CHAPTER ONE

1.0. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Stand-up comedian George Carlin once quipped that in the future a “time machine will be
built, but no one will have time to use it”. Portentously, booksellers now carry one-minute
bedtime stories for time-starved parents and people increasingly speed-watch videos and
speed-listen to audio books. These behaviors are symptomatic of an increasingly harried
society suffering from chronic time poverty. Work is intensifying—in 1965 about 50% of
workers took breaks; in 2003, less than 2%. Leisure, too, is intensifying: people strive to
consume music, social media, vacations, and other leisure activities ever more efficiently.

In this context, time management is often touted as a panacea for time pressure. Media
outlets routinely extol the virtues of time management. Employers, educators, parents, and
politicians exhort employees, students, children, and citizens to embrace more efficient
ways to use time. In light of this, it is not surprising that from 1960 to 2008 the frequency
of books mentioning time management shot up by more than 2,700%.

Time is always changing, it never stands still. Time is continuous, and not stationary. It
changes our perceptions and also infinite, change is essential to time. Everybody has such
an account, it is called time. Every individual on earth has the same amount of time 60
seconds in a minute, 60 minute in an hour, 1440 minute in a day, 52600 minute in a year.

Time management (TM) is a set of principles, practices, skills, tools, and systems working
together to help you get more value out of your time with the aim of improving the quality
of your life. It is very closely related to organizing your tasks, but with the additional
dimension of taking into consideration your own personality traits and the nature of the
tasks at hand in order to maximize the usage of your time. It planning out your activities
and tasks as specifically as possible in a manner where they will complement each other
and will constitute the best use of your time. It is the rational way to ensure that our limited
time is always used effectively.
Time management (TM) is an indispensable element of an organization. It is the art of
arranging, scheduling and budgeting one’s time to achieve objectives (Mohanty, 2003).
Time management is universal phenomenon. It is a process which involves the
determination of needs and prioritization of tasks. It is very difficult to control and manage.
Most people think that time cannot be control by itself. Time is not a material thing that can
be easily handled rather than a man has to leech with its flow. The desire of more free time
has been increased from last four to five decades. According to Green and Skinner (2005)
time management points a high inconsistency between individual’s estimations of time
usage and output results.

As a manager, time is an important factor needed to enhance various organizational

performances i.e. the way time is being managed in an organization will reflect on its
performance either positively or negatively. According to Joshua (2008), the performance
of an organization is evaluated in terms of the degree of achievement of the organizational
goals and objectives at what monetary costs and efficiency. Effective time management is a
major challenge managers in Nigeria are facing today as they have a lot of duties to
perform within a limited time. Performance in an organization revolves round the monetary
costs, efficiency (i.e. ability to do something well or achieve a desired result without
wasted effort) and effectiveness (i.e. doing the right things more than performing them
efficiently).

Effective time management is clearly a factor in job performance, and thus can contribute
to an organization’s profitability. Engaging in time management, particularly planning
behaviors, can also contribute positively to group performance (Janicik & Bartel, 2003;
Weldon, Jehn, & Pradhan, 1991). Furthermore, poor time management has been associated
with high stress and strain (Jex & Elacqua, 1999; Lang, 1992), emotional exhaustion
(Peeters & Rutte, 2005), and health issues (Bond & Feather, 1988). Based on Claessens and
Eerde (2007) time management describes the employee’s behaviour which is about being
able to produce supportable use of the employee’s time at intervals to perform certain
activities.

It’s delineated as a combination of sensitivity for time, the setting of goals, prioritizing
tasks, and observation outcomes. This definition illustrates time management as an
 associate example of self-regulation enabling workers to enhance their performance,
intelligence and reach career success (De Vos & Soens, 2008). As an example, time
management leads to success through reducing stress, maintaining balance, increasing
productivity and setting and creating an endeavour to realize one’s goals. From this
broadened perspective, people can see that time management is necessary to enhance life’s
dimensions (Alay & Koçak, 2002). The researcher in this study will extend the research by
exploring the relationship between time management and organizational performance.

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Time is a necessity for every organization in achieving its goals and objectives. The
attempt to accomplish the desired goal poses a great threat to the organization. According
to International Labour Organization (ILO) (2016), Time management has become a major
challenge to Managers. Organizations face a number of problems and challenges centering
on inefficiencies in its time management. These could be stated as follows: Lack of Job
security and poor working conditions of employees; Lack of adequate maintenance of
human resource policy; Lack of proper structuring of the organization which is required to
have a new trend that would enhance its efficiency and make it feasible; Poor team building
and Lack of Self-discipline.

Therefore, this study seeks to examine effective time management on employee

performance of Northern Nigeria Noodles Company (NNNC).

1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To ascertain the impact of time management in organization performance.
2. To ascertain the relationship between time management and organization performance.
3. To investigate the nature of effective time management in an organization.

1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the impact of time management on organizational performance?
2. Is there a relationship between time management and organization performance?
 3. What is the nature of effective time management in the organization?

1.5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H0 : Time management has no impact on organizational performance.
H1 : Time management has an impact on organizational performance.
H0 : There is no relationship between time management and organization performance.
H1 : There is a relationship between time management and organization performance.

1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.7. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

1.8. DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.9. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CASE

1.10.
2.0.