR/D during the course of the year.
The printed materials are not time
sensitive or time dated. The
keystone to The Association is The
Europa News. As such, members will
be receiving notice in TEN#9 of their
Association renewal and magazine
resubscription at the same time. One
goes hand in glove with the other.
Since the magazine is our way of
communicating with the membership
and is our direct link with you, it is the
loundation of The Association.
Members of The Association are
receiving a copy of John Astell‘s
Europa Almanacfree of charge as
promised in prior issues. Additional
copies will be sold through GRID for
$4.95.
Watch the magazine for your
resubscription and membership
renewal form (one and the same)
which will give the details of what is
(31:01:: Q39i$
Winston Hamilton
involved, into in general, and all the
rest.
@uruvaicat
Well, if there is a heaven got to see
I credit from the gaming community of
part of it on July 27th. In my travels to
conventions both as a wargame
company owner and as Secretary oi
GAMA l have the chance to see how
things are done at many shows over
the course of a year. The convention
put on by Tom Johnson and his crew
in Eau Claire, Wisconsin was A+ in
every respect. His report appears in
this issue along with some photos of
the convention, so won't go into
I railroads; rivers, lakes, and historical
great detail here, but it should be
known that a terrific time was had by
all. The convention brought Europa
players together lrom all over the US.
It was quite a sight to behold. All the
Europa maps assembled on one wall
what a vision!
Frank Chadwick and i got to play one
and three quarters games ol Narvik
and ol course the usual East Front
crowd was playing at several tables. i
saw John Astell playing War in the
Desert, and Fall of France was
being played, as well as
Marita-Merkur and several other
titles. Frank told me (and here is a guy
that attends many, many, many
conventions) that the program of
speakers, facility, and
accommodations were the best he
has seen.
GR/D gave out a number of awards at
the dinner: to GDW for its continuing
commitment to Europa and its work
over the past 15+ years on behalf of
all of us who play the games; an award
to Gary Stagliano, the lounder of Nuts
8. Bolts and long time contributor to
the system; an award to Shelby
Stanton who shoulders so much of
the research and is the person who
keeps the system going by his long
term commitment and dedication to
Europa; and an award to John Astell
who is continuing his work on the
system and has received far less
professionals and players than he
deserves. spoke to the assembled
I
about what GRID has planned for the
next two years, recapping what we
have announced recently in TEN.
A.E. Goodwin unveiled the new
standard maps for Europa and they
had some interesting stuff on them - 4
to 5 levels of ports; two levels of
points of interest (named on the
maps); terrain fixes for the all-new
MM, new maps for Spain as shown in
the game For Whom The Bell
Tolls; and The Winter War map
— showing the display from the Arctic
Ocean to three hexes south of
Leningrad. (it's olticial now, the title of
Gary Stagliano's Russo‘Finnish War
game is The Winter War.) Arthur
has spent a great deal of time on
these maps and they look absolutely
great.
Dennis Dubberley was in attendance
with the eight maps of Soviet Asia.
including the home islands of Japan.
He also had map 32, which completes
the Caspian Sea area of the USSR,
and will be ready some time this year
or early next year. Map 32 will be
made available as a special oflerfor
members of The Association. Watch
for it advertised in the magazine.
Both Arthur and Dennis gave a
seminar on the new mapping
situation.
Paul Dunigan gave a talk about the
Second Front and Grand Europa
research he has been doing and
John Astell spoke about
1,000,000,000,000 words during the

convention (which was a four day
seminar for him.) figured that if John
l
was paid a penny a word over the
course of a year for everything he said
or wrote he could retire after one
year
Several other speakers were present,
as reported elsewhere. The crowd
was very happy with all that went on.
About 70 people showed up in total,
which was a larger Europa contingent
than was at Origins.
The future of this convention looks
very bright We have set a tentative
second convention for Dallas next
year. it will occur at the same time as
DALCON and at the same site. Some
concern was voiced about having our
fest at the same time as another
convention. The fest may be at the
same place and same time as
DALCON, but it will be a separate
event, in a separate area, and will be
advertised as such. We will be taking
advantage of DALCON to provide
facilities for us and to offer our
members an increased opportunity
for buying, playing, and visiting. But
the test is a separate operation in
every respect and will treated as such.
i
am currently negotiating with the
convention organizer, who is a
personal friend, and have expressed
our needs and desires to him. He has
assured me that it will be a co~event in
every respect possible.
In 1991 mark your calendar, buy
your
tickets, ship the family oif, gather your
friends, and get ready. The fest will
be held at Origins in Baltimore with
some very special happenings at the
convention. A slam-dunk tor Europa,
with all sorts of things planned and
being set up. It‘s too early to go into
details at this time, but it but one half
of the stuff GDW and GR/D have in
mind happens, oh boy!
Finally, i want to extend personal
thanks to Tom and his crew for the
tremendous performance they gave.
The convention was everything it
should have been and more - a fine
example of how special this system is
and how much those of us who play it
care for it. Tom set the standard by
which every future fest will be judged.
The Winter War
The game is nearing playtest stage. It
appears it will email one map and
three countersheets. We may
include some extra counters for some
otherthings, but we do not have a
real feel for what that may entail at this
time. Details on playtesting appear
elsewhere in this magazine. Price
and release date have not been set at
this time.
For Whom The Bell Tolls
I
have the counter mix and charts, and
await the rules. This is another item
that we will put out for playtesting
soon. saw the game set up at
I
Origins and it looked great. As i was
rather busy, did not have time to get
I
much response from the Europa
gamers at Origins, but met with John
I
Gee and Jeff Millefoglie and they
gave me an update on the game and
the general plan for components.
For Whom The Bell Tolls will be
first and foremost a complete and
independent game covering The
Spanish Civil War. However, itwill also
contain a revised edition of GDW's
Spain & Portugal module, some
additional scenario material covering
later war activities, and some extra
counters. Target price for the game is
$34.95 with members receiving a
discounted price. The game should
be ready by Origins of next year
(saying that should give me plenty of
time to get it ready, right?) and will be
well advertised so you will have plenty
of notice when it hits the streets.
Fire In the East
The reprint of this game is
progressing well. Note that this is a
reprint, not a reissue, so no changes
otherthan an up-to-date errata sheet
will be involved. We have been in
negotiations with the printer. it seems
that they want to charge more for the
reprint than they did (or the original
Page 3
print run. Well, i am in the printing
business and know better.
i
Reprinting with no changes costs
less, not more. Some increase is
caused by the mere fact that paper
and ink costs rise over time, but this
does not offset the cost savings of
using previously made plates and
negatives. The reprint will not cause a
price increase - the game goes tor
$60 as it was priced the first time.
There will be an announcement on
the release date forthis one in the
near future.
Marita-Merkur
This will be a new game - a reissue of
the title with the new maps spoke of,
I
state-of—the-art rules, new counters,
and updated existing counters. The
game will have one and a half maps
and three countersheets (or more).
Work is progressing on the CBS, OAs
and the like. Shelby Stanton is
lending his considerable skill by
taking care of the Germans, John Gee
is working on the Greek side and we
have a committee working on the rest.
Tentative release for last quarter this
year or (more probably) first quarter
next year. We will keep you informed.
Target price forthe new game will be
$39.95 with a discount to members.
...so in 1990:
Look for FWBT, the reissue of MM,
and Second Front. Three in one
year. A record! The magazine will
publish issues 11 through 16
(remaining at six issues a year as in
1989.) Cover price of the magazine
will go up 50¢. Renewal iorthe
magazine subscription and your
continued membership in The
Association will cost $20 for 1990,
New members joining in 1990 will be
paying $29.95, and will receive a
binder and all the free material we
have produced up to the point of
joining in addition to the 1990 TENS
and other goodies. An important
point lfaiied to state earlier.
BIG...
Page 4
The Europa Association continues to
grow. We are receiving more interest
from overseas and continue to
promote the growth of our system
there, as well as in the United States.
This brings up a point i want to
address > how big are we and how do
we get in touch with each other.
Previously we had a contact service.
Unfortunately, it was misused and we
dropped it to insure the privacy of our
members. Still, the need for contact
is there. We are going to try a new
approach. We must stay in touch to
help the system grow and become
better - so ~ you want to know who is
in your area so you can get togethef?
Send a SASE (self addressed
stamped envelope) and we will send
you the list of members in your zip
code area. This should help matters
and Iteel that it will meet your needs
as expressed to GRID.
Another point was brought up at
Europafest. We had a lively
discussion on what the market is for
Europa. Well, there have been
10,000 Fire In the East games
sold (or more) and so there are some
players out there, The question on
how to get to them is answered in part
by the appearance of the magazine
on the hobby store shelves. This
means that once the gamer gets
through the door of the shop, he or
she will see our game system's
magazine and get info that way. We
advertise in the print media, so other
gamers who might not have a hobby
store in their area will learn of us, but
in this case we are relying on their
subscribing to a gaming magazine to
get the word to them. What about the
gamers that have no store and do not
subscribe? That is tough. Even
tougher, what about those who have
never played Europa or other
wargames, the new life blood of the
system? That is even tougher.
it seems to me that people fall into
three general groups:
Group | gamers are those who have
retail outlets available to them that
carry the full line of games and the
like.
Group ll gamers are those who don't
have shops, but subscribe to
wargaming periodicals or know about
wargames and how to get them.
Group lll is the general public that
needs education about the thrill of
what we do: freezing above the "A"
weather line, slogging through the
mud (on paper, of course).
GAMA, the Game Manufacturers
Association, has two events a year.
One is the trade show that talks to the
retailers. The other is the national
consumer show, Origins. GAMA is
very concerned with making our
products reach everyone who might
have an interest. As such, GAMA will
be taking a much more active role in
the promotion of gaming to the
non<gamer (or in other words - those
who have not yet gamed) and you will
be seeing the effect of this at
subsequent Origins. There is talk of
regional mass market advertising in
Time magazine and the like. As
Secretary of GAMA, and sitting on the
Board of Directors am involved with
I
this promotion. There will be a
marketing strategy aimed at the
people who have not heard of us and
we will be attempting to get them
involved. it will address all three
groups.
The other day a young man of about
16 walked into the print shop here in
Grinnell. He came to use the
photocopy machine. The woman
who runs GR/D daily operations, Billie
Jo Ladely, noticed he was
photocopying wargame stuff, as she
puts it, and called me at one of my
other offices. She told me he might
be interested in GR/D. By the time i
got there she had shown him The
Urals and sold him some kits and
given him a magazine. Well, he felt
like he had picked the right curtain,
Monty!
I
talked with him a bit and found that
he had a group sixty miles south of
Grinnell consisting of about 5 to 7
gamers who met off and on to play
games. He had heard of Europa
through advertising, but had no store
in his area (a Group II garner). He had
heard of GRID but was just getting
into Europa or wanting to get into
Europa. Here is the prototype new
garner, our future. His group was
diversified in what they played and he
thought they would like to try FitE.
WE are going to have to go after
people like this. GR/D will do all it can
to make sure people know about
Europa and have products available
to get them introduced to Europa.
You are the front line and have to
encourage the gamers you know to
play the system and recruit new
enlistments.
GR/D's responsibility is to market like
crazy, produce quality goods, and to
keep the faith with those people who
have kept faith in Europa.
ON LINE:
This just happened. We are currently
negotiating with a computer bulletin
board and data service. The idea is
for GR/D to be on-line with the service
which would give those of you with a
moden a chance to get the latest on
what is happening. It would also pave
the way for us to promote PBM of
Europa. There have been requests
for listings of players and some have
written to us asking what games may
be going on and how to get into
them. This service. still under
examination, would provice a host of
possibilities to the players.
- current errata publication
feedback direct to GR/D
current release into
0 & A immediate response
find opponents, find games
and much more will be accomplished
with this service. We have been
talking about this for some time and
now we have the chance to try it out.
More info will be available in the next
issue. 9

Well, I'mupto two issues in a row,
unless something happens to this
column in the mail. I’ve yet to hear
much reaction to my "Attacker
Repulsed" suggestion in TEN #7 -
you have an opinion on it, send a
note to EXchange.
Ghost of Issue Past
As last time, I'll lead off with some
comments on the last issue of TEN.
EASTERN TROOPS
Frank Prieskop's article on the
Kalmuck Cavalry Corps in TEN #7 tells
the tragic story of one of the many
ethnic nationalities in the USSR that
provided soldiers for the Germans.
However, don't take this story as
typical of the German management of
their Eastern Troops (Ostfruppen in
German). The Kalmucks were one of
a very few nationalities that seem to
have gotten halfway decent treatment
by the Germans. For most of the
others, they soon discovered that
they had traded the nightmare of
Staiinism for a Nazi hell.
Nazism proclaimed that the "Slavic
race" was sub-human, and it held the
"Asiatic races" in even greater
contempt Although many Germans
disagreed with this ideology, many
others were tervent supporters, while
the vast majority went along with
official policy. And, official policy was
that sub-humans made good slaves,
not good soldiers. Himmler promoted
the publication of Der Untermensch
(The Sub-Human) magazine and its
racist propaganda; Goring stated that
the best way to deal with the dissident
Soviets was to "shoot anybody who
looked sideways." Hitler proclaimed
"Only the German may carry arms, not
the Slav, not the Czechs, not the
Cossacks."
316th: (gumbo
John Astell
When Germany invaded the Soviet
Union in 1941, many Soviets did
volunteer their services against their
government. While their reasons
if
ranged from base - such as pure
gangsterism under Kaminski, later
praised as 'the famous Kaminski" by
Field Marshal von Kluge to Hitler to
—
noble, most hoped for liberation from
Stalin's tyranny. These volunteers
were ignored and discouraged by the
Nazis. Although officially
discouraged, the eastern volunteers
found unofficial welcomes by many
German units, which were more than
willing to take any help they could get.
Many Soviets sewed as unarmed
auxiliaries for these units. Armed
eastern troop units sprang up much
more slowly, on their own initiative
despite official policy or through
sponsorship by individual Germans
promoting their cause. Due to their
irregular status and German doubts
about their reliability, the eastern
troop units were rarely used in the
front lines against the Red Army.
instead, they were employed
mopping up pockets of Soviet forces
and especially against the partisans.
When the eastern campaign failed to
end quickly and victoriously, the
German government slowly changed
its position in 1942 and 1943 about
using "eastern troops," but it was too
late. The Nazi occupation in the east
had proven to its victims that German
liberation meant murder,
enslavement, and starvation. Any
hope of gaining the trust or
cooperation of the populace was
gone forever. While hundreds of
thousands were still helping or
fighting for the Germans, even more
joined or sided with the partisans.
New eastern troop recruits were rarely
true volunteers, but were induced to
join to escape starvation at the hands
of the Germans. However, serving
Page 5
the Germans brought little better
treatment. For example, the SS
raised Druzhina l and II in the spring of
1942 from Soviet POWs. Intended
for special operations against the Red
Army, Druzhina was employed against
the partisans instead. Due to
continually poor treatment by the SS
and other racist Germans, Druzhina
deserted as a unit in August 1943
and became the Soviet tst
Anti-Fascist Brigade.
Faced with increasing prospects of
desertions and unreliability as the tide
turned against the Fatherland, the
Germans resorted to brutal measures.
As the Nazis began their long retreat
to oblivion, they would evacuate the
families of the eastern soldiers out of
the USSR. While this did prevent the
Soviets from using the families as
hostages, this was much less the
humanitarian gesture that it seems.
Instead, once settled in western or
central Europe, the families became
hostages of the Germans, to ensure
the loyalty of the eastern troops.
Even with hostages in hand, the
German government placed little trust
in the eastern troops. With the lailure
of the Kursk offensive and the
growing disaster of the Soviet
summer offensive, most of the
eastern troops were withdrawn from
the USSR and sent to the Balkans,
Italy, or France. While this prevented
mass desertions to the Soviets, it
removed their last motivation to fight
for the Germans - the chance to fight
against Stalin's state. Only the best of
these units, such as the Cossacks,
survived the transfer with good
morale. In the east, only the most
loyal remained, such as the Kalmucks
and Crimean Tartars. In the end, no
matter where they served or to whom
they surrendered, they were turned
over to Stalin's vindictive security
Page 6 ' — '-
services. Caught between a
Communist system they found
intolerable and a merciless Nazi
ideology, the eastern troops met with
ill treatment from all sides.
Frank Prieskop's article is misphrased
concerning Stalingrad, where he
states "However, in January of 1943,
the encirclement of Stalingrad took
place and it was necessary for the
German troops in the Caucasus to
withdraw..." Stalingrad was encircled
in November 1942, and Frank must
have meant to say that the
deteriorating situation at encircled
Stalingrad in January 1943 forced the
withdrawal of the Germans in the
Caucasus.
Frank's suggestion about receiving
the Kalmuck unit is OK, although l'm
not sure that having a special
reinforcement rule forjust one unit is
worthwhile. I
don‘t agree with his
suggestion that the unit should have
an anti-partisan zone of control. While
used for anti«partisan warfare, this was
due to German policy and not
because the Kalmucks were
necessarily skilled at it. With no
security training, undisciplined
(however valorous they might be),
and employed in regions where they
were as foreign to the population as
the Germans, think the Kalmucks
I
don't rate an APZOC.
MY TWO CENTS
I
agree with almost everything Roy
Lane wrote in his article on strategy
and tactics for the Soviets in
Scorched Earth. And, since I'm at
it, here's my two cents on the subject:
When Roy says destroy everything,
destroy EVERYTHING. Aside from its
direct game effects, it can be a
psychological weapon against your
opponents. In one game I‘ve played,
the Soviets pulled this off in the
Ukraine in July 1941. The Army
Group South player became visibly
depressed when he realized he'd
have to rebuild every rail line and
airbase for the next couple hundred
miles, and his play became less
aggressive for a turn or two . a
temporary effect, but one helpful to
the Soviets. If you can't destroy
everything, and often you can't,
always take out the airbases first.
Denying the Luftwaffe forward bases
is more important than destroying the
railroads.
Roy's plan of attacking the German
infantry instead of the panzers is a
good one. Also, hit the Axis Allied
infantry whenever possible. Not only
is it weaker than German infantry, its
replacement rate is extremely low.
When it shows up in a section of the
front line, you can be fairly sure the
German player doesn't think that
sector is very important. Smashing an
Axis Allied line is a good way to force
the German playerto send stronger
forces there from positions he does
consider more important.
"The Battle for Kiev" article by
Timothy O'Shenko was great. Fats
Tooten, a friend who's busy writing a
book, See Russia and Die, says the
article is right on the money,
especially about how full of M'A'S‘H
von Mellenthin‘s book, Panzer
Battles, is. He notes, however, that
O‘Shenko got a bit involved with
listing the German tank losses in
November 1943 and forgot to list any
total. Totaling Jack‘s figures, just for
November, it appears the Germans
lose at least 335 tanks, and possibly
many more. Even accepting the
Germans' claim of knocking out 600
Soviet tanks, they don't quite KO two
tanks for every one they lose
themselves. It the Germans
continued to give the Soviets
"lessons in maneuver" at this rate,
they'd be holding a few hundred
square miles more of battlefield, but
would have no tanks left, while the
Soviets will still have a few thousand!
Ghost of Issue Present
Swinging southwest from the
steppes, let's take a look-see at the
searing sands of the Sahara. Yesss?
As part of my research for Second
Front, I've been working on the
Italian order of battle for all of World
War II, and I've come up with a few
new items for War In the Desert
I Western Desert.
TANKS FOR THE TAKING
Those 0-8 Italian light tank battalions
have always bothered me. They're
nearly worthless and require a special
rule, to boot. Things would be better
if they weren't there. Well,
they don't
have to be. Italian battalions
(bartaglioni)were on paper either
independent or under regiments
(reggimenri), but in practice were
often organized in groups
(raggrupamenti), somewhat similar in
concept to US task forces. On 29
August 1940, the Italians formed an
armored command for all tanks in
North Africa (the Commando carri
armati def/a Libia) , under which were
the (independent) light tank
battalions and the two effectively
independent medium tank battalions
of the 4th Tank Regiment. These
battalions were organized into the tst
and and Tank Groups plus two
battalions. While these two groups in
practice weren't very cohesive, for
Europa purposes they provide
excellent headquarters into which we
can collect the lights.
At the same time, want to meddle
I
with the 4th Tank Regiment. At 1—6, it
is an extremely weak unit, mostly
because one of its battalions had
most of its tanks in for repair at the
start of the game. Well, we don't track
- and don't need to track - tank
breakdowns and repairs elsewhere in
Europa_(or elsewhere in WItD/WD
for that matter). Underthe normal
course of affairs, the tanks would
have been repaired and sent back,
except that the British came
screaming through Cyrenaica in the
,
meantime. (Similarly, British 7th
Armoured Division happened to be
taking a powder and getting its tanks
repaired when Rommel came
screaming through Cyrenaica the
other way.) What propose is to bring
I
the 4th into line with the rest of the
Italian medium tanks in WitD/WD, by
 Page 7

breaking it into its two battalions.
So, here goes: From the initial forces
on the Axis order of battle, delete the
seven 0-8 Lt Tank ll (9 L, 20 L, 21 L,
60 L, 61 L, 62 L, 63 L) and the 1—6
Tank ill (4 l) and add:
North Africa, so seems better toit
have appear in Europe at tull
it
strength and riskthe Malta Table: on
Feb 42 change 3-8 Arm Cadre 133
|
to 75-8 Arm XX 133. The 132nd l'm
uncertain about. had to leave my
best reference source on North Africa
in lllinois when moved to
I
desert are the two motorized
divisions, the 101st and 102nd. The
102nd had the mislonune to arrive in
Africa when the supply services were
desperately in need of trucks, so the
I
102nd was partially demotorized. (I
believe this was supposed to be
temporary, but you know how that

1-8 Tank X1 at 19:0226

Lt
1~8 Lt Tank X 2 at 1920526
1-6 Lt Tank || 1 M at Gazala, 18:4519
1»6 Lt Tank ll 2 M at 19:0726
New WitD/WD ltalian Counters:
Massachusetts, as Frank Chadwick's
brain proved to be firmly attached to
his body. It appears, however, to
have assembled for operations in
North Africa fairly quickly, What I'm
inclined to do now is to delete the 38
Arm Cadre 132 on Feb 41, when it
goes. Once the trucks got into the
tield in other hands, it probably
became impossible to get them back.)
Well, i see nothing wrong with leaving
the demotorization decision up to the
player. When the Axis player receives
l
an ltalian 5-8 Mot XX (Feb 41 and
l

2x1-8LtTankX 1,2 began arriving in North Africa, and add Sep I41), he can take it as a
2X1~6Tankll 1M,2M the 75—8 Arm XX 132 on Mar 41. l
motorized division or he can take it as
X a 5'8 infantry division and increase his
X Also, see no outstanding reason to
I
SMP total by 5 SMPs. To implement
(:3 ©l~ prevent the Italian armored divisions
from breaking down into their
this in the game, change the 5-8 lnl
XX 102 received on Feb 41 to 58
I

1-8 1-8
regiments. Here‘s how that goes:

7-5-8ArmXX 131 132

133
Mot XX 102, reduce the Axis SMP
total on Mar 41 from 25 to 20, and
|

have a5-8 lanX101 handyforthe

19:0226 19:0526 8ArrnXXHQ 131 132 133 5-8 Mot XX101 on Sepl41.
4—2-8 Arm Ill 31 132 133
2710Mot III 5 Bers 8 Berst2 Bers New WitD/WD Italian Counters:
ll II

Q E CD E XX XX X 1x5~8Mot XX 102

Q
N
1 -6 1 -6 (I) ,_ «a
v-
CD N
on
v—
m
nv-
tx58lntXX 101

XX
18:4519 19:0726 8 8 8 oF1-
Also, on Feb | 41, delete the three HI I” IH
-8
Q
08 Lt Tank ll (4 L, 5 L. 11 L) 55
reinforcements and receive one
Italian armor replacement instead.
C) ‘_
of:
‘-
53
N
33
xx
Finally, delete Rule 28A4, as it is no
4-2-8 4-2-8 4—2—8 3
,_
longer applicable, All this is
Ill . Ill . Ill 3

E3 E” 5_8
EXPERlMENTAL. but it looks pretty
good to me.
to Ki" co N
,_
TRACKS AND TREADS

All three Italian armored divisions

2-10 2-10 2-10 Finally, let's add the
.

breakdowns for these two

appear as reinforcements at cadre
strength The reason for this was that
the ltalians shipped the divisions
piecemeal and didn't always send the
entire division. The more look at this
I
divisions. Doing so will let us
New WitD/WD ltalian Counters: show them in the game at their actual
3 RE size, ratherthan at the 2 RE size
3x8Arm HO 131,132,133 of the rest of the ltalian divisions.
3 x 42-8 Tank III 31,132,133 Amend Rule 3E accordingly. (Note: It

the more think it isn't completely

i
3 x 2-10 Mot ill 5 Bers, 8 Bars, 12 Bers you don't bother with the
right. The 131st (Oct l 42) is definitely
breakdowns, then don't bother with
shipped over as a cadre. The 133rd Rounding out the Italian the 3 RE business, either, as this has
(Feb 42) suffered losses en route to
|
combat/motorized forces in the the potential to penalize them too
 Page 8

much. For example, being stuck with Guastaton' battalions, as the Italians
a 3 RE unit you can't break down "piazzaforte Tripoli" along with
had cleverly concealed them from me "piazzafarte Tobruch." Place a fort
means you can‘t ship it to a minor by putting them inside a couple of
port.)
counter at Tripoli (1820122) at the
divisions. During 1941 the Italians
, start of the game.
converted a handful of infantry
5-8MotXX 101 102 divisions to "assault and landing Now that Dave Hughes has found the
8MolXXHQ 101 102 divisions." In essence, these British pioneers (see TEN#6) in the
143 Mot Ill 65 61 divisions got some combined desert and elsewhere, we're on the
143 Mot Ill 66 62 operations training, in case they were
2-10 Mot Ill 9 Bers 7 Bars verge of losing that annoying
used against Malta, and some divisional engineer rule. If could just
I
5-8 Inf XX 101 102 specialist units. In particular, the 1st dig up some more engineers for the
8MotXXHQ 101 102 and 4th Divisions picked up Axis, we could drop the rule entirely.
1-8 Inf Ill 65 61 Guasfatori battalions, In Europa Well, I've had no luck so far, so I'm
18 Inf Ill 66 62 terms, these battalions should be going to fudge it. Let‘s assume that
2-8 Inf Ill 9 Bers 7 Bers independent of the divisions: On enough German and Italian engineer
Nov ll 42, add 1-8 Aslt Eng ll (1 G) to assets are present to justify a counter
New WitD/WD Italian Counters: the Axis reinforcements. Add 1-8 Aslt by the summer of 1941: Add a
2x8MotXXHQ 101,102 Eng |l (11G) to the Italian 1942 Special German Army 03 Eng Ill (Afr) as a Jul l
4x 1-8 Mot Ill 61, 62, 65, 66 Forces Pool. 41 reinforcement. Delete the German
2x 2—10 Mot Ill 7 Bers, 9 Bers 1-8 Eng I|I (Afr) from the Dec | 42
4x 1-8 Inf Ill 61, 62, 65, 66 New WitD/WD Italian Counters: reinforcements and instead convert
2x2~8 Inf Ill 78ers, 9 Bers 2x 1-8 Aslt Eng ll 1 G, 11G the 0-8 to the 1—8 on this turn. Use
Dave Hughes' material on the pioneer
XX XX groups from TEN#6, and drop Rule
Ill III
ZS E”
E '5 3203 (Divisional Engineers).
8
v-
”
1- l‘ CD New WitD/WD German Counter:

8 8 2-10 2-10 x 0-8 Eng lll Afr

1

III III III III III

1-
., Em N ‘-
.. .
N
|_T'l fl
1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 0-8
III III
.
III

E”
III
(D ‘9 ..
ca
..(.0
All this, except the Tripoli fort, is
1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 OPTIONAL.

Ghost of Issue Future

Ill III II ll
8 a Are fortified hexside counters on their
a:
’r (5
1‘ 6
g m F : way out? Why are motorized infantry
units halved when attacking into
2-10 2-10 1-8 1-8 swamps and forests? Will the next
issue's column answer these
questions and more? Will the next
issue's column add yet more
All this, of course, is OPTIONAL. More Oops. It seems Tripoli was unprinted counters?!? Beats me, but
(partially) fortified before the war. I
stay tuned and we'll have some more
ENGINEERS AND FORTS missed this fact when doing
Western Desert and Torch, even
fun. 9
It looks like missedI
a couple of though one of my Italian sources lists
 91cm (gamma ‘Jsrohucté
New products from GR/D
Order from: GR/D, PO Box 591, Grinnell, IA 50112
Be sure to enclose $1 shipping (free for members)
John Astell's @urova mlmanac - $ 4.95 now available
Cities, Forts, Ports, and their
sizes, location on the map, and other important data is
made available in this comprehensive work on the game series. Updates and new
information will be provided through the magazine. Twenty-eight
pages of goodies.
The (S‘urnpa Disk - $ 3§95 now available!
Designed for the Mac, this disk has the Europa font and the symbol font on it. Now
you can get all 71 symbols by keystroke. This comprehensive font allows you to
print text in the Europa style or symbols representing the entire current symbology
used by the Europa system. Updates and support will be available from GR/D.
Sizes of the symbols are controlled as with any other font and are usable in
any Mac
application. Instructions on installation and licensing are with the disk. You need a
Mac 512 k E or better to use the disk. This disk is protected by copyright and is forthe
personal use of the buyer only. You may inquire about commercial use through GRID.

Ugggw©fi "-
A00 2:
(guru a cat
RE LL
. .the button - now available. A blue and white fest button from
.
the first convention for $2 plus 50¢ for shipping and handling —

Order from Tom Johnson, 521 Fall St., Eau Claire, WI 54703

. .and the movie! Well, Tom is working on that. We should

.
have a VHS tape of the main speakers at the fest. John Astell,
Frank Chadwick, Paul Dunigan, A.E. Goodwin, Gary Stagliano,
Dennis Dubberley and more - stay tuned for details.
#—
...and more - Shelby Stanton's comprehensive guide to the use and
history of
Europa symbols. This product will be given free to the members and will be offered
for sale to the gaming public at large. '

AVAILABLE WITH ISSUE NUMBER 10 OF THIS MAGAZINE

Page 10 -
German mailtnab (S‘ngiuecra
(S‘uruha
(mm: In correcting the Scorched
Earth rules on railroad engineers, I
gathered considerable information on
the German railroad engineers in all
theaters of the war. As compensation
for having the rules changed once
again, here's the Europa level OB.)
Responsible for the maintenance and
construction of railways, German rail»
road engineer forces served in all Eu-
ropean theaters from Italy to the Arctic
and from France to the Soviet Union.
Faced with imposing obstacles, such
as rail nets of differing gauges, im-
mense distances, enemy bombing
campaigns, and partisans, they almost
always succeeded in keeping the
"iron roads" in operation. Theirfail-
ures in the advance during Barbaros-
—
5a and in the final days of Allied bomb-
ing - were due to their lack of
numbers
The railroad engineers underwent
many reorganizations and redesigna-
tions throughout the war. Despite
these, their essential organization re-
mained fairly constant. The basic rail»
road engineer unit was the company.
A battalion headquarters almost al-
ways controlled the companies, usu-
ally with four companies per battalion
headquarters. Above the battalions
were two types of regiments: head-
quarters, which had no organic batta-
lions, and complete regiments, which
had two or three organic battalions. In
April 1940, the Germans went to a sin-
gle organization of a regiment with
two organic battalions. This held for
the rest of the war, except for the 7th
and 8th Regiments, which had their
battalions detached and became
headquarters-only regiments. Later
in the war, three brigade headquar-
ters were organized, each responsi-
ther of $attl¢
By John Astell
ble for the railroad engineer troops of
an army group on the eastern front.
For Europa purposes, railroad engi-
neer organization has been simplified
to the following: companies and bat-
talion headquarters are shown as bat-
talions, the regiment consists of two
battalions, and the brigade of four bat-
talions.
German number and name designa-
tions for the railroad troops changed
constantly throughout the war. For
Europa purposes, most of these
changes aren't significant and aren't
shown. Almost all the early-war units
were renumbered in April 1940; later
many of these were renumbered
again. Often the numbers would re—
main the same, but the unit type
name would change, such as when
the Eisenbahn—Bau-Batar’l/on (railroad
construction battalion) series became
the Eisenbahn-Baupioner—Batail/on
(railroad construction engineer batta-
lion) series in the August 1943 reor-
ganization. To avoid needless
"counter shuffling," I've smoothed
out the designations. Take the VS
battalion, for example. It actually start-
ed the war as the 5th, became the
15th in April 1940, and then the US (I
Battalion of the 5th Regiment) in Sep-
tember 1940. | see no need for hav-
ing three counters, identical in every-
thing except unit ID, simply to track
the designation changes. Similarly,
I've smoothed out the 08 to hide the
numerous headquarters swaps the
Germans went through. There wasn't
a pressing need to maintain unit co-
hesion like combat troops, so railroad
engineer battalion and regimental
headquarters constantly were
swapped around, For example, when
the headquarters of the 5th Regiment
was raised. the Germans used the HQ
of the VS Battalion as the HQ of the
5th Regiment and then transferred
the HQ of the 13th Battalion as the
new HQ of the I/3. (The HQ of the US
was one of the oldest, most experi-
enced RR engineer H05 in the Ger—
man Army, which made it more suited
as a regimental HQ than the less ex-
perienced 13th.) The net effect is
that the 13th is withdrawn to become
the HQ of the 5th Regiment, which is
how show it in the OB. This ap~
I
proach results in a "clean" OB, with no
useless counter swapping in it.
Sometimes, the name of a unit was
important, and this is tracked. For ex-
ample, there was an Eisenbahn-
Pionier-Bataillon-Stabe (railroad engi-
neer battalion headquarters) series,
separate from the Eisenbahn-Bau~
Bataillon (railroad constmction batta-
lion) series. For Europa, both series
rate as railroad engineer battalions.
Those "Pionier" units that had "sz"
designations (the German abbrevia-
tion, "for special purposes") retain
them in the OB. This helps show that
the 15m Railroad Engineer Battalion
and the 15th sz Railroad Engineer
Battalion are two different units.
Sep l 39
Initial Forces.
11 x0-6RR Eng ll
1
sz. l/1, Hz, "/2, VS, "/3,
VS, VS. “/6, 9 sz, 13
Available for Assembly:
3x0-6RR Eng lIl 1,2,3
Note:
The 1st and 2nd RR Eng Ill start the
war as headquarters, with no organic
units. Each gains its two battalions in
the April 1940 reorganization.
The 3rd RR Eng Ill starts the war as
 — Page 11

the 68th RR Eng III, with three organic Dec l 39 July 1942, the 8th had its battalions
battalions. In the April 1940 reorgani- 1x 0-6 RR Eng || ”/1 detached, and the “/8 became the V1,
zation, the 68th is redesignated the while the I/1 became the 11th sz.
3rd, its I/68 and ”/68 became the US Mlle; The net effect of all this is that the ”/8
and ”/3, and its Ill/68 became the In The “/1 battalion was originally the (19th) became the 11th sz.
For sim-
(the Battalion of the 1st Regiment).
I
698th
1940.
sz and became the “/1 in April plicity, show this unit as the 19th
I

throughout.)
The |/2 started the war as the 56th,
becoming the l/2 in April 1940. Jan 40I
Jul I 40
4x 0-6 RR Eng ii 511, 512,513,514 1x 0-6 RR Eng ll 20
The “/2 started the war as the 1st, be—
came the 11th in April 1940, and then Mate; Note;
became the ”/2 in October 1940.
(There was an actual ”/2 from April to
The 207th, 212th, 2515t, and 252nd
Construction Battalions became Rail-
The 10th sz
was raised as the 20th,
became the US in April 1941, and
October 1940, formed from the 1st
sz, which was separate from the 1st.
road Construction Battalions, with the
same numbers, in January 1940, and
then the 10th sz
in July 1942.

This ”/2 became the HQ for the 6th
Regiment in October, at which time
the 11th became the new ”/2. have
I
smoothed this out by having the 1st
sz
then were renumbered, respectively,
the 511th, 512th, 513m, and 514th
in April 1940.
The 701 st Regiment was raised as a
railroad engineer regimental head-
quarters (no organic battalions) in the
summer of 1940. However, haven't
I

become the HQ for the 6th Regi- Feb I

40 found any evidence of its existence
ment, with the 151/11th as the ”/2 1x0—6RR Eng ii 515 or disbanding beyond this time, and I
from the start.)
suspect this was a very temporary
More; unit, at best. Accordingly, I've exclud<
The US started the war as the 5th, be» The 253rd Constmction Battalion be- ed it from the 08. If you disagree,
came the 15th in April 1940, and then came the 253rd Railroad Construction feel free to add, available for assem-
the US in September 1940 when the Battalion in February 1940 and was bly, 1 x 0-6 RR Eng III 701 on the Juli
5th Regiment was raised. renumbered the 515th in April 1940. 40 Turn.
The I/6 started the war as the 2nd, be- Apr 40
I
Sep I
40
came the 121h in April 1940, and then
the I/6 in October 1940 when the 6th
4x RR Eng II V4, "/4, ”/5, 12
0—6
Available for Assembly:
sz Available for Assembly:
1x0-6 RR Eng Ill 5
Regiment was raised. 1 x0~6RR
Eng ill 4 Withdraw:
1x0-6 RR Eng || 13
The we started the war as the 6th, be- Matt
came the 161h in April 1940, and then The 4th Regiment, V4, and ”/4 were N919:
the “/6 in October 1940 when the 6th new formations. The 13th effectively became the HQ
Regiment was raised. of the 5th Regiment. (Actually, the Us
The ”/5 was raised as the 17th and became the regimental HQ, and the
The 9th sz had a mixed course: The
4th started the war, became the 14th
became the ”/5 in September 1940. 13th became the new US.)
in April 1940, became the ”/7 in Janu-
ary 1941, and then effectively be-
The 12th sz
was raised as the 18th.
became the W in January 1941, and
Oct I
40
Available for Assembly:
came the 9th sz
in July 1942 when
the 7th Regiment was broken up. By
then the 12th sz
in July 1942. 1x0«6 RR Eng Ill 6
Withdraw:
"effectively," mean that the Germans Jun 40 x 06 RR Eng 1sz
I
I
1 II
swapped a lot of H05 around in July: 1x0-6 RREngll 19
the “/7 actually became the “/5, while
the ”/5 became the "/2, the “/2 be-
Mlle;
coming the Il/1, and the ”/1 becoming
flats;
The 19th was raised in June 1940
The 1st sz
effectively became the
HQ of the 6th Regiment. (Actually, it
the 9th sz! The net effect is as |
show it in the OB.
and effectively became the 11th
in July 1942. (In actuality, the 19th
sz did, only it was the "/2 at the time.
See the note under Sept 39.) I

became the HQ of the 8th Regiment

The 13th started the war as the 3rd,
becoming the 13th in April 1940.
when it was raised in April 1941. At
that time, the "/8 was raised from Dec 1. 40
scratch. For game purposes, treat 1
2x0-6 RR Eng II 106,111
this as the 19th becoming the ”/8. ln
 Apr I
43
1x0-6 RR Eng ll 13

Note:
The 13th was a new formation.

Jul | 43
2x 0-8 RR Eng ll 12,14
M13;
The 12th and 14th were formed from
the 12th and 501st Railroad Bridge
Construction Battalions. (In Europa,
bridging units are not shown directly,
but their effects are factored into exv
isting engineer units.)

Aug I
43
2x 0-6 RR Eng ll 15 zbv, 16

Note:
The 15 zbv was a new formation. The
161h was formed in the Balkans from
the "Nowsky" Bridge Construction
Note:
The 106th and 111th Construction
(11th sz) became the ll/8. Headquarters
Battalions became the same- Apr I
42 Oct l 43
numbered 1 x 0-6 RR Eng II 404 1x 0-6 RR Eng || 92bV
Railroad Construction Battalions. Available for Assembly:
Note: 1x0-6RREngX 3
Jan I
41 The 404th Construction Battalion be-
3 x 0-6 RR Eng ll 15,83,139 came the 404th Railroad Construction Note:
Available for Assembly:
Battalion. The 9th
reraised.
sz, earlier withdrawn, was
1XO-6 RR Eng Ill 7 Jun I
42
2 x 0-6 RR Eng ll 2, 408 The HQ of the 3rd Brigade was a new
Note: tormation.
The 15th, 83rd, and 139th Construc— Note:
tion Battalions became the same- The 2nd and 408th Construction Bat- Nov l 43
numbered Railroad Construction Bat- talions became the 2nd and 408th 3 x 06 RR Eng It 515, 517,518
talions. Railroad Construction Battalions.
Note:
The HQ of 7th Regiment was raised in Dec 42 I
The 516th, 517th, and 518th were
January 1941. (Actually, the lI/3 be- Available for Assembly: new formations.
came the HQ ot the 7th, while a new ||/ 1 x 0—6 RR Eng X 1
3 was raised.) Jan 44 I

Withdraw: Available for Assembly:

Apr l 41
Available for Assembly:
1x 0-6 RR Eng ll 9 sz 1 x 0-6 RR Eng X 2

1x O»6 RR Eng Ill 8 Note: Ngte:

Note:
The HQ 01‘ 8th Regiment was raised in
April 1941. (Actually, the 19th be-
came the regimental HQ and a brand-
new ll/8 was raised. The net effect is
that the 8th HQ is new and the 19th
The 9th zbv effectively was with- The HQ of the 2nd Brigade was a new
drawn to become the HQ of the 1st formation.
Brigade. (Actually, the HQ of the 3rd
Regiment became the HQ of the 1st 9
Brigade, while the 9th zbv was with-
drawn to replace the HQ of the 3rd.)
 Page 13

Facts Behind The Counters

39¢ @ermuu flbcrftiée @nétem
By Shelby Stanton
Second Front will have many the release of Narvik
exciting dimensions, and among (Norway) the following
these one of the most interesting is year, Their Finest
Germany's final defense. This article Hour (Britain) in 1976,
recounts how this Europa segment and Case White
got incorporated into the design work (Poland) during 1977.
for Second Front in the first place, Just before the end of
and then how Germany's defenses the decade
were engineered to give a playable Marita-Merkur was
basis for some of the simulation's published for the 1941 Bialystok
most dynamic turns. Balkans front. By 1980,
the foundation for a
In 1973, the initial sequence of definitive World War It

Europa historical products presented series covering the XX

the Soviet-German conflict in two European war at a grand XX
massive games, Drang Nach scale was firmly in place. Arys -—
XX
Osten and Unentschieden. 401
These sentinel games featured The impact of these Mlelau Gllge
hexes that spanned less than twenty games was profound 461
miles each, and an elaborate array of because of the detailed Stablack mergency
Engineer
individualized sub-divisional units. Maneuver
,

combat they permitted

These titles set the scope and tempo over entire fronts. X X
of the Europa series. Other Europa simulations 5
HJ
European campaigns followed with enabled the players to We rwolf Schubert NOTdOSt
compose Partisan
.

Supp o rt 8 d, Emergency Pohueal Police

combined-ar
ms forces in the true Although air and armor were already
fashion of mechanized introduced, they remained basically
warfare and to maneuver outside the integrated arena of the
them across countries. battlefield. The support arms were
even less glamorous. For instance,
One of the most most engineers were primarily
100 Km fascinating aspects of pick—and-shovel laborers prior to the
X X |———1 Wortd War ll was that it advent of mechanization.
X X X X produced the first diverse
Altwarp _ specialization of the Just before and during World War II, a
40 2 Kolberg military that is the hallmark wide range of units were raised to
Gross- of modern armies. Before
Born Emergemy render special support to new tank
Hammerstein Stettin the Second World War, a and mobile infantry armies. Armored
regime's ground armed and mechanized units delivered the
forces were basically degree of shock and mobile firepower
x X X different categories of necessary to punch and exploit holes
sS SS H J infantry, cavalry, and in enemy defensive lines. In the wake
Ostsee thzer Werwolf artillery with a few skilled of the mechanized onslaughts,
elements for tasks such infantry units demonstrated their
Emergency Political Police Partisan as fortress reduction. continuing mastery at seizing and
 vehicular flak guns specific assignments, and proved
to ward off enemy ultimately useful for channelizing
air attacks, and special resources. Even the latest
motorized artillery Europa mling reflects the crucial place
to shell forward of the World War II battalion: railroad
targets. Even the engineers are now (quite properly)
formerly drab being broken out of their regiments
engineers and and into battalions!
Ghoggflfissomo construction crews
X X were differentiated Because Europa is the only
by new types of continental-scale simulation to depict
Doberltz X X X power machinery. combat down to battalion level, it is
also the most valid operational—level
433 Kusm"

fi
Juterbog Much of this game of World War II in existence. By
Fl _ K_ S ,
' egan- 463 FrFankfurt
specialization was interconnecting the Europa series of
concentrated at games, it also becomes the essential
wurm'aga' Emergency mm” battalion level in strategic-level game of World War ll.
T'b°"'9" ilk” World War II armies. This interlocking of the Europa
S K am 0mm. OKW '
Battalions
.

des Fuhror- games, and the steadily improving

SS hauptquaniers averaged around refinement of the rules and historical
OK
K” rmark 1qu 300 - 500 soldiers counters, became more apparent as
and were thus of Fall of France was issued in 1981
aneuver
,

excellent and Western Desert saw

X X X
or anizational size production in 1982. By this time, the
van
Schwelnlchen
”J Spree
S forgafi
kinds of design team of John M. Astell, Paul R.
Werwolf equipment. In Banner, Frank Chadwick, and Marc W.
Political Police Partisan Emergency World War II, there Miller decided to overhaul the first two
was not enough wargames, Drang Nach Osten and
automation and Unentschieden, completely.
manpower-saving devices
to utilize a lower basic Of course, at this
stage both Drang
structure. Whatever the Nach Osten and Unentschieden
job was, a couple of were hopelessly outclassed by later
hundred men had to do it. Europa products. Much more than a
In today's military, small simple fix-up was required to keep
companies and these games within the Europa
squad-sized teams can use framework. The rules needed
modern technical extensive redressing. The historical
apparatus and computers research had to start practically from
to achieve desired results, scratch. And some very basic
but in the 19405 a large questions about Europa direction had
Konlgsbruck 404 number of people were to be considered.
required to move and
Zeithaln 464 operate most machinery One of the most basic questions was
‘
and heavy weapons the time-frame for a new
anauver mergancy
X X X
systems. Soviet-German east front game. The
early historical research verified the
Elbe Oberheld- HJ Battalions became the probable need for over a thousand
acher Werwolf essential heartbeat of new counters for a Drang Nach
Emergency Political Police Partisan
World War II combat. Osten rendition. Additionally, the
Divisions, and regiments - rules rewriting already suggested
the massed giants of more complexities following the
holding ground objectives. A yesteryear - were now sophisticated winter stage of this campaign. These
complex range of supporting assets combinations of battalions. ln circumstances combined to keep the
was now imperative. For example, addition. a new range of independent revision within the same timetable as
armor columns required screening battalions gave field commanders the the original version: inclusive of the
and reconnaissance elements, degree of flexibility required for 1941 campaign to include the
 — Page 15
1941-1942 winter fighting. Front‘s effects on
late-war German
The work on this revision project was defensive
so comprehensive that it resulted in a developments. Allied
completely new simulation, Fire in
®®
gains or failures on the
the East. The game was released in West Front would be
the spring of 1984, and covered the critical in determining V
German invasion of the Soviet Union Germany‘s 1945
Kan Stan:
from June 1941 through March 1942.
o
military posture
Any Europa game covering the
t_._.
against the Soviets. 100 Km
"second half" of the Soviet—German
XX XX
war would have to start from there. (In The reVI5lon title
. .
.

of
SA
‘

fact, some German and Soviet Scorched Earth

reinforcements arriving in March and
KONIQSIWCk
_ 404 berrheln
and its playtest kit
earlier for the 1942 campaign and
—

thus not specifically engaged in the

1941-1942 winter battle were
—
deleted from Fire in the East)
in the meantime, Torch was
published in 1985 and brought the
Americans into the ”Second Front" of
Europe Even as Torch was
published, design work on a revised
Unentschieden, the second
Soviet-German campaign game, was
already unclewvay. The termination
date of the game was now a central
design question. At one time, it was
expected that such a revised game
might proceed until Germany‘s
ultimate collapse during 1945. While
it appeared feasible to play out the
Soviet-German war through 1945, the
introduction of Torch brought
forcible recognition of the Second
were announced at Zeithain
the end of April 1986.
From the outset, the Maneuver
. playtest materials
stated that the Axis
and Soviet orders of
appearance W0U|d
cover the war only
through December II, 1944. During
play testing, the amount of counters
required and the patterns of combat
verified the wisdom of this termination
date.
During mid-1987, with the publication
of Scorched Earth, the schedule
for future Europa simulations was
again discussed. One of the most
favored tentative ideas was to
harmonize the termination date of the
Western Front game (Second
Front} with
464
.
Emergency
X X
Swaefl ”WNW"
Emergency 0 mca ice
the conclusion of the German-Soviet
campaign in Scorched Earth This
concept would end Second Front
on December Il 1944. Another
limitation was that the game would
encompass only the Italian-Franco
theaters. The other theaters where
the Germans also stationed troops
(Greater Germany, Norway, Balkans,
and Denmark) were excluded from
the proposed game,
This limited Second Front

XX

Else n born
M.unchen
S e n he
Munsfar
Wa h n
Maneuver ‘5} Padarborn
60
Vi xx x x
407 SS S
XX
100 Km Sud Muehe
467 Emergency Political Police
453 X
Emergency XX
West
35 ss
Leissem
_
476 Bayornwald
Emergency Emergency Political Police Political Police
Page 18

directly incorporated into

o
Osmium Karlsbad the German empire, For
simplicity, a maneuver
During the actual war, only a few
maneuver area divisions were raised

x i it a © area can be thought of

like a big post in the
United States, such as
Number; Fort Bragg or Fort Polk.
The maneuver division
not only includes all the
XX
maneuver area schools,
Grahnm’hr xx 100 Km officer and NCO courses,
and retained their own identity, An
example was the Gross-Born infantry
Division. Most maneuver area assets
were incorporated into divisions
retreating through their area or split
into innumerable battle groups and
various field contingents. The use of
maneuver divisions provides an
_

‘——‘_‘ refresher facilities, excellent simulation device that

1

41 3
i

Hammelburg recruits, and cadres, but avoids the pitfalls of replacing or

‘

7
many battle groups in the
Hohenials Emergency same region. Each
Maneuver maneuver area was
SS classified by importance
Main and rated as producing
either a (a) Reinforced
Emergency Maneuver Division, (b)
First-Class Maneuver
Division, and (c)
Second-Class Maneuver
Division, or (d) Other
rebuilding cadres and tracking
fragmentary elements.
3)85 Emergency Brigades. The
quantity and quality of the 83 can
only be estimated beyond those
Waffen-SS units already established.
Enough separate Waffen-SS battle
groups were encountered historically,
however, to justify one 58
emergency brigade per district (in

Lirfz
Danlu (Danube)
Vienn- 9 Maneuver Division. Each
division carries its actual
maneuver area name.
addition to the SSManeuver
Divisions), It is important to remember
that these are SS infantry~type
Q
(Wiun)
For the game these
XM U U Wiener Menard:
divisions are numbered
soldiers in combat outfits, and not
officials or $8 personnel engaged in
according to their German non—military and criminal activities.
KStN (TOE, The brigade titles correspond to the
XX
XX
Organization). For 55 military districts of Germany
Bruck- example the Arys (SS-Oberabschnirfe) which, by 1945,
Leitha 41 7 _ maneuver division will be corresponded closely to the
Dollersholm the 11053 Maneuver Div. geographical proximity of the regular
Klein- 487 Most maneuver divisions
Wehrkreise boundaries.
Emergency
represent a general 4) Political Police. These represent
Maneuver x X mixture of artillery and Nazi police units deployed to insure
SS iniantrymen, and are the "continuing combat will" of the
Donau Dr. Bader symbolized by crossed front-line troops. Each district
Emergency Political Police rifles over a cannonbail receives one brigade, named after
(or face—on artillery round) the senior SS-Police commanders of
based on this fact. each district during 1945. For the
included Voikssturm, reserve Specialist maneuver areas were not game these are numbered according
components, youth groups, technical counted, except for two large and to their districts.
personnel, flak helpers, fire fighters, well-stocked engineer training
policemen, fragments of regular units grounds at Gilge and 5) SA-Sturm Divisions. SA-Sturm i

and so forth. For game purposes,
standardization was introduced and all
are assigned consistent strengths.
Designations are historical.
2) Maneuver Divisions. These
represent the assets of major
maneuver areas (military training
grounds) within Germany and territory
Dessau-Fiosslau. The game includes
regular, engineer, mountain, cavalry,
and SSAmaneuver divisions.
Germany's final war effort was too
frantic to produce specialized
battalions, although some already in
existence do show up in 1945
through the regular German order of
appearance,
Divisions were added to raise five
disproportionately weak military
districts to acceptable manpower
levels, and to reflect the SA's
strengthened power in the last
months of the war. There are five of
these divisions in the game (one light
rifle orjaeger, one mountain, one
motorized, one infantry, and one
 Page 19

Seathalur XL
"“1"”
Al
438 Hochiandl
a cner XX
I
Emergency
Schleratz
Wu and
Maneuver Warthelagor
Maneuver SA Cavalry

SS
Warthe Gudewlll
Emergency Political Police

B'o'hmen und
M'a'hren

100 Km
Klmmwatd
XX Gelbei
Milowitz 100 Km
Bohmesl'ls one once DFnzfg
Wischau X XX
Maneuver s§i Gofnh on
Thom SS
Maneuver Relehs Wootprouu-n
protektor “an”???
Emergency

cavalry). They are named after Gr 9

(Kampfkommandant des
SA-Gruppen appropriate to the Danzig«FaldharrnhallI
Fuhrerhauptquartiers) , ’

military districts. None at these reserve panzer divisions, X X X

existed as division formations in the and replacement (Mixed) SS Dr. 6,5 HJ
actual war. Weischel
brigades for the Hatchel Werwolf
Grossdeutschland and Pajama] Fe m
6) Miscellaneous Forces. These FeldherrnhaI/e Corpse paman
represent historical organizations that Fortress divisions are shown on the the ability of German teenagers to
were raised from assets permanently maps, but in actuality represent
stationed or available in some engage in sabotage, sniping, and
combinations of other units already in sabotage activities against occupation
districts They include elements such the game.
as the Fleichsprotektor Infantry troops.
Brigade under High-Command (OHW) 7) Hitler Jugend Werwo/I Partisanst
control, the Combat Command of the These are only available for certain
Fuhrer's Headquarters eastern military districts and represent
 x Oldenburg, Schleswlg- ll Pomeranla (Pommern),
‘
Holstein, northern M ecklenburg
Hannover ..

XI Brunswick (Braunschweig), "I;

‘Q 5 Anhalt, southern
x \90 Hannover 3,23

/
‘l
’6

9 \‘ea:
\\34°
2
{

IX Hesse (Hessen), mosl ol

Thuringia (Thuringen)
vm Silesia (Sd'll

XII Palallnale (Pfalz), Lorraine

(Lolhringen), Rhenlsh
Prussla. western Hesse XIII Franconia (Franken), Upper
(Hessen) Nassau Saar dlslrict Palatlnale (Oberpfalz), lower

is“
Bavaria
B-M Boehmen-Maehren
(Bohemia—Moravia of Czechoslovakia)

V Alsace (Elsass), Baden,.

Wurltemberg

XVll West Austria (Oberdonau,

Niederdonau)

XVIII East Austria (Vorarlberg,

Tirol, Kaernlen, Sleiermark)
 — Page 21

I
East Prussia (Ostpreussen),
occupied Bialystok area

Kilometers
3 I100 |
200|

flcfirfrciée
Page 22
_
I Quart
rfiiuleé’
Address all rules ques-
tions to Rick Gayler, Edi-
tor TEN, P.O. Box 2431,
Opelika, AL 36801.
Please include a SASE,
and phrase questions for
yes/no responses. Men-
tion the rule number
where appropriate.
This is my last "Rules Court"
before handing over the rules
maven baton to Rick. Rick
knows Europa well, and he
should make an outstanding
judge. There have already
been times when i asked Hick
for his opinion of a rule,
andl
thought his interpretations
were very insightful, so the
court is being left in capable
hands.
The Urals
Rule 25.F
—
Clarification
Axis airborne units that per-
form airdrops in either the
June
il
surprise turn or June
regular turn do not gain owner—
ship cf hexes they drop in or
enter for enemy supply tracing
purposes until (1) in the Soviet
June il initial phase it they can
trace a supply line to a regular
supply source, or (2) in the
Axis July | initial phase (re-
gardless of supply). (RG)
by Ben Knight
FitE / Scorched Earth
Several people have asked
whether the new railroad engi-
neer rules given in "Rails
through the Russias" (appear-
ing in TEN #7) are official or
optional. in this case, even
though new units are required,
the revised rules are OFFICIAL
and should be used. (RG)
Does Rule 3961 mean that
bombers used as transports
can be used to conduct air
drop missions (e.g., can para-
troops be air dropped by
He111's)? Yes.
ifso, can gliders be used in
conjunction with bombers fly-
ing as transports to execute a
glider-borne assault? Yes, but
such bombers cannot tow glid-
ers while executing a bombing
mission
.
Can bombers operating as
transports air drop supply
points? Yes.
ll
Are bombers halved against
ships in mud/snow weather?
Yes.
ifso, why? True, sorties may
be down, but thought the ma-
i
jor factor in mud and snow was
the muffling effect on the
bombs. No, the major factor is
stormy weather. Overcast
gu-i
skies made it difficult to locate
a target even if sorties could
be flown.
Does cost RPs to convert
it
Guards units to bigger Guards
units (e.g., a 5—6 Guards Rifle
XX to a 12-8 Guards Mecha~
nized XXX)? No. Per Rule
34F5, only "regular, winter-
capab/e, or naval ground
units" require (or yield) RPS
when converting to Guards
status. For conversion of
Guards XXs to Guards Mech
XXXs, follow Ftule 3401: no
RPs are needed, but the "units
removed from play through
conversion may not be re-
placed. " (Note the difference
here from 34F5 where "most
units removed from play due to
conversion to Guards status
are placed in the replacement
pool and may subsequently be
replaced. ")
Rule 1481, Siege Artillery,
states that siege artillery is
doubled against fortresses and
major cities. Shouldn't it also
be doubled against forts? No.
Sevastopol (in the Crimea) is a
fleet base and fortress, but per
the rules it is not counted for
victory and can only base one
air unitl? isn't it in reality a
large city, if not a major one?
Shouldn't it be a dot city with a

fort counter in the hex, similar
to the way Kiev is handled?
That would increase its air-
base capacity and make it a
victory point city. Rule 378
lists Sevastopol along with
eight other non—major cities as
worth victory point each.
1
See also Rick Gayler's "SE:
Victory Determination Chart" in
ETO #39. Note that dot cities
are not victory point cities of
and by themselves. The 1939
Collier’s World Atlas gives the
population of Sevastopol as
78,000; for Simferopo/ (the
neighboring dot city, worth no
victory points), 99,000. You
can build either a temporary or
permanent airfield at Sevasto-
pol to improve its airbase ca—
pacity.
Rule 25A, Airborne Unit Dis-
ruption, lists modifiers of —1 for
dropping into a non—clear ter-
rain hex and —1 for "dropping
into a major city hex. (This is
in addition to the non—clear ter—
rain moditier.)" The parentheti—
cal note to the major city modi-
fier implies that any feature in
a clear terrain hex (such as
coastline, road, rail, reference
city, dot city, etc.) disqualifies
that hex as a clear terrain hex.
As an example, a road through
a clear terrain hex would make
the hex a "non-clear terrain
hex" tor purposes of air drop.
Is this correct? No. Per the
Terrain Effects Chart, partial
and full hex (major) cities are
their own terrain types, differ-
ent from clear; coastlines are
"hexsides"; and reference cit-
ies, dot cities, fortresses, and
transportation lines are
"features". Features and hex-
sides do not alter the terrain
type of a hex. Also see the
Europa map legend included
in Scorched Earth.
Rule 28E, River Flotillas, states
that flotillas have characteris-
tics of both ships and ground
units. Does the flotilla have a
200? No.
Does the flotilla gain owner-
ship of hexes through which
travels? No.
Can a flotilla overrun a 0-
strength enemy unit by itself?
Rule 28E states that for all
overrun purposes a river flotilla
is treated as a one RE Soviet
field artillery unit with a combat
strength of two. A flotilla by it-
self would still retain an attack
strength of 1 per Rule 148 and
as such could indeed overrun
a 0-strength unit.
Can a flotilla occupy an ungar—
risoned enemy airbase caus-
ing the aircraft to attempt es-
cape? No.
Can a flotilla destroy rail lines,
airfields, ports, and bridges?
No.
Can a flotilla move to an unoc~
cupied (or overrun a 0-strength
unit) enemy owned hex, con-
vert it to a friendly owned hex,
and then discharge cargo,
therefore avoiding plotting of
an amphibious landing? No.
How can a flotilla "not enter an
enemy occupied hex," yet
participate in an overrun?
Page 23
The same way a ground unit
"may not enter a hex occupied
by an enemy unit" (Rule 6, par-
agraph four), yet still overrun:
paragraph two of Rule 13,
Overruns, specifies that the
overrunning units do not ad—
vance into the hex until after
the enemy units are removed
from play.
Do flotillas count against stack-
ing? No.
it
May flotillas use administrative
movement? No.
Does a flotilla have a cargo ca-
pacity of 20 REs of supply?
Yes.
Can an engineer unit that has
built a temporary airfield use
its attack strength in the com-
bat phase? Yes.
When are replaced Rumanian
units released from reserve
status? Per Rule 32A2, para-
graph two, ”All units in reserve
are released from reserve if
there are 10 or more REs of
Soviet units anywhere in Ru-
mania at the start ofa German
initial phase. " Reserves are
also released per the Axis 08;
for example, May I 43: Ruma-
nian: "Release from Reserve:
6 REs. "
Can the Soviets land troops at
ports in Bulgaria? Not while
Axis owned. See next to last
paragraph of Rule 2802.
When the rules use the word
still "city," are they referring to ref-
erence and dot cities as well
Page 24
as major cities? Yes.
According to Rule 34D1 the re
quirements for a cadre to be
rebuilt are as follows: "it must
be in a city or fortress, be able
to trace a supply line to a
friendly-owned source of re-
placements, and may not be in
an enemy 200." Does that
mean that at an isolated re-
placement city that is in the
200 of an enemy unit the
phasing player can or cannot
receive reinforcements? Can.
See Rule 34A, paragraph
one.
Can or cannot replace an elim-
inated unit? Can. Replaced
units appear the same as rein-
forcements.
Can or cannot rebuild a ca-
dre? Cannot. See Rule 348,
paragraph four.
Can or cannot convert a unit?
Cannot. See Rule 3401.
Can or cannot upgrade or re—
organize a unit? Cannot. Per
Rule 3402, "an upgrade is the
same as a conversion. " and
per Rule 3403, "a reorganiza-
tion is the same as a conver-
sion."
NKVD and mountain units are
winterized. What is the intent
of Rule 3482, cases 2, 5. and
6? An example may help: If
the Soviets replace a 1 RE
mountain brigade during Janu—
ary of the first winter (case 5),
this would
also count as 1 RE of winter-
ized units (case 6) for January.
May a unit with zero MPs be
moved by a movement method
that does not consume MPs
such as strategic rail move-
ment or air transport? No.
Rule 6 states: "A unit with a
movement rating of 0 may not
move from the hex it occupies
for any reason. "
I
read Rule 223 as providing
that position AA may fire
against DAS only if the posi»
tion AA is included in the relat-
ed ground attack; read Rule
I
22A3 as providing that position
AA is not permitted to retreat in
any circumstances (whether as
attacker or defender); and
hence conclude that it an at—
I
tacker wishes to tire position
AA at DAS and then suffers an
AR in the attack, the position
AA is eliminated (even though
defenders may not advance af-
ter combat, and hence, the hex
containing the position AA will
not be enemy occupied). ls
this correct under the rules as
written? Yes. It is the player's
decision whether to risk his po-
sition AA in an attack or not.
Also note that position AA may
not move and fire in the same
player—turn (Ru/e 22A3).
Under Rule 34F4, the Soviets
are allowed to "convert up to
four 3-6 rifle divisions per turn
to their 4—6 strengths," starting
Aug l41. If the Soviets do not
use all four allowed conver—
sions in a turn, may they use
the unused conversions in a
later turn (and hence convert
more than four in such later
turn), as seems to be allowed
by the first sentence of Rule
34D1, Conversions? No. The
key words in Rule 34F4 are
"up to. " (If John had simply
written "convert four, " then you
might have a case, but as it is,
no.)
May a German unit operating
under the Finnish game limita-
tions (Rule 3281) attack out of
the Finnish stop line it it puts it-
self out of supply? Or consider
this: if there are German units
south of the Svir stop line, and
the Axis player transports sup—
ply to them by air, would it be
possible for them to attack out
side the front line? No to both
questions. Think of it this way:
if the German unit was Finnish,
it would not be allowed to at
tack; therefore, the German
unit may not attack,
Ifthe Axis crosses the Finnish
stop line, is the new area they
take considered to be part of
the Finnish theater so that the
limitations for German units
apply there as well? Yes.
There appears to be a way for
the Axis player to bypass the
limitations of the Finnish thea-
ter and launch an offensive on
Arkhangelsk. If he can take
control of the Murmansk rail-
road and complete the railroad
connecting the railnet in nonh-
ern Finland with the Murmansk
railroad, then he can trace
supply along this railroad
south to hex 6A:3918 (which
lies on the weather line and
thus is considered to be in the
Arctic. This hex also pene-
trates the Finnish theater stop
line, and once beyond that the
German Army could operate
normally. Is this correct? Yes.
War in the Desert (WitD)
In the Torch scenario the AI-
lied Initial Forces OB lists sev-
eral HQs to be placed in
Breakdown Boxes. Since l be-
l have to
lieve have them on
map to combine them with bri-
gades to form divisions, why
are they placed in the Break-
down Box? Because those di-
visions start the scenario brok-
en down into supported
components. Thus the H03
are left in the box.
Rule 28A3, ltalian Disarray: Is
an overrun considered
"comba " for purposes of this
rule? (On the Dec | 40 turn,
the British can usually overrun
the Italian forces at hex
19:0526 which are out of gen-
eral supply after the surprise
attack turn. Are they perma-
nently eliminated?) Yes.
(Yes. )
Rule 32D2 & 3, Divisional En-
gineers: the initial phase of
In
Jan ll 41, Int XX HQ 70 begins
building a fort; in the initial
phase of Feb ll 41 (two turns
later), the fort is finished. May
lnt XX HQ 9 (Aus) start building
another tort, or have the UK
forces used up their divisional
engineer ability for Feb ll 41 by
the completion of Int XX HQ
70's fort? lf H0 70 used the
ability on Jan l/ and Feb I, the
fort would be functional Feb [I
so HQ 9A could start building
another fort that same turn.
May the Allied player ship
units in his Western Desert re-
placement pool to the Near
East replacement pool using
naval transport (and vice ver-
sa)? (This is to enable the Al-
lied player to use the garrison
rule of 32G. In reality the Brit-
ish shipped some burnt out
units from Egypt to Iraq/Iran to
reform. No. [John Astell says
it is okay to use this as a house
rule. RG]
May he so ship RPS? (I think
the answer as to RPs is "yes":
see sixth paragraph of Rule
293.) Yes. FlPs may be trans-
ported (per that paragraph),
but only from one supply termi-
nal to another (or to Malta if
advanced rule 32.} is used).
In The Near East the rules
for Egypt call tor the conver-
sion of two British light antiair-
craft counters to two Egyptian
light antiaircratt counters, but
that is not in the WitD rules in
Torch. Can you tell me why?
These two AA counters are ac-
counted for in the last para-
graph of Advanced Rule 326
which requires the Allied
player to garrison Cairo and
Alexandria with one AA point
each. You may convert the
counters to Egyptian once the
NE conditions are met.
"Spanish Torch" (Kit 5)
Which cities count for victory
points? Spanish cities are
worth the following victory
points: 1 point for each dot
city; 2 points for each partial
city hex; 3 points for each full
city hex. (See errata on last
page of TEN #2.)
The victory rule currently reads
that both the Axis and Allies
win a marginal victory if the Al-
lies control 15 points of Span-
ish cities. What should it be?
The Allies win a marginal vic-
tory at 15; the Axis win 3 mar-
ginal victory at 14.
How is rail cap lost? WHO is
too generous and based on
the limited African rail systems.
Use WitD Rule 7A4, para-
graph four, for rail capacity
gains and losses. "Spanish
Torch" gives Spain a rail ca-
pacity of 30 RES. It also says
Spanish "reference cities
which are major ports are not
rail depots." Thus Spain has
five major city hexes, five dot
city major ports, and five other
dot cities (ignore the dot cities
Granada and Santander since
they are not on rail lines) for a
total of 25 FiEs of rail depots.
This 5 RE difference will not
cause any problems in play.
Marita-Merkur
There is a Well-10 counter
provided, but it is not men-
tioned in the order of battle. It
is not used in the game.
Europa
Can use TFH aircraft coun-
I
ters for the older games? Yes,
The more recent the game, the
more accurate the ratings of
the air units.
Q
Page 26

@urnpaieét nub @encnn

$ictorial

Frank Chadwick

John Astell
Gary Stagliano

Dennis Dubberley

Arthur Goodwin

Paul Dunigan

RUDI BRAUN=
 An overview of
M
Europa. Big, isn't It?
Gary Stagliano playtesting
"Winter War - The Russo Finnish Battle"

Dennis Dubberley displaying Soviet Asia. ;

The caption might read, "Maps, you bet!"
Rudi shares his experiences

Frank Chadwick teaches a lesson to

Winston Hamilton about "death of a thousand
cuts" while Andrew Smoot looks on. Note the Our younger Europa Players
handy play accessories kits being used!
 Page 28 .

Jason Long, Europa veteran.

Andrew Smooth, Europa veteran.

 At the front the battle goes on at GENCON.

Concentration and a cool hand keeps on winning at the

GENCON Europa Demo in Milwaukee.

Part of the GENCON demo, the new players

are shown an overview of the battle and
participate in briefings as the war goes on.
Page 30
29¢ 3mm: are“
Superga
The original unit from which the
Superga division descended was the
Basilicata Infantry Brigade. However,
following the reorganization of the
Italian Army in March, 1926, the
"named units" were abolished and
the Basilicafa Infantry Brigade became
known as the 1st Infantry Brigade (I
brigata di fanferia). The brigade
deployed three infantry regiments:
90th Salerno and the 91st and 92nd
Basilicata. In October 1934, the First
Military Territorial Division, located in
Torino, assumed the name Superga
as did the 1st Infantry Brigade At this
time, the 5th Divisional Artillery
Regiment was joined to the brigade to
provide support. During the
reorganizations following the
halo-Ethiopian War, Italian infantry
divisional structure changed to the
binary system and the 90th regiment
was transferred to the 5th Infantry
Division Cosseria.
As a precautionary measure, selected
Italian divisions began to mobilize in
Fall 1939. Among them was
Superga, mobilized in Torino on
October 24, 1939.
At this time Superga deployed the
following units: the 91st and 92nd
Infantry Regiments, comprised of
three battalions each; the 5th Artillery
Regiment, consisting of one battalion
each of 100 mm howitzers, 75 mm
guns, and 75 mm pack howitzers; the
69th AA Battery (20mm); the 1otst
Engineer Battalion; one battalion of
81 mm mortars: and one company
each of HMG and AT guns.
In March 1940, the XVIII CCNN
(Camacie Ner - Black Shirts) battalion
was added during the integration of
the Blackshirts into the regular army.
Superga was demobilized early in
1940, but was hastily reactivated in
331"“;
more»:
by Michael K. Parker
June 1940 forthe French campaign.
The division was sent into combat at
peacetime strength levels, as there
was not enough time to mobilize the
reservists and the support units.
Superga fought in the Bardonecchia
sector as a part of Corps, 4th Army.
I
The offensive began on June 21st,
but 4th Army gained little ground,
pushing only a few miles into France.
Upon signing of the armistice
agreement, Superga returned to its
Torino depots. The division remained
in North Italy as part of the general
reserve until 1941.
In late 1941, Superga began
specialized training in the Livorno
area in preparation for Operation 03,
the Malta invasion. In Spring 1942,
Superga as well as 4th Infantry
Division Livorno and 20th Division
Fruili were scheduled to be convened
to assault and landing divisions
(divisions da sbarco e di assalto).
These were structured as infantry
divisions with decentralized support
units for greater flexibility during
opposed landings. Axis successes in
1942 convinced the High Command
that the invasion of Malta was
unnecessary and Superga
transferred to Napoli in May 1942.
The division spent from May to
October as a part of the special naval
defense force in the area.
Upon the Allied invasion of French
North Africa, the Axis command
began a desperate scramble to find
troops for the Tunisian bridgehead.
The First Infantry Division Superga left
Napoli on the 12th of November,
1942, and arrived in Bizerte by the
20th. By early December, Superga
occupied the Sousse-Kairouan area
and was moving west towards the
advancing Allies. At this time the unit
was under XXX Italian Corps which
was operating as a part of Fifth Panzer
Army. Due to the confused situation
in Tunisia and the German practice of
oorsetting Italian forces with German
units, Superga was broken into
battlegroups. As of December 15th,
Superga defended central Tunisia
from Pont du Fahs to Djebel
Boudabousse. Allied attacks (the
French were in this sector) began to
push the line back by the end of
December. Heavily reinforced by
German units, the First Infantry
Division repulsed attacks by the
French 19th Corps at the eastern
dorsal passes in early January, 1943.
An Axis counterattack (El/bate I) to
drive the Allies from the passes soon
followed. The attack was carried out
predominantly by German forces
although four infantry battalions of
Superga participated as part of
Gruppe Stolz. Initial success was
soon followed by retreats due to
massive Allied superiority. Superga
did not participate in the battles
around Kasserine and as of the end
of February 1943, still held part of its
original position around Pont du
Fahs. At this time Superga infantry
units were corseted by the 756th
German Mountain Regiment. Attacks
by the British 1st Para. Brigade were
held in late Febmary and early March.
The general Axis retreat to the
Tunis-Bizerte bridgehead began in
April. During this time the division was
part of the DAK along with 10th and
21st Panzer Divisions and the Italian
50th Brigade, although the tank units
were soon withdrawn to another part
of the front. The final Allied assault
began in eariy May. The Axis forces
were split into two pockets: Superga
was part of the southern group under
Italian First Army. On May 12th, 1943,
Superga surrendered in the
Zaghouan area and ceased to exist as
part of the Italian Army. 9

Have something to
say? Post it to:
TEN EXchange,
c/o Rick Gayler
P.0. Box 2431,
Opelika, AL 36801,
USA
James E. Vandine
Keep up the good work! The News is
definitely worth the price! How many
TENS do i have left on my
subscription? I'd like to extend.
Your Ghost in TEN #7 is too easy:
Litvinov, the Jewish Foreign Minister
for the U.S.S.R. until replaced by the
slimeball (Fladey would say the warm
and caring) Molotov, in 1939. Litvinov
was a proponent oi collective security
vs. Germany. wonder how many
I
lives would have been saved if the
west - and the Soviets - had listened
to him?
About the 36" gun, Little David:
Surely it is located in Maryland and not
New Mexico? Or are there more
Aberdeens than am aware of?
i
Radey (aka Timothy O’Shenko, in
“The Battle for Kiev" from TEN #7)
makes me wonder how the
peace-loving, heroic Soviet troops
ever had a setback against the
cowardly, lying German army.
Perhaps Vatutin et. al. felt a certain
sympathy tor the Nazis and stretched
out the war over the last eighteen
months as a gesture of support... or
maybe there were a fair number of
German officers and men who were
NOT trying merely to save their own
skins by fleeing in lorries, like the
cur-like CD. of 25th Panzer Division.
EXchange
I
detest versions 01 history that make
any side look pure and God-like,
regardless oi the political stripe; see
I
little to choose between the Soviets
and Germans. The western
democracies would perhaps be better
off it the two totalitarian nations had
made common cause against them,
giving us the option of defeating
them both during the 1940's, once
and tor all. The idea that Stalin and
crew, after the secret protocol on
Poland and eastern Europe, were any
more moral than the Nazis is ajoke.
Can Ftadey really believe this? Does
he really believe anybody else is
buying it? enjoy his history, without
I
the gibes at German manhood. Just
tell the story and give the strength
returns, and save the sermonizing for
a Berkeley lecture or a Spanish Civil
War reunion!
Thanks for the opportunity to spout
otf; sorry for the lecture.
I'm glad you are enjoying the
magazine. Winston Hamilton explains
how subscriptions and membership in
The Europa Association work in this
issue ‘5 ”News from GFt/D".
Aberdeen, Aberdeen, prettiest town
that I've never seen... Although there
are several Aberdeens, the largest of
which is in South Dakota, there
doesn't seem to be one in New
Mexico. Indeed, Little David is said to
be located at Aberdeen Proving
Ground in Maryland, as you state.
Isuspect Jack Hadey's "The Battle for
Kiev" stimulated a great deal of
thought among our readership. Like
me, some might even have been
motivated to do some supplemental
reading (or rereading) of the works
cited in the article. Alter weighing
Panzer Battles and other related
works on the subject, one is free to
1 Page 31
draw one's own opinion - that is the
democratic way. However, isn’t it
unfortunate that we can not Iully rely
on the recollections of those who
were actually there (von Mellenthin's
numerous and well publicized
misstatements being illustrative) ?
Can we better trust the conclusions of
later researchers who sift through the
data and shape their own vision of
events secondhand? In the final
analysis it is doubtful that the real truth
surrounding the events of November
- December 1943 in the Ukraine will
ever be fully known. And so we are
left with opinions...
There is one small point I would like to
make about your suggestion that the
Western Allies should have taken on
Germany and the Soviet Union in a
common crusade. What it the "Good
Guys" had lost? Isuggest we should
be content with history as it is and fry
make the most of it.
Deen wood
I
hear with more than a little trepidation
of the intent to apply
across~the-board penalties for
attacking in poor weather. (See
”From the Editor" in this issue.) think
I
that this is the wrong solution to a
problem that does not really exist.
GDW's instincts were correct on this
one lrom the start.
Why should there be a penalty lor
attacking in mud/snow? So that the
events of the winter of 1941-42 can
be duplicated for the Germans? Or to
degrade attacks in poor weather in
general?
i
am of the opinion that the first winter
is not far out of kilter. Much depends
on how the German handles things.
Attacks in poor weather are already
Page 32

penalized through the proper
channels of supply, air, movement
and terrain.
First, a quote on the winter of 1941:
"We are faced with the sad fact that
the Supreme Command has
overreached itself by refusing to
believe our reports on the increasing
banners to the outskirts of Moscow,
via Vyazma. The same thing stopped
them there, not the weather. Okay
yes it helped. But, do not be
mesmerized by the well publicized
weather. The Axis was stopped by
the Red Army and it's own
mismanagement. General Winter
caused some casualties, but he did
carried them to Kharkov, the US Fifth
Army attack from the Volturno
, through the Bernhard line and into
the Gustav line in Fall/Winter, 1943
(this against an experienced and
entrenched toe in tough terrain; no
mean accomplishmentl), and Fifth
Army's Operation Encore in February,
1945. would point out that despite
I

weakness of the troops...[l have
decided] to withdraw to a previously
selected and relatively short line
which hope that shall be able to
I I
hold with what is left of my forces.
The Russians are pursuing us closely
and we must expect misfortunes to
occur." (General Guderian, 8
December, 1941 - the Soviet
offensive got going on December
4-6.)
The German Army in late 1941 was
overextended, exhausted, and out of
supply. The culprits of the disaster
were supply and manpower
shortages. Horrible weather simply
exacerbated a situation of the
Germans' own making that would
have led to a defeat under any
circumstances or weather. Long
before the debacle at Moscow, on
October 1, 1941, Army Group Center
reported a net shortage of 80,000
men. A loss of even 1200 riflemen
can critically damage a division's
fighting power. Tremendous losses
had been taken by the infantry
divisions of AGC in August and
September when they were bashed
by the Russians who took advantage
of the panzers‘ absence to the north
not have the only or even the largest
army. Normal preparations by the
Germans could have reduced the
winter's role even more. By the time
the Soviets attacked in December,
the Jerries had wasted themselves.
As Zhukov told Stalin on 29
November, 1941, before the
temperature collapsed or the winter
offensive began, the Germans had
been "bled white." in game terms you
should probably reduce much of the
Wehrmacht, at least AGC, to
Kampfgruppe and put them out of
supply. You bet a Russky player
could smash that up! But gee whiz,
the Russian player complains, the
German player never overextends
himself like his real life counterparts
did. TOO BAD! (Isn't that why we
play?) That is no reason to penalize
the Germans in 1941 for being more
prudent than their historical
counterparts. Leave the small special
edge the Russians now enjoy alone.
Now as far as penalizing the attackers
in bad weather goes... Why?
in most instances, lulls in the fighting
occurred when both sides ran out of
bullets or men or beans. in bad
the bad weather, the Gustav line may
well have been broken in February,
1944 if the main assault had gone in
on the south coast (where the French
finally broke the line) rather than at
Cassino. A word on the ltalian
operations: most of the lulls were
supply or exhaustion induced. On
only a few notable occasions did
weather truly hamper combat
operations, although it certainly
impacted supply efforts almost as
much as the terrain.
Ifthere is a problem in the game it is
with generous supply rules for a
severe winter in Russia in 1941, when
the Axis was just not up to it and
perhaps in the mud RR regauge
rates. But, whatever the year, do not
blame the effectiveness of your
opponents' good resource
management, good supply line
maintenance and well executed
assault down supply lines on a lack of
weather penalties.
To summarize, attacks in poor
weather should not be modified.
Perhaps the introduction of a severe
winter weather mle which further

W,
and south. Even at this point, even in
disaster for AGC was
narrowly averted. Things got so
critical in Fourth Army sector that Bock
decided that the situation could be
salvaged only by a major panzer
counterattack, and pulled 10 P2 XX
into the fray. The severe losses in
weather that just happens faster and
is reflected in reduced supply ranges.
in game terms that means the fighting
stops when everybody gets flipped to
cadre or outruns their supply. Sure,
there was degradation in combat
ability, but this is reflected in 'loss of
AEC, halving of air power, and
penalizes Axis supply ranges (if it
occurs) would be appropriate in 1941.
The RR regauge ability in mud may
be too high. Doing anything more
drastic may assure that nobody will
ever get in a backhanded blow.
References and recommended
reading: Published by the US. Army

w
manpower caused by these battles
permanently reduced AGC's
strength. The culprits were lack of
troops and supply,
w h r n v n h |
Germany. As German supply caught
up, the Germans concentrated and
lashed out again, carrying their
reduction of mobility. When in supply
the Russians, Allies, and Germans
continued to fight and fight effectively
in all types of weather. As examples,
look at the opening phases of
Operation Typhoon, the Soviet
Stalingrad offensive and the
successive blows afterwards which
Center of Military History: Stalingrad to
Berlin by Earl F. Ziemke, Moscow to
Stalingrad by Earl F. Ziemke, Salerno
to Cass/no by Martin Blumenson,
Cassino to the Alps by Ernest F.
Fisher, Jr., Historical Study: Military
Improvisations During the Russian
Campaign, and Historical Study:

Effects of Climate on Combat in
European Russia.
Other sou rces: Standing Fast:
German Defensive Doctrine on the
Russian Front During World War II by
Maj. Timothy A. Wray, US. Army
Command and General Staff College,
Operation Barbarossa by Bryan l.
Fugate, Panzer Leader by Hans
Guderian, and Lost Victories by E.
von Manstein.
Here's one last tidbit for discussion:
Rule 37 states that "The German
player gains victory points for cities he
controls at the end of the game...
The German player gains half the
victory point value of a city's hex it it is
Soviet owned, but isolated." wouldI
suggest that in the campaign game
the German player should gain only
half the victory point value for German
owned cities at the end of the game if
they are isolated.
James Broshot
I
thoroughly enjoyed #7 of The
Europa News; it was the best one
ever (except forthe one that had my
article in it). really appreciate Shelby
t
Stanton's "Facts Behind the
Counters" column and it was good to
see our token Marxist Jack Radey
again as well.
Other comments:
1. Arewe to take the new RR
engineer rules in TEN#7 as official?
2. sure wanted to attend
I
Europafest, but it was on a day when
had to be in court in two places.
Maybe next year... if it's still in the
Midwest.
3. Re my note in the TEN#7
"Appeals Court" column. Things get
worse for Trento if you use (like ldo)
the house rule (adapted from MM)
that units with heavy equipment
cannot land at minor ports. However.
why not supply breakdown counters
and id like to point out that in SE all
ltalian divisions are 3 RE equivalent.
4. you guys are going to turn out
if
Soviet Asia, why not go on to
"Pacifica". After all, a lot of the troops
that the Japanese kept in Manchuria
ended up going to the Pacific, to
places like Peleliu, Luzon, Okinawa,
etc.
Thanks for the opportunity to be
heard.
You ‘re welcome, and as for a
response:
1. See this issue's "Rules Court".
2. See this issue's "News Irom GR/D"
3. See this issue's "Inside Europe"
4. Well, we can’t anticipate all your
questions in advance. As it happens
there are some plans, still very
nebulous at this point, of one day
taking Europa to the Pacific. If this
were done, I think it's safe to assume
that it will NOT be at a 16 mile per hex
scale. To say more at this point would
be rumor-mongering, so having thus
piqued your curiosity, I will say no
more.
Courtney Footman
lwould like to make some
suggestions about the defensive air
support mission in hopes the
designer will see them. A reply to this
is not necessary, although an opinion
would be appreciated.
The defensive air support mission is
quite different in its application from
the offensive air support mission: the
hex a defensive air unit is supporting
l is often not attacked at all; when it is
attacked, a very high concentration of
antiaircraft assets will usually be
allocated against it. Furthermore,
planes that fly defensive
support/harassment missions are
immune from enemy bombing attacks
(since they are not at a base). Finally,
the presence of defensive support
makes a very large difference in
combat odds much more frequently,
and for a much smaller effort, than
does offensive support.
- Page 33
Historically, one great advantage of
defensive air support was its ability to
be concentrated where the enemy
was actually attacking. To recreate
this flexibility, decrease the range of
units flying the mission, and their
escorts, by one (as in the air-naval
interaction mission), and allow the
non-phasing player to move all
defensive support units one hex at
the start of the phasing player's air
phase. (After the enemy's ground
movement phase, but before he
allocates air missions.) To allow
proper interception and patrol ranges,
the interceptorslpatrollers may fly to
any ONE hex adjacent to the hex in
which the defensive air support units
ended their movement.
Allowing a reaction to enemy ground
movement also solves the problem of
the phasing player ganging up on
defensive air with AA guns. The
ability to thus manipulate AA is
obviously wrong - one does not go
hunting planes with AA guns! In a
previous game of SE, recall where a
I
forest hex with defensive air support
found itself under attack from an
infantry division (the SS Polizei
division) and four AA regiments,
which is absurd. Under my proposal
all an attacker can do is commit AA
where he most wants to attack. Then
the defender has to decide if he will
brave the AA or support a hex with
less intense AA presence.
The odds of finding a plane on the
ground are about the same
regardless of whether it is flying
missions against attacking enemy
units or defending enemy units. That
is not the case in Europa. The way I
avoid this problem is to allow the
phasing player, at the start of his air
phase (after the movement of the
enemy's defensive air support units
as described in the preceding
paragraph) to request the
non-phasing playerto replace any air
units on defensive
support/harassment missions with
markers indicating the strength of the
planes on those missions, and to
Page 34
return the defending units to base
where they can then be bombed. A
marker may be fired at by AA, but all
results (K,A, R) simply cause the
marker to be removed. This allows
the phasing playerto try to kill/abort
planes on defensive
support/harassment either by AA or
by bombing, but not both. This is not
a perfect solution, but it is better than
what now exists. This change seems
particularly important because it allows
a superior air force to attempt to gain
control of the air, which is impossible
under the current system, as the
weaker air force can make itself
invulnerable to attack by launching a
few heavily escorted defensive air
strikes each turn. This would be
particularly ridiculous in Second
Front; the Luftwaffe should not be
able to last long it tries to stay near the
front.
Defensive support may already be too
powerful; it one allows it more
flexibility, it certainly will be. To
remedy this, simply halve the
bombing strength of planes on the
defensive support mission.
Something along the lines of what
you have proposed will have to be
devised and tested if we are to
remove the abuses you point out and
bring more realism to the air system.
[do have a question for you. If the
phasing player asks the defender to
return a defensive mission air unit to
base in order to bomb it, and then in
fact scores a hit on that unit in his
mission resolution phase, is the
corresponding marker for that unit .
removed before ground combat (or
attacker’s AA fire) is resolved?
Kenneth C. Kettering
ln TEN #7, John Astell provided a
new set of rules on rail regauging
("Rails through the Russias“) and a
corresponding new OB for Axis rail
engineers in SE. The substance of
the rule is sensible and well justified,
and it seems to deal effectively once
and for all with the recent problem of
abusive use of the rail construction
and road upgrading rules. The
essential fix - to deprive construction
units of any role in the rail regauging
and upgrading process, and add to
the countermix a sprinkling of new rail
engineers in compensation - harms
the German mildly (since they no
longer will be able to give all six of
their rail engineer regiments quick
construction capability in 1941 merely
by mating each to a construction unit,
and they are given additional railroad
engineers only sufficient to give quick
construction capabilities to five of the
six), but that does not give rise to any
obvious problem. Two technical
points aboutthe new rules seem
worth making.
(A) The new rules award the Finns a
railroad engineer. Unless a special
rule is added, the German player is apt
to ship this unit out of Finland and use
it to
regauge rails on the Greater
Germany/Leningrad or Greater
Germany/Moscow axis. Rule 328
allows Finnish units to operate
anywhere in weather zones A and B
and does not restrict them from
leaving the Finnish theater. Finnish
units may not attack any hex outside
the Finnish theater, but this does not
cramp the style of a rail engineer. This
seems rather ahistorical and doubt
I
that it was intended by Mr, Astell.
Perhaps a clarification is in order.
(B) The new rules give a new slant
on the quick construction rule. The
new rules permit two brigades to
combine for quick regauging (1/4 MP
each in clear weather), two regiments
to combine (1/2 MP each), and two
battalions to combine (1 MP each).
Various intermediate combinations
are allowed. This is interesting in
several respects.
First, the rules hitherto have in effect
limited quick construction to no more
than two 1 RE units combined. The
suggested rules break that barrier in
several respects (e.g., one brigade
and four battalions are allowed to
combine), and raise the question
whether there should be any limit to
the number of units that should be
allowed to combine for quick
construction.
Second, the suggested rules permit
some combinations for quick
construction but not others: e.g., four
regiments may not combine (even
though they are the equivalent of two
brigades, which may combine), three
regiments have no advantage over
two, etc. This seems to me to be the
consequence of the fact that the
engineering rules have consistently
tried to scale construction costs to the
number of units in the hex. As the
suggested rules indicate, such
scaling becomes clumsy when units
of different RE size are allowed to
combine for purposes of quick
construction; such scaling would
become virtually impossible to
manage it different engineering units
have different proficiencies (e.g.,
British pioneers, which are half
capable under optional rules in FF,
German penal units, which are double
capable, etc.) These issues will
become more acute as Europa
expands, because suspect
I
additional units will be entitled to
double constmction capability (such
as US. construction engineers,
lavishly equipped with all manner of
heavy equipment).
These issues would be easy to fix
without changing the substance of
the present rules by rephrasing the
existing rules so that they are scaled
not on the basis of the number of
units joining in the task, but rather in
terms of the number of REs joining in
the task and their relative
proficiencies. To take into account
the fact that certain engineers may
have greater or lesser proficiency
than average, introduce the new
concept of "construction rating",
reflecting the relative proficiency of
each construction unit, and rescale
construction costs appropriately. In
summary:
"Ingeneral, each construction unit
has a construction rating equal to its
RE size. For example, a German
construction regiment has a

construction rating of one. Some
construction units have a
construction points rating equal to
twice or half their FtE size; such units
are specified where appropriate.
"Each constmction task described in
these rules is completed upon
expenditure of a specified number of
construction points by one or more
construction units in the hex where
the construction is to take place. A
construction unit may expend
construction points on such tasks it it
is present in the hex and expends
movement points for the purpose.
The number of construction points
expended by a construction unit is
equal to its construction rating times
the number of MPs it expends upon
the task. Example: An ordinary
construction battalion (1/2 RP and
hence 1/2 construction rating) which
expends 4 MP3 on a construction
task has expended 1/2 times 4, or 2
construction points toward the
completion of the task.
"Engineers that are stacked together
may each contribute construction
points toward completion of a
particular construction task, dividing
the cost between them as they wish.
Construction of permanent airfields
and torts must be begun in the initial
phase, even it quick construction is
used, and all units (other than
workers) participating in such
constmction must be in the hex in the
initial phase."
The constmction costs for various
tasks then would not be scaled to
MPs spent per unit, but rather to
constniction points, Naturally,
construction point costs would vary
with the weather as they do now, e.g.,
repairing a broken rail hex would take
4 CPS in clear weather, 8 CPS in poor
weather.
I
have developed this concept further
in a lengthy article in the process of
preparation, but would be interested
in other people's reaction to this issue
in the meanwhile.
Thisconcept has much to
recommendit, even though it adds
yet another level of complexity. It is
indeed strange that the new FIR
engineer battalions have the same
capability to repair rail hexes as their
bigger brothers, the regiments,
despite the regiments being
nominally twice their size.
It would be useful to apply a similar
technique to destruction of items.
For instance, under the current rules,
a 4-6 rifle division can break down into
regiments and suddenly augment its
ability to destroy rail hexes threefold.
I would disagree, however, with
your
characterization of the new rule 3802
as mildly harmful to the Germans.
Consider this: the Germans start play
with their six regiments of
Eisenbahntruppeas before, plus ten
new RR engineer battalions. As you
note, it is now only possible for
railroad engineers working together
to effect quick regauging, and since
two battalions are required to
combine with each regiment to
achieve this, the German player is
only able to field five "quick regauging
teams" as opposed to the previous
six. The solution to this “problem" is
to FORGET QUICK REGAUGING. Let
each unit regauge independently.
The maximum number of hexes which
the Germans could convert in a turn
under the old system was 6 x 4 = 24
hexes. Under the new arrangement,
each regiment can independently
regauge three hexes and each
battalion two hexes per turn.
Therefore, the new maximum
regauging capability for the Axis per
turn is (6x 3) + (10 x 2) = 38 boxes, a
theoretical increase of 58%!
To prevent the Axis from achieving
this frightful maximum, the Soviets will
have to structure their defensive
scheme accordingly. Movement of
the FIR engineers must be
constricted in order to prevent their
stringing out. This argues for a
forward defense by STA VKA, which
carries the penalty of risking more
troops to elimination, And even if
— Page 35
constricted, the Germans can use the
enhanced flexibility of the battalions
to effect regauging on more lateral
and secondary lines than previously
possible.
The Germans also benefit from the
fact that the ten new FlFl engineer
battalions can each lend their 6 MP3
to repairing broken rail lines. This is
roughly equivalent to 40 MP3 worth of
additional rail repair, or about 10
hexes per turn. At the very least this
would allow some of the combat
engineers to be released to the front
where they could assist in air base
construction or even used in combat.
And don't forget the six 6 MP
construction units previous/y
consumed performing quick
regauging with the RH engineer
regiments. They are free to
undertake other activity as well.
Therefore, I must conclude that if the
new rules on regauging are harmful to
anyone, it is to the Soviet player.
Jason Long
I
really like what has been done with
TEN the last few issues. i like your
illustrations, especially the posterior
my article on the Luftwaffe. i hope
that John Astell continues with his
valuable comments in "inside
Europa". it is good to have his
opinions on proposals made by
people. Having sewed my time as a
scout in the US. Army, lagree with
him about the 2005 in Europa,
though can imagine how an
I
extremely large stack might have a
200 of some sort through sheer
numbers at uncoordinated patrols
and scouts and things. But don‘t
I
really think that it is desirable to have a
rule that states that only stacks of over
6 REs in size will have a reduced
200. just don't see how it matters
I
that much.
The columns by Shelby Stanton and
Charles Sharp are very handy for
those of us creating our own
scenarios as they enable us to derive
our own OB/OA's by letting us
Page 36 -
understand what goes into each
counter if we have the raw data or to
determine if a unit was present at a
certain battle or not. After Shelby
finishes his series on the assault gun
units, I'd like for him to do a similar one
on German artillery units and then the
Luftwaffe AA and field units. I'd like
Charles to explain the compositions
of the artillery divisions and a brief
history of each. can only presume
I
that his mention of 105 artillery
divisions in his latest article includes
AA divisions.
I've received my copy of The Urals
and am fairly well impressed. The
maps are superb, though their
improbable use would not have led to
their purchase. did buy it because of
I
the 1943 scenario without which you
would probably be stuck with quite a
few unsold copies.
Idon‘t think that your proposed Book
Two of Grand Europa is doable or
even really necessary. can‘t see any
I
war occurring in 1936, as it would
have gone against the political
consensus and military reality. The
Brits had yet to make a decision to
even fight on the continent and
therefore the army wasn‘t ready for
any kind of combat and the RAF had
just started to expand. Another factor
is that researching the mid-30's
OB-wise is going to be a bitch. In my
own specialty of aviation can find the
I
info on the French and Brits and
guesstlmate the Germans, but I‘ll only
have a few clues about the size and
structure of most of the rest of
Europe. I'm not going to be satisfied
if have to fudge things if the data isn't
I
out there. I'm in favor of starting
Grand Europa during the Munich
crisis as believe that is the first time
I
that any country was ready to go to
war. (2
FROM THE EDITOR CONT. - -
(which adjoined GDW‘s) met I
Europaplayers from Germany.
Sweden, Italy, Australia, Canada,
Japan, and many of the fifty states,
including even a fellow Alabamian.
It was a real treat for me to meet
GDW’s Marc Miller, Frank Chadwick,
and Loren Wiseman. Class people all.
This was also my first chance to see
Winston Hamilton and John Astell in
the flesh after many hours of
conversation and correspondence in
the past. Sharing time and trading
ideas with these Europagreats was a
rewarding experience won’t forget.
I
Why, even got to spend sometime
I
with two pals from my postal E-B-M
team, Mark Sturdivant and Don
McCue.
The Europagaming area, ably
manned by the congenial Bay Area
Gamers, dominated the open gaming
area. Quickly dubbed the
“Europag hetto" by its admirers, at
one time it boasted five separate
Europagames or scenarios running
simultaneously. The large number of
curious passersby was a testament to
the high profile given the system by
Bill Stone, David Berry, Jeff
Millefoglie, Joe Youst, and the other
Bay Area aficionados.
There were two FItE/SE games
played: a wild and woolly 1941
Campaign game and the Main Event,
John Astell’s 1943 Scenario from
The Urals in which A.E. Goodwin
demonstrated just how much impact
an excellent player can have on a
game by dealing out backhand blows
in abundance and salvaging (at least
temporarily) a seemingly hopeless
situation in the Army Group South
sector. In addition to the two East
Front games, there was also a contest
of War in the Desert: a game of Africa
Orientals, a quasi-Europagame set on
a scale of 32 miles per hex from the
S&T gang; and a home-brewed SE
scenario, “Operation Uranus -
Operation Saturn”. from David Berry.
Available for view was a snazzy-
looking prototype of John Gee and
Jeff Millefoglie’s new Europagame in
development, For Whom the Bell
Tolls. More than sixty Europagamers
participated at one time or another
over the course of the convention.
Unfortunately, was too busy working
I
the GRID booth and attending
business meetings to get in on any of
the action firsthand. Maybe next year
in Atlanta.
Asroamed through the rest of the
I
open gaming area, realized just how
I
insulated have become in recent
I
years through continuous play of
various Europatitles. Several long
tables were devoted to a game
seeming (to my uninitiated eye) to
consist of shoving around a couple
dozen pregnant black and white
marbles. From the number of
participants, it was obviously very
popular at the moment. It didn't look
much like a wargame, as there were
no dice or CRTs, so moved on. I
Another game entitled Assault on
Hoth caught my eye, but closer
examination revealed that this was no
East Front title depicting super-heavy
Soviet KV model tanks slamming into
an unsuspecting Third Panzer Group,
but rather had something to do with
the Federated Alliance of
Carbon-based Lifeforms and their
struggle against Kruul, the Evil Seed .
. or something like that. Anyway, it
.
was comforting to return to the
Europatables and get down to some
serious kibitzing about a game know
I
and love, As for the rest - God bless
‘em!
John Astell's Seminar
The Europahighlight for me came at
John Astell's poolside chat. During a
wide-ranging and informative two
hour session John gave some
thirty—five of the faithful a glimpse of
things yet to come, concentrating his
remarks mostly around the ongoing
design of Second Front. Here are
some of the more interesting facts as
taken from my notes and
supplemented by other
conversations with John then and
since:
One of the most exciting new
concepts discussed at Origins ‘89
was the pending testing of a
mega-hex concept for the Europa air

system. A mega-hex would
tentatively consist of a cluster of
hexes three around centered on a
central “patrol“ hex. Some degree of
flexibility would be allowed to those
units flying missions in each
mega-hex; for instance, units once
positioned in a patrol hex would later
be able to fly interception, DAS, and
the like in any regular hex within that
mega-hex. The first mega-hexes
assigned would be those which
would make the Battle of Britain work.
The rest would then fall into place
from there. It is not yet clear how the
mega-hexes will be delineated. One
option mentioned was to print the
outline directly on the map and
anotherto use some sort of overlay.
Also under consideration is an air
system modification allowing limited
use of air power to participate in
overruns. This remains very
experimental.
Another topic of considerable interest
revolved around the new “Collectors’
Series" maps. The plan is to gradually
phase all the old maps out and
replace them with the new
state-of—the-art boards. These would
show among other things:
(a) Atleast four types of ports A
(minor, standard, major, and mega)
with corresponding capacities noted.
(b)Clear indication of where the
weather lines cross bodies of water.
is) Reference points such as
Demyansk and Bastogne.
(d) Names of rivers, lakes, seas, and
other geographical features.
(e) Corrections to the existing terrain
where needed.
(f) Dual rail nets with a high and low
capacity system.
The first of these maps will appear in
the reissue of Marita-Merkur.
John stressed that the Second
Front rules would be the new core
set of rules forthe entire Europa
system and so he is working diligently
to remove petty restrictions and
reduce needless counting. He
hopes to ferret out all the stuff that is
useless detail, thus allowing gamers
to concentrate on the important
things. In this crusade for
simplification John asked everyone to
send in their ideas on this subject.
Cited as a good example of how the
system can be streamlined was Ben
Knight‘s recent suggestions on
operational rail movement in ETO
#45.
In a move sure to stir some debate,
John announced he felt the results of
poor weather were not deleterious
enough to properly discourage
offensive actions during mud and
snowturns. To address this, John is
considering implementing overall
negative modifiers of -1 for snow and
-2 for mud to all attacks executed in
those weather conditions.
John indicated his preliminary work on
the strategic air war had revealed an
extremely boring game, and he was
becoming increasingly inclined to
handle this abstractly. Likewise, the
naval system in Second Front will
probably see much abstract handling
as well. Preliminary thoughts on naval
rules centered around transport
points and task forces. Certainly the
Allies would have enough material to
make multiple landings. Actual naval
combat would probably be resolved at
a very high “task force” level. John
indicated he felt the naval rules might
actually be too detailed in some
existing Europa games and a step
back to more abstraction was in order.
Finally, John touched on efforts
being made to devise some shorter
playing, highly competitive
mini—games. One such effort would
be to create a “Beginners Europa"
game. Sort of a quick “E“ game.
Other projects would involve short
scenarios within the framework of
existing games using only part of the
maps and a manageable number of
Page 37
counters. Several such proiects are
undenivay, but John stressed that
doing such scenarios correctly was
hard work, rivaling larger design work.
We hope some of these projects may
one day find their way into the pages
of TEN.
Combining these exciting new design
proposals with the product lineup
listed by Winston elsewhere in these
pages, one’s mouth truly has to water
contemplating all these Europa
goodies in our future.
Rick's Slick and Sick Tricks:
Here's an experimental feature I'm
considering running in each issue of
TEN. During the course of my play
experience and correspondence l
often run upon clever and devious
tricks. Some are siickerthan a
greased pole at a county fair and
should be used for competent play.
while others fall well within the realm
of rules lawyer BS and their illegality
should be widely publicized lest your
opponent should zing you unawares.
The idea is to wrap up my editorial
column each issue with two such
tricks, one slick, and one sick. Here is
the first installment; let me know your
opinion of this.
Slick -
Rule 25A states that an airdropped
unit using a glider as part or all of its
transport receives a +1 modifier to the
disruption roll. Many players forget
the important wording of this rule, or
don't realize its significance. How
does an airborne unit have a glider as
only part of its transport? Further
reflection indicates that this is only
possible if the unit is carried to the
drop hex by one transport towing one
glider. This is a perfectly legal
combination of transport to get an
airborne regiment to the drop hex and
benefit from the +1 modifier while
only expending one glider in the
drop. It is easy to get into the mindset
of using two gliders to airdrop an
airborne regiment in orderto gain the
modifier, perhaps because two
Page 38 '-
gliders are mandatory for airdropping
air landing regiments under similar
circumstances. Stretch those gliders
out further!
Sick -
l
refer to the next trick as “Oil Slick in
the Baltic”, obviously borrowing
liberally from Jeff Millefoglie and
Harald Hansen’s ETO article, “Slime in
the Ukraine”, Here’s how this evil
scheme goes down:
The German player airdrops one of
the Brandenburger battalions in a
beach hex behind Riga, let's say
18:1716 during the June ll surprise
turn. Then during the regular June It
turn alargeKriegsmarine amphibious
force transports an infantry division
and a combat engineer regiment to
this now friendly beach hex. This
force cuts off the retreat of the Riga
garrison while contributing a sizable
attack force to help insure its demise.
Great plan, yes? Has this ever
happened to you? If so, you've been
cruelly used! This maneuver is totally
illegal. The rule law goes like this:
Rule 2881 states that Axis naval
transports must end their movement
in a friendly-owned port and may not
undertake any action which would
prevent them from doing so.
Rule 2801 further states that Axis
naval transports must end their
movement in the hex they disembark
cargo (including troops).
The conclusion from these two rules
is that Axis naval transports may ONLY
disembark cargo (i.e. troops) in a
friendly-owned port hex, which
1B:1716 IS NOT! The Kriegsmarine
commando Sturm unit is the only
exception to this. No other Axis unit
may make an amphibious landing
under any circumstances.
Class dismissed - see you Fall
Quarter.
@urnpaieét
Tom by
Europafest is the annual reunion of
the Europa family. it is dedicated to
giving the "hardcore" Europa player a
chance to mingle with the people who
produce the system, and others who
share their interest in the game
system.
The fest was a resounding success in
this, attracting guests of honor John
Astell, Frank Chadwick, Winston
Hamilton, Arthur Goodwin, Paul
Dunigan, Dennis Dubberley, and Gary
Stagliano. All the people present had
the chance to attend seminars,
participate in playtests. play their
favorite Europa game, and mingle
informally with honored guests; who
were as willing to chat and game as
the rest of the attendees. Everyone
left with a better understanding of the
who, what, and when of Europa and a
great sense of family.
In addition to gaming and seminars
there was a book store and game
shop (oddly enough heavily loaded
with GDW products) set up forthe
benefit of those attending. The
seminars ranged from design detail,
to fascinating eyewitness accounts.
All of them were packed.
On Thursday night LTC Karl Moess—
ner (Ref) spoke to us about his ex-
periences during the war. Karl was
sent to England in the spring of 1943
to work on the plans for the invasion
of France. When he arrived he was
given the entire COSSACK plan to
study, and worked under British Gen-
eral Morgan, When the SHAEFE HQ
was established he transferred to it,
and from there to staff of the US 12th
Army Group. His presentation gave
us all insight into the planning and ex-
ecution of the second front. Karl also
interviewed FM von Rundstedt con-
cerning the Battle of the Bulge. He
showed us maps and documents
Johnson
published by 12th Army Group HQ
after the war including the histories
and after action reports of the
headquarters. LTC Moessner was
the Provost Marshal charged with all
POW activities in the Army Group.
Friday brought us Gary Stagliano's
seminar that dealt with Winter War,
The Russo-Finnish Conflict. He
reported on the development of the
game and the special features that will
make an appearance in it. Results of
the playtesting done at the fest
proved that this will be an interesting
simulation of this pre-WWIl campaign
that tested the Red Army and directly
affected its ability to tight in harsh
winter conditions.
Friday evening Paul Dunigan held a
seminar on airtorces of Europa. Paul
described in great detail the proce—
dures and parameters used to set up
the individual aircraft counters and
group allowances for the games. Paul
also responded to questions by list-
ing the factors and numbers for air-
craft coming in Second Front. The
system he uses is detailed and in-
volved, but it accounts forthe slight-
est variations in types of planes.
Saturday afternoon John Astell game
us a good long look at Second
Front, describing the rules,
counters, maps, and length of the
game. The game will pick up the
course of the war with the final defeat
of the Axis forces in Tunisia, ‘43 and
carry it through to the Battle of Berlin.
Special options will include making
the invasion in '43 in several different
locations. John told us the playtest
kits should be ready in two months,
so the scheduled release for next
year is viable.
After John's talk, Fludi Braun spoke
on his experiences during WWII as a
5,.
new

German soldier. Rudi served with
Panzer Group Guderian on the East
Front in '41—'42, was discharged for
illness and redrafted. After being
drafted again he volunteered for
Panzer Armee Atrika. During his tour
in Africa ('42—‘43) he was captured
and toured the POW camps of the
Allies, eventually ending up in
Wisconsin. After the war he was sent
back to Germany (East Germany). He
was informed that he could not be
employed by the government due to
his long stay in POW camps in the
US. He was also informed that he
could not enter the army for the same
other Europa work. Winston then
went into a general discussion of the
masterplan GRID and GDW are
working out for Europa and what the
future will bring for products and the
magazine. He also held a trivia quiz to
see how many of us could give the
exact number of screw-ups on the
box cover of The Urals. "But, you
gotta start somewhere." he said.
Later that evening Arthur Goodwin
conducted a seminar on the maps.
He gave a briefing on the hows and
whys of terrain, map projections and
the "new" map that will be issued in
- Page 39
The other games going were two
1941 SE games, one 1943 SE
game, a War in the Desert, a FOF
and a Narvlk. Some combinations of
MM and the desert were observed as
well. More Europa per square toot
than any time in history (except for the
real thing, of course).
The entire crew of Europafest
extends thanks and appreciation to all
those who made the event happen;
the speakers, the guests of honor,
and the Europa players, one and all
who gathered to have a great time.
i

reason (unreliability). At this point he also want to extend a special thanks

commented that he was less than
heartbroken at the fact he could not
serve in a German army again.
During his lite in pre-war Germany he
related an experience where he
would march for the Communist Party
during the day (depression era) and
the NSDAP at night. The Communist
Party paid him 25:: to march, the
NSDAP paid him 50¢, but he had to
carry a torch.
While sewing in Africa he met FM
Rommel. Fludi was under a truck
fixing the drive train when someone
stepped on his leet. He started to yell
at the individual but saw a red strip on
the trouser leg and “decided not to
do that". The red stripe belonged to
Rommel who was apologetic for
stepping on Rudi.
Many questions followed in this most
interesting personal account about
lite in Germany, his escape to the
west and his tamily.
Saturday evening we had a sit down
dinner, During the dinner we were
entertained by Winston Hamilton who
presented awards to Frank Chadwick,
John Astell and Gary Stagliano. Frank
received a beautiful plaque marking
both his and GDW's achievements
with the Europa game system. John
received a silver pin crafted in the
word "Europa" and Gary received a
certificate of appreciation for his early
work in publishing "Nuts & Bolts" and
the Collectors' Series. Arthur also
to GR/D for helping with the
displayed the Soviet Asia test maps
advertising, printing, promotion,
(which include the islands of Japan)
and indicated that we were, indeed, games, and a sympathetic ear when
this project first got underway.
moving into the big pond. Arthur has
taken on a huge project in mapping
Finally, to those who helped run the
for the Europa system and
convention and made sure that what
demonstrated why he got the job with
needed to be done, was done,
a very fine seminar. The new wave thanks.
maps will have high and low density
rails, ports (several types) printed on
the map, named rivers, lakes, and Next Europafest » Dallas '90?
seas, reterence point cities and We are working on it!
historical points of interest for Europa.
Dennis Dubberley tollowed Arthur,
talking about The Urals and the
mapping projects. He also told of his
experience in designing and
developing the game.
Another part of the test was the daily
drawing for a tree copy of Second
Front. The winners were Paul
Pigulski, Jett Goereke, Chris Sweet,
and Rod Severson.
The gaming went on throughout all of Another Ghost of Europa!
this. Everyone had a hand in the
gaming, even John Astell and Frank
Chadwick (who seemed to be giving Gee, not too many people got
Winston a hard time at Narvik, so re our last offering, Litvinov oi the
ports go). Soviet Union. Getting alittle
harder? Well, here is an Ameri-
[Publishers comment here: it matters
canto guess about. He is
not how an opponent ends a game,
bound to get some reaction. He
but that the spirit of the game, and the
is no boy scout! He caused alot
Europa series, be carried fonrvard.
Besides,Frank kept attacking me at of talk, but not much action.
one to one and blowing me away Who is this guy?
(damn die).]
 -
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THE EUROPA GAME MAP DISPLAY - 1989

This display is provided to assist your wanderin gs through Europa. Each
map
is numbered and the title of the game is on the map. In those instances where
one map is used for more than one game, each game is listed on that map
. . . for over 15 years a company has given you the
best in wargame simulations - c

C'DW
Now we are happy to announce a major; award
winning game is coming back into print -

"A House Divided"

.
Coming in October
to a hobby store near you.
_