A

Micro Project Report

On

“Draw the Cross-Section of Rail Components and Layout of a

Railway Station”

The Report is submitted to MSBTE for the fulfillment of the curriculum of

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

(1) DHANASHREE JUMDE (2) AMAN ZINGARE

(3) GAURAV MANDAL

Under the Guidance of

PROF. S.R. SHENDE

Department of Civil Engineering,

SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR

Nagpur Road, Chandrapur (M.S.)-442402

2021-2022
 SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR (M.S.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2021-2022

CERTIFICATE

This is to certified that this complete Project report of entitled “Draw the
Cross-Section of Rail components and Layout of a Railway Station”
Submitted by the following students of fourth semester of “SHRI SAI
POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR, (M.S.) in the partial fulfillment for
requirement of DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING from Maharashtra
State Board Of Technical Education, Mumbai, (M.S.). This is the record of
their own project work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision
for the academic session 2021-2022.

Submitted by
1) DHANASHREE JUMDE 2) AMAN ZINGARE

3) GAURAV MANDAL

PROF. S.R. SHENDE PROF. A. V. GOWARDHAN

Project Guide Head of Department
Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering Department
Shri Sai Polytechnic, Chandrapur Shri Sai Polytechnic, Chandrapur
 Submission

The project of Second year of the course Civil Engineering

humbly submits this project report. We have completed from time to
timework as describe in this report by my own skills and studies
between the period from 2021–2022 as per introduction guidance of
Prof. S.R. SHENDE and student related with this project are
associated with me for this work.

1) DHANASHREE JUMDE 2) AMAN ZINGARE

3) GAURAV MANDAL

Department of Civil Engineering,

SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR

Nagpur Road, Chandrapur (M.S.)-442402

2021-2022
 Index
Sr. No. TITLE Page no.

1 Aim 1

2 Introduction 2

3 Course Outcome Achieved 3

4 Literature Review 4

5 Methodology 5

6 Resources 10

7 Skill Development 11

8 Applications 12

9 Result 13
 AIM
Draw the Cross-Section of Rail Components and Layout of a Railway Station
 INTRODUCTION
Railroad track is known a stable structure that mainly consists of rail sleepers,
fishplates and fasteners. It ensures the transportation of trains through providing a dependable
surface for their wheels.

In different countries, railway track components have different names, such as in UK

and UIC terminology, it is often referred to as railway track, while railroad track is used
predominantly in the US.

As to the development of railway track, it has a long history. The first rail track was
made of wood and continued for about 50 years. Later, in order to reduce the wear of the
wooden rail tracks, iron straps were mostly added to the wooden rails. Then it was followed
and widely used by cast iron rails. And in recent days, steel rails are mainly rolled in a
continuous casting process. Over the years, the shape of rails have changed a lot. Since first
rolled in 1831, the "T" section has been the standard in India.
 COURSE OUTCOME ACHIEVED
We all students learn from this micro project about the cross- section of rail components and
the layout of Railway Station.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Collecting Information from books journals and google.

Google links:

1. https://www.railway-
technology.com/contractors/engineering/agico/pressreleases/presstypical-railway-track-
components/
2. https://www.vssut.ac.in/lecture_notes/lecture1428280600.pdf
 METHODOLOGY
The Typical components are – Rails, – Sleepers (or ties), – Fasteners, – Ballast (or slab
track),–Subgrade

GAUGE
The clear minimum horizontal distance between the inner (running) faces of the two rails
forming a track is known as Gauge. Indian railway followed this practice. In European
countries, the gauge is measured between the inner faces of two rails at a point 14 mm below
the top of the rail.

DIFFERENT GAUGES ON INDIAN RAILWAYS

The East India Company intended to adopt the standard gauge of 1435 mm in India also. This
proposal was, however, challenged by W. Simms, Consulting Engineer to the Government of
India, who recommended a wider gauge of 1676 mm (5 '6 "). The Court of Directors of the
East India Company decided to adopt Simms's recommendation and 5'6 " finally became the
Indian standard gauge. In 1871, the Government of India wanted to construct cheaper
railways for the development of the country and 1000 mm metre gauge was introduced. In
due course of time, two more gauges of widths 762 mm (2 '6 ") and 610 mm (2 '0 ") were
introduced for thinly populated areas, mountain railways, and other miscellaneous purposes.
The details of the various gauges existing on Indian Railways are given in Table below.
1. Broad Gauge: - When the clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of two
parallel rails forming a track is 1676mm the gauge is called Broad Gauge (B.G) This gauge is
also known as standard gauge of India and is the broadest gauge of the world. The Other
countries using the Broad Gauge are Pakistan, Bangladesh, SriLanka, Brazil, Argentine,
etc.50% India‘s railway tracks have been laid to this gauge.
Suitability: - Broad gauge is suitable under the following Conditions:-
(i) When sufficient funds are available for the railway project.
(ii) When the prospects of revenue are very bright.
This gauge is, therefore, used for tracks in plain areas which are densely populated i.e. for
routes of maximum traffic, intensities and at places which are centers of industry and
commerce.
2. Metre Gauge: - When the clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of two
parallel rails forming a track is 1000mm, the gauge is known as Metre Gauge (M.G) The
other countries using Metre gauge are France, Switzerland, Argentine, etc. 40% of India‘s
railway tracks have been laid to this gauge.
Suitability:- Metre Gauge is suitable under the following conditions:-

(i) When the funds available for the railway project are inadequate.

(ii) When the prospects of revenue are not very bright.

This gauge is, therefore, used for tracks in under-developed areas and in interior areas, where
traffic intensity is small and prospects for future development are not very bright.

3. Narrow Gauge:- When the clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of two
parallel rails forming a track is either 762mm or 610mm, the gauge is known as Narrow
gauge (N.G) The other countries using narrow gauge are Britain, South Africa, etc. 10% of
India‘s railway tracks have been laid to this gauge.
Suitability: - Narrow gauge is suitable under the following conditions:-
(i) When the construction of a track with wider gauge is prohibited due to the provision of
sharp curves, steep gradients, narrow bridges and tunnels etc.

(ii) When the prospects of revenue are not very bright. This gauge is, therefore, used in
hilly and very thinly populated areas. The feeder gauge is commonly used for feeding raw
materials to big government manufacturing concerns as well as to private factories such as
steel plants, oil refineries, sugar factories, etc.
CHOICE OF GAUGE
The choice of gauge is very limited, as each country has a fixed gauge and all new railway
lines are constructed to adhere to the standard gauge. However, the following factors
theoretically influence the choice of the gauge:
Cost considerations
There is only a marginal increase in the cost of the track if a wider gauge is adopted. In this
connection, the following points are important
(a) There is a proportional increase in the cost of acquisition of land, earthwork, rails,
sleepers, ballast, and other track items when constructing a wider gauge.
(b) The cost of building bridges, culverts, and runnels increases only marginally due to a
wider gauge.
(c) The cost of constructing station buildings, platforms, staff quarters, level crossings,
signals, etc., associated with the railway network is more or less the same for all gauges.

Rail sleepers

Rail sleepers are an important part of railway components. In general, they are also called
railroad ties, railway ties or crossties. In order to keep the correct distance of gauge, the rail
sleeper usually lays between the two rail tracks.

For more than one hundred years, the railroad ties have been developed to meet the various
requirements of the different railway tracks. With the development of steel tracks, steel
sleepers appeared and were common in the UK. Later, between the line Nuremberg and
Bamberg in Germany in 1906, the concrete sleeper occurred.
In the recent time, concrete sleepers are widely used in the transportation of rail tracks
especially in Europe and Asia. Besides, there are still some special types of railroad sleepers
such as plastic composite ties which are also employed in the rail track transportation.

Rail fishplate

Railway fish plate, also called rail joint bar or splice bar, is a metal bar bolted to the ends of
two rails to join them together. It is mostly used in light rail, heavy rail and crane rail. In
general, fish bolts are always firstly chosen in the part of fastening. It is consist of fish bolt,
flat washer and spring washer. And every two fish plates mostly need four or six suits of fish
bolt. The railway fish plate is an important connection between two rails. So if the quality of
the railway fish plate is poor, the caused consequence would be unimaginable.
Rail fasteners

Among the components of rail track, the railroad fasteners are an important part. It can ensure
the operation of rail transportation through connecting track rails with rail ties and rail
sleepers. And it is also used to fix the correct position of tracks to prevent the horizontal and
vertical displacement as well as the rollover. What’s more, the good elasticity and insulating
property also help rail fasteners do well in gauge adjusting.

In the current time, there are various types of railway fasteners in the global market, such as
some widely and mainly used railway fasteners: VOSSLOH W type in Germany, FAST CLIP
in UK, STEDEF NABLA fastener, PANDROL E type fastener, pr type fastener, and RN
fastener in France. They are assembled with other components as independent units, which
can be fixed as a whole and can also offer under controlled vertical, longitudinal, and
transverse forces to avoid excessive displacement.

Railroad spikes

The railroad spike, with an offset head, is mostly used to secure rails and base plates to
railroad ties in the track. In 1832, Robert Livingston Stevens invented the first railroad spike
and it is the first record use of the railroad spike. In the past days, the rail spikes were driven
into sleepers with a heavy hammer by hand. The railway spike was invented with the
influence of the state of industrialisation in the US in the early 19th century.
On the basis of using heavy and expensive cast iron chairs to secure T-shaped rails in that
period, Stevens added a supporting base to the T rail which could be fixed with a simple
spike. Later in 1982, the spike became the common rail fasteners and until now, it is still the
most common rail fasteners in North America.

The common size of rail spike varies from 9in to 10/16in square, to 5.5in to 6in long. As to
the main function of rail spike, it is mainly used to keep the correct position of gauge. In
general, the attachment is made as strong as possible when attaching tie plates. Among the
rail spikes in the market, the dog spike is the widely use one. Just like a cut spike, the dog
spike is also square in horizontal section. But the dog spike has a pointed penetrating head.
And the rail head has two lugs on either side to give the impression of a dog’s head.

Besides, there are still many other components of railway tracks such as rail bolts, tie plates
or rail anchors. They make up the whole railway system and play an important role in the
operation of rail tracks. In a word, without any one of the components, the transportation
cannot be in normal operation.
 RESOURCES
Collecting Information from books journals and google.

Google links:

1. https://www.railway-
technology.com/contractors/engineering/agico/pressreleases/presstypical-railway-track-
components/
2. https://www.vssut.ac.in/lecture_notes/lecture1428280600.pdf
 SKILL DEVELOPMENT

We all students learn from this micro project the Cross-Section of Rail Components and
Layout of a Railway Station
 APPLICATIONS

The increase in axle loads and speeds applied to the aging and deteriorating railway
tracks, the desire to reduce downtime associated with regular maintenance operations have all
sparked interests and researches into better understanding vibrations induced by passing
trains in both the track and its components. In general, railway tracks are one of the most
complex dynamic systems in engineering; many vibration modes can be observed including
vertical and lateral bending, torsional, longitudinal and the coupled forms of these modes.
This paper focuses on the vertical bending modes.
Models with continuous foundations show that the bending modes may vibrate at any
frequency. However, more realistic modelling approaches show that the discrete modelling of
supports forces bending modes to resonate at specific frequencies. These frequencies
correspond to the modal frequencies of each rail span (rail section between two consecutive
sleepers).
 RESULT

It was determined that a two-block (non-prestressed) sleeper can provide up to 3 dB (A) noise
reduction compared to the monoblock (prestressed) sleepers. In another study comparing bi-
block and mono-block sleepers, bi-block sleepers show a single peak in the mobility curve,
while a series of peaks are seen in mono-block. Prestressing is used to overcome excessive
cracking and static deflection but argues that prestressing does not significantly improve
dynamic behavior, as that is governed by stiffness, mass, and damping, on which prestress
force has little influence.