GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BIDAR

(ISO Certified Institute ISO 9001/2015)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LAB MANNUAL

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

(18ELEL17/27)

B.E –I/II Semester

Prof. MEGHA Dr. NEELSHETTY K Dr. RAVINDRA EKLARKER

(Lab in Charge) (HOD) (PRINCIPAL)

 VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

To keep pace with the fast developing scenario of technology and socio–
economic environments to emerge as a world class technical institution.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE

M1. To contribute for the development of society in general and development of
technical man power in particular by providing, integrating and managing the
resources.

M2. To nurture scientific temperament through the process of intellectual

stimulation.

M3. To enhance employability, entrepreneurial ability along with social

responsibility by imparting quality education and providing entrepreneurial
training, forging mutually beneficial relationships with governmental entities,
industry, and the alumni through MOUs and regular interactions.
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

VISION
“Empower the students by integrating theoretical and practical knowledge of
Physics to cater the need of society through innovation and entrepreneurship with a
vision to develop the department as a centre of excellence”.

MISSION
M1. To impart quality education to meet the needs of profession and society.

M2. To achieve excellence in teaching-learning and research.

M3. To attract and develop talented and committed human resource to provide an
environment conducive to innovation, creativity, team-spirit and entrepreneurial
leadership.

M4. To practice and promote high standards of professional ethics, transparency

and accountability.

M5. To provide the necessary knowledge and experience with emphasis on ethical
and moral values to mould the students as responsible citizens of the nation.
 INDEX
Expt. Name of the Experiment Page No.
No.
Syllabus

Course Outcomes

Safety precautions / Do’s and Dont’s

1 Verification of KCL and KVL For DC Circuits.

2 Measurement of Current, Power and Power Factor of
Incandescent Lamp, Fluorescent and LED Lamp.
3 Measurement of Resistance and Inductance of a Choke coil using
3 Voltmeter Method.
4 ‘Two way’ and ‘Three way’ control of Lamp and formation of
truth table.
5 Determination of Phase and Line quantities in three Phase Star
and Delta connected Loads.
6 Measurement of three Phase Power using two wattmeter method.
7 Measurement of earth resistance.
8 Study of effect of open and short circuit in simple circuits.
9 Measurement of Single phase energy using single phase energy
meter.

SYLLABUS
 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

B.E ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING(EEE)

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)
SEMESTER – I/II
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Subject Code 18ELEL17/27 CIE 40
Marks
Number of Practical 02 Exam 03
Hours/Week Hours
Total Number of 42 Exam 60
Practical Hours Marks
Credits - 01
Sl. Experiments
No
1 Verification of KCL and KVL For DC Circuits.
2 Measurement of Current, Power and Power Factor of Incandescent Lamp, Fluorescent
and LED Lamp.

3 Measurement of Resistance and Inductance of a Choke coil using 3 Voltmeter Method.

4 ‘Two way’ and ‘Three way’ control of Lamp and formation of truth table.

5 Determination of Phase and Line quantities in three Phase Star and Delta connected
Loads.

6 Measurement of three Phase Power using two wattmeter method.

7 Measurement of earth resistance.

8 Study of effect of open and short circuit in simple circuits.

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COURSE OUTCOMES
 At the end of the course the students will be able to:

1) CO1: Identify the common electrical components and measuring instruments used for
conducting experiments in the electrical laboratory.
2) CO2: Compare power factor of lamps.
3) CO3: Determine impedance of an electrical circuit and power consumed in a 3 phase
load.
4) CO4: Determine earth resistance and understand two way and three way control of lamp.

CO-PO Matrix:

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 3 2 2 3 3 2 1 1
1 1
CO2 3 2 2 3 3 2
1 1
CO3 3 2 2 3 3 2
1 1
CO4 3 2 2 3 3 2
Avg. 3 2 2 3 3 2 1 1

‘Safety precautions / Do’s and Don’ts’

DO’S:
 1. All students must wear uniform compulsory.
2. Must follow the schedule time, late comers will not be permitted.
3. Personal belongings should be placed in the specified place
4. Silence & tidiness should be maintained in the Lab.
5. Cycle of experiments should be followed
6. Students are expected to come prepared for experiments &VIVA.
7. Handle all the equipments with care & strictly follow the instructions.
8. Check the circuit connections properly & get it checked, verified by staff in-charge
before switch it ON.
9. Equipments should be switched OFF and chairs should be placed back in position
before leaving the lab.
10. Separate Lab observation book should be maintained.
11. Get the observation book signed from the staff-in-charge before leaving the lab.
12. Switch OFF & remove all connections, return instruments before leaving the lab.
13. Practical records should be submitted regularly with complete information (circuit
diagram, theory… etc).

DON’TS:

1. Don’t come late to the lab.

2. Don’t enter into the lab with golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3. Don’t make or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the staff member.
5. Don’t switch OFF the machine with load.
6. Don’t leave the Lab without the permission of the staff in-charge

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

VERIFICATION OF KCL AND KVL FOR DC CIRCUITS

AIM: Verification of Kirchhoff’s laws i.e Kircoff;s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchoff’s Voltage
Law (KVL)

APPARATUS: 1) Ammeter 0-1A DC ------ 3 Nos.

2) Regulated power supply 0-30V; 0-1A/2A ------ 1 No.

3) SPST Switch ------ 1 No.

4) KCL & KVL Experiment Kit ------ 1 No.

5) Patch Cords/Wires Connectors ------ 12 Nos.

6) Resistors 47 Ω/ 150 Ω, 0.5 Watt each ------ 03 Nos.

7) Resistors 250 Ω /500 Ω, 0.5 Watt ------ 03 Nos.

THEORY: Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage (KVL) laws are the two
fundamental laws applicable to electric circuits. Kirchhoff’s published these laws in 1845.By
applying these laws we can formulate network equations. By solving these equations we can
calculate the current, voltage and power in circuits.

Kirchoff,s current law: The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at junction or node is
zero at all instants of time. ie; I1=I2+I3

Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (Mesh law) : In closed network the algebraic sum of the emf,s
is and voltage drops is equal to zero. ie; ∑ V =V 1+V 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Fig (1)

PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections as shown in figure .Connections should be correct and tight.

2) Apply the supply the voltage through regulated power supply.

3) Note the readings of all the ammeters to verify the Kirchhoff’s current law, and note down

the readings of all the voltmeter to verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

4) Verify the Kirchhoff’s laws for every reading.

OBSERVATION TABLE: KCL

Sl .No. Source Milli ammeter Milli ammeter Milli ammeter
Voltage V reading I1 reading I2 reading I3
in volts in mA in mA in mA

01
02
03
2

CALCULATION:
I1 = I2+ I3

RESULT TABLE: KCL

KCL Result Remarks

Sl. No
I1 = I2+ I3
in mA

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

R1 250 OH M R2 250 OH M
.
R2 and R3
RESISTORS
+
V1
- +
V2
- ARE IN
PARALLEL
HENCE
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

0-15/30V DC 0-15/30V DC V2=V3

+ . +
V= 0-30V

0-30 V

0-15/30V DC

V3
250 O H M

R3
-
.

KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW

Fig(2) 3

OBSERVATION TABLE: KVL

Sl .No. Supply Voltage in Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter
(Volts) reading in reading in reading in
 (Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
V
V1 V2 V3
01

02

03

CALCULATION:
V = V1+ V2 OR V = V1+ V3

RESULT TABLE: KVL

KCL Result Remarks

Sl. No V = V1+ V2 V2= V3
or

V = V1+ V3
1

RESULT: Kirchhoff’s laws i.e current law and voltage law verified theoretically and
practically.

Viva Questions:
1. Define the following: current, potential difference, resistance, power and energy.
2. Define emf and mmf.
3. What is DC?
4. Define Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws (KCL, KVL)
5. What are the characteristics of series and parallel circuits?
4

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
 MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT, POWER AND POWER FACTOR OF
INCANDESCENT LAMP, FLUORESCENT AND CFL/ LED LAMP

AIM: Measure the current, power and power factor of Incandescent Lamp, fluorescent and
CFL/ LED Lamp.
APPARATUS:
1) Voltmeter 0-300V AC --- 1 No.
2) Ammeter 0-1/2A AC --- 1 No.
3) 1φ wattmeter UPF 0-2A/ 5A 300V --- 1 No.
4)1φ wattmeter LPF 0-2A/ 5A 300V --- 1 No.
5) 1φ Auto transformer 0-270V; 0-8A --- 1 No.
6) Incandescent 40W &100W Lamp, --- 1 No.
7) Fluorescent 40W and LED / CFL 20W or30W Lamp --- 1 No.
8) Patch Cords/Wires Connectors --- 12 Nos.

THEORY:
In electrical engineering, single-phase electric power is the distribution of alternating
current. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few
large electric motors. A single-phase, two-wire system the product of voltage, current and power
factor is equal to power i. e P = V I Cos Φ.
The current is measured by ammeter in the circuit supplying to the lamp, often called
the Lamp load, the wattmeter connected in the circuit gives the total power consumed by the
W
load. The power factor is determined by using the formula, Cos Φ =
V ×I
PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections as shown in figure and connect the Incandescent lamp load.
2) Connections should be correct and tight. Keep the Variac(Autotransformer) knob at zero
position.
3) Switch ‘ON’ the AC Supply by autotransformer and fix up the rated voltage, note down
the readings.
4) Switch ‘OFF’ the supply and Change the lamp and repeat the steps.
5) Calculate the power and power factor of different loads.

5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WATTMETER
2/5A,300V

1/2A AC
CC
M L
1PHASE AUTOTRANSFORMER

C
A
PC
C V
PH
1P H A SE S UP P L Y
50 H Z 23 0 V

LAMP LOAD
N V 300V AC

INPUT
230V OUTPUT 0- 270V 10 A

Fig (3)

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl. No. Volt Meter Reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter

(Volts) (Amps) reading
( W) in watts

01

02

03

6
CALCULATIONS:

voltage rating× current rating × power factor

Wattmeter Multiplying Factor =
wattmeter full scale deflection

Power by calculated (P) = V I Cos Φ

W
Power factor (Cos Φ) =
V ×I

Where; V = Rated voltage of the lamp.

W = Power Measured by wattmeter in watts.
P = Power calculated in watts

RESULT TABLE:

Sl. No. Power factor Calculated Power Remarks

(P) in watts

01

02

03

RESULT: The Current, Power and Power Factor of Incandescent Lamp, fluorescent and
LED Lamp is measured.

Viva Questions:

1. Define AC, frequency, time period, instantaneous value, amplitude, RMS value,
Average value, form factor and peak factor.
2. List the advantages of ac over dc.
3. What is real power, reactive power and apparent power? Give the equations and unit.
4. Define power factor?
5. What is the power factor of pure R, pure L and pure C circuits?
6. At what voltage the bulb start to glow?

7
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE OF A CHOKE

COIL BY THREE VOLTMETER METHOD

AIM: Measure the resistance and inductance of a choke coil by three voltmeter method.

APPARATUS: 1) Voltmeter 0-300V AC --- 3 Nos.

2) Ammeter 0-1/2A AC --- 1 No.
3) 1φ Auto transformer 0-270V; 0-8A --- 1 No.
4) Choke Coil 40W --- 1 No.
5) Patch Cords/Wires connectors --- 12 Nos.

THEORY:

The choke coil parameters we are going to measure in this 3-voltmeter method are –
the inductance, resistance as all choke coils have inherent resistance in addition to their
inductance. We also measure the quality factor and power absorbed by the given choke
coil. A given choke coil is usually represented by a pure inductance (L) in series with
equivalent resistance (r). This equivalent resistance takes into effect the iron losses in the
core of the choke coil and the inherent resistance of the choke coil. 3-Voltmeter method
and 3-Ammeter method are two of the best ways to measure these two parameters. Thus
the equivalent resistance accounts for the copper lose in the choke coil and the iron loses
in the iron core. The phasor diagram for the measurement of choke coil parameters by
3-voltmeter method is as shown below:

9
PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections as shown in figure. Connections should be correct and tight. Keep
the autotransformer knob at zero position.
2) Switch ‘ON’ the AC Supply to circuit and slowly increase the variac output to the rated
voltage.
3) Note down the readings of all the meters i. e Voltmeters and Ammeter.
Add the resistance by changing the rheostat position in steps.
4) Find the power factor (COS Φ), the inherent resistance (r) and inductance (L) of a choke
coil.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig (4)

10
 OBSERVATION TABLE:
SL.No. (I) (V1) (V2) (V3)
(Amps) or or or
(Vs) in Volts (VR) in Volts (VL) in Volts

01

02

03

CALCULATIONS:
Supply Voltage (Vs) = V1; Voltage drop across Resistor (VR) = V2; Voltage drop across Choke
Coil (VL) =V3;

V12 = V22+ V32+2V2V3 Cos Φ

Cos Φ = V12 – V22- V32

2 x V2 x V3

V3
Z =
I

Coil resistance r = Z COS Φ

Coil reactance XL = Z Sin Φ

XL
L= (f=50Hz)
2 Πf

RESULT TABLE:

SL.No. Power Factor Inductance Resistance

(L) in Henry (r ) in Ω
1
2
3

11
RESULT: Measured the resistance and inductance of given choke coil by three voltmeter
method.

Viva Questions:

1. What is choke coil?

2. What is the power factor of R-L series circuit?
3. What is the effect of lagging power factor and how it could be improved?
4. What is the power consumed by pure L and pure C circuit?
5. What is rheostat?
6. Why the rheostat is used in this experiment?

12
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

TWO WAY AND THREE WAY CONTROL OF LAMP AND FORMATION

OF TRUTH TABLE.
AIM: A) Two Way control of Lamp and formation of truth table
B) Three way control of Lamp independently and formation of truth table.

APPARATUS : 1) Voltmeter 0-300V AC --- 1 Nos.

2) 1φ Auto transformer 0-270V; 0-8A --- 1 No.
3) Lamp 40W /100Watt 230V --- 1 No.
4) Patch Cords/Wires Connectors --- 12 Nos.

THEORY: Sometimes it is necessary to control the light point independently from two
switches or more ei; on the stair cases or in bed room long corridors. (Fig 6) shows the circuit
diagram of stair case wiring using two switches of single pole double through (SPDT1/.SPDT2)
switch. Single pole double through switches are called as two-way type switches. In stair case
wiring circuit the phase (PH) is connected through two-way switches and neutral is connected
through lamp and lamp to second two way switch . The stair case wiring example, when a person
comes (enters) in the ground floor he required the lamp is in ON’ condition. If first and second
two-way switches at position ‘1’, then circuit is closed and the lamp is ‘ON’. The person will
reach to first floor and he doesn’t want the lamp at ‘ON’ condition. Hence he makes second two
ways switch at position 2 then the circuit is open and lamp will be ‘OFF’. After completion of
his works, the person reaches first floor again he required the lamp at ‘ON’ condition, without
reaching the ground floor, at this time he makes second two way switch at 1 then circuit is closed
the lamp will be ‘ON’. Next the person comes to ground floor he will make the lamp ‘OFF’ by
making first two way switch at position 2. In this way, by movement of dolly of two-way
switches either 1 or 2, a lamp can controlled independently by two places.

Stair case wiring is used in long corridor, in a tunnel, a stair case, a bed room or a hall with
two separate entrances these are done by means of two way switches. Three way control is used
in long corridor, in a tunnel, a stair case, a bed room or a hall with two separate entrances.

PROCEDURE : A) Two Way control of Lamp and formation of truth table

1) Connect the circuit as shown figure (6). Connections should be correct and tight.
2) Switch On the supply and apply the rated voltage by using autotransformer.
3) Keep S1 in position ‘1’and S2 in position ‘1’ then Lamp is ‘ON’ and note the
logic result as 1.
4) Keep S1 in position ‘1’ and S2 in position ‘2’ then Lamp is ‘OFF’ and note the
logic result as ‘0’.
5) Keep S1 in position ‘2’and S2 in position ‘2’ then Lamp is ‘ON’ and note the
logic result as 1.
6) Keep S1 in position ‘1’and S2 in position ‘2’ then Lamp is ‘OFF’ and note the
logic result as ‘0’.

13
B) Three way control of Lamp independently and formation of truth table

1) Connect the circuit as shown figure (7) and connections should be tight and correct.
2) Switch ‘On’ the supply and apply the rated voltage by using autotransformer.
3) Select the Intermediate switch at straight position I. (Switch contacts are in 1- 4; and 2-3) and
operate both SPDT switches and check the following results .
a) Keep S1 in position ‘1’ S2 in position‘1’then Lamp is ‘ON’ and note the logic result as 1.
b) Keep S1 in position ‘1’ S2 in position ‘2’ then Lamp is ‘OFF’ and note the logic result as ‘0’.
c) Keep S1 in position ‘2’ S2 in position ‘2’ then Lamp is ‘ON’ and note the logic result as 1.
d) Keep S1 in position ‘1’ S2 in position ‘2’ then Lamp is ‘OFF’ and note the logic result as ‘0’
4) Select the Intermediate switch at crossed position II. Switch contacts are in 1- 2; and 3-4 and
operate both SPDT switches and check the results for above conditions (a to d).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: TWO WAY CONTROL OF LAMP

Fig (6)

14
 TRUTH TABLE

Sl.No. State of S1 State of S2 Circuit Lamp Logic result 1 or 0

condition
01 1 1 Closed circuit ON

02 1 2 Open circuit OFF

03 2 2 Closed circuit ON

04 2 1 Open circuit OFF

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: THREE WAY CONTROL OF LAMP

Fig (7)

15
 TRUTH TABLE
Sl. Intermediate (SPDT1) or (SPDT2) or Circuit Lamp Logic result 1or 0
No. Switch S1 S2 condition
position
01 Straight (II) 1 1 Closed circuit ON

02 1 2 Open circuit OFF

1-2
03 3-4 2 1 Open circuit OFF

04 2 2 Closed circuit ON

05 Crossed (I) 1 1 Open circuit OFF

06 1 2 Closed circuit ON
1-4
2-3
07 2 1 Closed circuit ON

08 2 2 Open circuit OFF

RESULT: A lamp is controlled independently by two way and three way switches and formatted
the truth table .

Viva Questions:

1. State the applications of two way and three way control of lamp.
2. The common name for two way and three way control of lamp is------------------
3. What is the rated voltage of the single phase supply?

16
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

VERIFICATION OF PHASE AND LINE QUANTITIES IN A THREE

PHASE STAR AND DELTA CONNECTED LOADS

AIM: Determination of phase and line quantities in three phase star and delta connected loads.

APPARATUS:
1) Voltmeter 0-600V AC --- 4 Nos.
2) Ammeter 0-10/20A AC --- 4 Nos.
3) 3φ Auto transformer Output 0-470V; 0-20A --- 1 No.
4) 3 phase star connected load --- 1 Nos.
5) Patch Cords/Wires Connectors --- 12 Nos.

THEORY:

Three-phase power is the common and a popular method of electric power transmission
and distribution. A three-phase supply has three-phase voltages namely V RY, VYB, and VBR. If all
the three phase voltages have same magnitude and displaced by 120° then the three-phase supply
is said to be balanced or symmetrical. A three phase load has three impedances connected in star
or delta (Mesh). The impedances are equal means the load is said to be balanced otherwise the
three phase load is said to be unbalanced.

STAR- (Υ): This is obtained by joining together similar ends, either ‘‘starting’’ or ‘‘finishing’’
ends. The other ends are joined to the line wires ( i.e Main Supply ) . The common point is
called as the neutral point or star point.
DELTA- MESH (Δ): This is obtained by joining the dissimilar ends i.e the finishing point of one
winding to the starting of next winding

PROCEDURE:

1) Make the connections as shown in Figure. Connections should be correct

and tight.
2) Apply the rated three phase voltage by using three phase auto transformer.
3) Apply the three phase balanced load.
4) Note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
5) Calculate the phase and line values by using the formula.

17
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Star Connected Load

Fig: (8)

OBSERVATION TABLE:

SL.NO. Line Voltage Phase Voltage Line current Phase current

VLor V1 VPh or V2 IL or A1 IPh or A2
in Volts in Volts in Amps in Amps

18

CALCULATION:
VL = √3VPH

RESULT TABLE:

Sl.No. Line voltage by calculation in Volts Remarks

1
IL = IPH

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Delta Connected Load

Fig: 09

19
OBSERVATION TABLE:

SL.NO. Line Voltage Phase Line current Phase current

VL or V1 Voltage IL or A1 IPh or A2
in Volts VPh or V2 in Amps in Amps
in Volts

CALCULATION:

IL = √3 IPH

RESULT TABLE:

SL. Line current by calculation in Amps Remarks

NO.
1 VL = VPH
2

RESULT: Relation between phase and line quantities in a three phase star and delta connected

loads are determined.

20
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6

THREE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT

AIM: Measurement of three phase power using two wattmeter method.

APPARATUS:

1) Voltmeter 0-600V AC --- 1 Nos.

2) Ammeter 0-10/20A AC --- 1 No.
3) 3φ Auto transformer Output 0-470V; 0-20A --- 1 No.
4)1φ wattmeter UPF 10-20A/600V --- 2 Nos.
5) 3 phase load star connected --- 1 No.
6) Patch Cords/Wires Connectors --- 12 Nos.

THEORY:
The total power in three phase, four wire circuit of a balanced load can be measured with
the help of a single phase wattmeter. The readings of the wattmeter are to be multiplied by factor
of three. However if the neutral terminal is not available this method cannot be applied. In such
cases three phase power can be measured by two single phase wattcmeters. This method is
particularly useful when the load is unbalanced .The circuit diagram for measurement of power
by two watt meter method of star connected three phase load is shown in figure.

The total power is the sum or difference of the readings of two watt meters. One of the
wattmeter will give negative reading for power factor below 0.5. To take the reading positive
scale switch off the supply and interchange the connections of ‘C’ and ‘V’ terminals of
wattmeter .Then observe the readings and record it as negative reading. Calculate total power
input and power factor at this load. Therefore sum of the two wattmeter readings is equal to the
power consumed by the three phase load, this is irrespective of the load is balanced or
unbalanced. Same will be true if load is delta connected.

PROCEDURE:

1) Make connections of the watt meters and the load as per circuit diagram Connections
should be correct and tight.
2) Apply the rated three phase voltage with the help of three phase auto transformer.
3) Now, apply the load and note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeters
(W1&W2).
4) Calculate total power and power factor by using formula.
5) Repeat the same for further readings.

21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

W1
3-PHASE
AUTOTRANSFORMER 10A/20A, 600V
3PHASE STAR CONNECTED
RESISTIVE LOAD
CC
M R
. L. .

C
C
R . .B1 C
PC
V=600
R1
415V OR 430V

E1
600V AC
V
.N
Y . .B2 20A
AC
R2
E2
A . Y. .R3 B
3-PHASE50HZ

STAR CONNECTED
POINT
B . .B3
E3

C PC
INPUT415V/
OUTPUT 0-470V . . V=600V
10A/20A, M L
C
C

CC
10A/20A, 600V
W2
Fig: 10

22
OBSERVATION TABLE:

SL.NO Supply voltage Load current Wattmeter Wattmeter

. (V) in Volts (A) in Amps reading reading
(W1) in Watts (W2) in Watts

CALCULATION:

V × I × Power Factor
Wattmeter Constant =
Full Scale Deflection

Total power measured by wattmeter W = W1 +W2

Power Factor Cosф¿ cos tan( { √

−1 3 ( W 1−W 2 )
W 1+W 2 })
Power by calculation P = √ 3 VL IL Cos ф

23
RESULT TABLE:

Sl. Power measured P.F Power by

No. by wattmeter (cos φ) calculation (P) in Watt
(W) in Watts

RESULT: The three phase power is measured by two wattmeter method.

24
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE

AIM: Measure the earth resistance by earth tester.

APPARATUS:
1) Earth tester ------ 1No.
2) Iron Spikes (Steel Electrodes 1.27 cm) ------- 3 Nos.
3) Connecting wire 2.5cm or 3mm of good length (30Mtre) ------- 3 Nos.
4) Multimeter for checking the continuity ------- 1 No.

THEORY:

Earth resistance can be measured by mainly three methods.

1) Fall in potential method or voltmeter –ammeter method.
2) Three point method.
3) Earth testing- Megger method.
The value of earth resistance is depends upon the soil condition and moisture contents.
In hilly areas the earth resistance is higher, if electrodes are not placed properly in contact with
the earth. The normal value of earth resistance should lies between 0.5 to 1 Ώ.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the earth tester as shown in Fig. Connections should be correct and tight

2) Rotate the handle continuously at a moderate speed and observe the earth resistance. In
case of battery operated earth tester, first, press the calibrate button and bring the pointer to
zero by adjusting calibration knob and then press the test button.

3) Change the position of electrode B by 1m on either side and observe the earth resistance.

4) Take the mean of three observations of earth resistance.

25
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EARTH TESTER
(DIGITAL)

. . . .
E1 P1 P2 E2

I
I

GROUND SURFACE E B A
G L

EARTH PLATE

Fig: 11

26
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl.No. Position of electrode Earth resistance in

B Ohms ( Ώ )

1 Middle position

1Metere away from

2
the middle position B

1Metere towards E
3 form the middle
position

CALCULATION: Mean Value Re is calculated by

Re
¿ Middle position+1 Metere away ¿ the middle position B+1 Metere towards E form the middle position ¿
3
 27

RESULT TABLE:

Sl.No. Mean Value

Re in Ω

RESULT: Earth resistance is measured by using earth tester.

 28

EXPERIMENT NO. 8

STUDY OF EFFECT OF OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT IN SIMPLE

CIRCUITS

AIM: To study the effect of open and short circuit in simple circuits.

APPARATUS:

1) Experiment Kit ---- 1 No

2) Digital AC Voltmeter 0-300V ---- 1 No
3) Digital AC Ammeter 0-10A ---- 1 No
4) Resistive Load 230V, 1.5Ax3 ---- 1 No
5) Patch Cords ---- 1 set

THEORY:

An electric circuit is a flow of electrons around a complete loop that powers components
within that loop. A circuit must contain a power supply and components that are to be powered.
The power supply could be a battery or household plug socket and the components could be
anything like: a bulb, a washing machine, a television or anything else electrical equipment you
could name. The electricity that flows around a circuit is made up of electrons, which are
negatively charged particles that are found orbiting the atoms that make up matter in the
universe. The flow of electrons is called electrical current. Electrons are negatively charged and
opposites attract, so they're repelled from the negative end of the battery or power supply and
attracted to the positive end. That's why they flow around the circuit. The battery gives the
electrons new energy and they start the journey all over again.
Open circuit means the wires are cut off so there will be no current flow, but there is
voltage. There is a gap in the loop. The circuit is not completed or it is incomplete path to source
hence it is called open circuit. Closed circuit means the wires are connected so there will be flow
of current. Short circuit means it is a closed circuit with very low impedance owing to flow of
very high current in the circuit.
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PROCEDURE:

1) Connect mains wire 230V AC to the input terminals P and N as shown in the wiring
diagram Connect AC Voltmeter and AC Ammeter after the fuse.
2) Connect output terminals to the load terminals as shown.
3) Keep the shorting switch, S1, S2 and S3 and MCB in off position.
4) For open circuit test:
a) Connect 230V AC mains power to the input terminals.
b) Switch on the MCB the lamp indicator will be on.
c) The Voltmeter will indicate the voltage. The lamp indicator will be OFF.
d) The Ammeter will show zero current since the load connection is open.
5) For closed circuit test:
a) Switch ON the switches S1 and read the ammeter reading.
b) Switch ON switch S2, observe the increase in the current.
c) Similarly check for S3.
d) The Lamp indicator is ON all the time when there is the load current.
6) For Short circuit test:
a) Switches S1, S2 and S3 are kept OFF.
b) Switch ON the mains supply and switch on shorting switch
c) The MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) trips. The closed circuit becomes open.
d) The indicating lamp becomes OFF, the current meter reads zero.
e) The volt meter reads the supply volts.
 30

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: 12

RESULT: Hence the effect of open circuit, closed circuit and short circuit is studied.

31
 EXPERIMENT NO. 9

CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

AIM: Perform the calibration of single phase energy meter by direct loading.

APPARATUS:
1) 1-Phase Energy Meter ---- 1No.
2) Ammeter Ac 10/20A ---- 1 No.
3) Voltmeter 0-300V AC ---- 1No.
4) 1- Phase Resistive Load 5KW 230V ---- 1No.
5) Autotransformer Input 230V/Output 0-270V; 10A ---- 1No.
6) Stop watch ---- 1No.
7) Connecting wire 2.5cm or 3mm of good length (3Mtre) ---- 12 pieces
8) Connecting wire 4.5cm or 6mm of good length (2Mtre) ---- 6 pieces

THEORY:
Energy meter is an instrument, which measures electrical energy. It is also known as
watt-hour meter. It is an integrating type instrument. There are several types of energy meters.
Single-phase induction type meters are very commonly used to measure electrical energy
consumed in domestic and commercial installment. Electrical energy is measured in units (one
unit = one kilo watt hour = 1000 watt-hour).
Energy meter works on the principle of Mutual induction. It consist of two coils one is
current coil and other is pressure coil .and aluminum disc is mounted on spindle, such energy
meters are called analog energy meter. The analog energy meter is having four terminals mainly
M1 and M2 are Main supply connections and L1 & L 2 are for load connections. Nowadays
digital energy meters are more popular for domestic and industrial uses. The single phase energy
meter is having meter constant it is printed on the meter by manufacturer. Check and recalibrate
the energy meter time to time because during the period of its use, it may give inaccurate
reading. As time passes the frication and deterioration of electromagnetic property of the coil
may cause giving the inaccurate readings. So it requires to be corrected by recalibrating it.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure, also connect ammeter in series and voltmeter in
parallel across the load and apply the AC voltage through single phase auto transformer.

2) Switch ON one load. Take voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.

3) Record the time taken for ten 10 revolutions of the disc with the help of stopwatch.

4) Repeat for more number of readings, take at least five set of readings up to full load rating of
energy meter.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: 13

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl. No. Supply Load current Wattmeter No. of Time (t) in

voltage (I) in reading revolutions (Seconds)
(V) in volts Amps (W) in watts of the disc (N)

33
CALCULATIONS:

V × I × Power Facto r
Wattmeter Constant =
Full Scale Deflection

Note: Multiply wattmeter constant with the wattmeter readings.

The Energy Meter constant is 600 Revolutions

i.e. for 600 revolutions the meter reads 1KWh.
Therefore for 10 revolutions the meter reads

10 × 1 KWh
Recorded Energy ℜ= = 0.0167 KWh
600

True Energy TE = Power X Time --------------------- (1)

W
Power P = Wattmeter reading = KiloWatts
1000
t
Time T= hours
3600

W
Therefore (1)→ TE = KWh
1000 ×3600

TE−ℜ
% Error = × 100
TE

RESULT TABLE:

Recorded Energy True Energy (T.E) Load current

% Error
SL.NO. (R.E) in (KWh) in (KWh) (I) in
Amps

4
 34
GRAPH: Graph is Plotted % Error V/S Load Current

% Error

0
I

RESULT: The single phase energy meter error is calibrated and the graph is drawn.
35

36
 EXPERIMENT NO. 9

STUDY OF FUSE WIRE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: Study the given fuse wire characteristics at constant length.

APPARATUS:

1) Fuse testing kit ------ 01 No.

2) Fuse wire ------ 02 Nos.
3) BNC connectors ------ 03 Nos.
4) Stop watch ------ 01 No.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as per interconnection diagram fig.(5).

2) Measure the length of given fuse wire by fixing it on the fuse board
3) Make the shorting link in closed position and Time interval meter section switch in TIM
Position.
4) Connection the power cord.
5) Bring the dimmer to zero position
6) According to the fuse wire, maximum current, selector switch can be selected higher value.
7) Keep the second switch position at (SIIORT) and set the current.
8) Switch ‘ON’ the mains using Rocker switch.
9) PUSH TEST START BUTTON.
10) Adjust the ammeter reading greater than current rating of the fuse wire with the help of
dimmer.
11) PUSH TEST STOP/RESET BUTTON
12) Don’t disturb the dimmer.
13) PUSH TEST STOP/RESET BUTTON results ammeters shows the current.
14) Note the time taken for the blowout of the fuse wire.
15) The above procedure are repeated for different values of load currents.
16) Similarly repeat the above procedure for different values of current ratings of fuse wire
and also for different lengths.
17) Plot the graph, load current Vs operating time.
 37

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Fuse rating = Amps.

Length L = 6cms Length L = 12cms Length L = 18cms

Sl.No. Load current in Melting Load current in Melting Load current Melting
Amps time in Amps time in in Amps time in
seconds seconds seconds
1

CALCULATIONS:

Minimum fusing current I = K dn …………….1

Where K = fuse Constant

d = diameter of wire in mm
3
n = Prece’s constant =
2

Minimum Fusing Current

Fusin Factor = >1
Current Rating of Fuse
38