INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS
MODULE 1
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ADVANCED STATISTICS
BA-STAT102
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PROF. JASON EDMON ALBOS
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
● To understand the different concepts of Statistics;

● To differentiate the major fields in Statistics;

● To know the different steps in a statistical inquiry; and

● To distinguish the different levels of measurement.

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 WHAT IS
STATISTICS?
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 STATISTICS
/stəˈtistiks/
A branch of applied mathematics that deals
with the collection, organization,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data.
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 STATISTICS
It is also a set of numerical figures.

Example:
o Voting population of the different provinces in the country
o Monthly salaries of Operations Managers
o Number of Part-time professors in Rizal Technological
University – Boni Campus
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 Statistics is a useful aid in decision making
❑ Describe the general characteristics of the individuals or
objects in a statistical investigation.

❑ Compares different subpopulation.

❑ Explain a phenomenon that has taken place in the

population.
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 Statistics is a useful aid in decision making
❑ Predict future phenomena that will take place in the
population.

❑ Describes the relationships of the different

characteristics of the elements in the population.

❑ Study cause-and-effect.
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 STATISTICS ALSO PROVIDE

IMFORMATION
Example:

▪ Average Peso-Dollar exchange rate

▪ COVID-19 fatality rate
▪ Interest rates of Time deposits & treasure bills
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 STATISTICS IN
OFFICIAL
STATISTICS
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 (OFFICIAL STATISTICS)
According to Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA), on the average, Filipino women
outlive their male counterparts by six years.
However, Filipino women are obese (8.3%)
compare to men (5.2%).
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 STATISTICS IN
BUSINESS
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 (BUSINESS)
Social media firms BrandCurb and ArtZap Studio
released their latest 100-page Digital 2020 report
showing that Filipinos spend online an average of
10 hours and two minutes. For social media
platforms, Filipino users spend on average of four
hours and 12 minutes.
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 STATISTICS IN
ENVIRONMENT
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 (ENVIRONMENT)
Investigation found out that Boracay island
generated solid waste between 90 to 115 tons
per day despite the local government’s
hauling capacity of maximum 30 tons per
day.
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 POPULATION VS SAMPLE

Population Sample

- is a collection of all the - is a part or subset of the

elements under population from which
consideration in any information is collected.
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statistical inquiry.

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 POPULATION
VS SAMPLE
A population is the entire
group that you want to
draw conclusions about. A
sample is the specific group
that you will collect data
from. The size of the
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sample is always less than

the total size of the
population.

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 EXAMPLE

POPULATION: ALL BSBA – OPERATIONS

MANAGEMENT STUDENT

SAMPLE: CBET-18-301A
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 ANOTHER EXAMPLE
POPULATION – WHOLE PIZZA

SAMPLE – SLICE OF PIZZA

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Waaah kagutom!

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 VARIABLE,
OBSERVATION &
DATA
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 VARIABLE
A characteristic or attribute of the elements in a
collection that can assume different values for different
elements.

Example:
X = length of service of an employee
A = daily allowance of a student
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 OBSERVATION & DATA
Observation is a realized value
of a variable.

Data is the collection of observations.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLE
Qualitative Quantitative

- Have labels or names - Any characteristics that

assigned to their we measure or count in
respective categories. numbers.
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- Example: Year Level, - Example: Weight,

Type of student, Sex Monthly Income, Height
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 SAMPLE EXERCISE: IDENTIFY THE CLASSIFICATION OF
VARIABLES (QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE)
1. Highest Educational Attainment
2. Household Size
3. Monthly Income (in Php)
4. Type of waste (dried leaves, recyclables, food scraps)
5. Age

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 SAMPLE EXERCISE: IDENTIFY THE CLASSIFICATION OF
VARIABLES (QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE)
6. Ethnicity
7. Location
8. Number of years in the community
9. Source of income
10. General Weighted Average

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 Parameter Vs Statistic
Parameter Statistic

A summary measure A summary measure

describing characteristics describing characteristics
of the population. of the sample.
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 Parameter
Suppose our population consists of one department of
employees with 50 employees. Then there are 30
employees who own an iPhone. Thus, 60% of the
employees own an iPhone.
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The parameter of interest is 60%.

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 Sample
Now, suppose we take a sample of 10 employees from a
certain department. Among the 10 employees in the
sample, eight (8) own iPhone. Hence, 80% of the
employees own iPhone.
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The statistic of interest is 80%.

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 IDENTIFY THE PARAMETER AND THE STATISTIC IN THE
CASE GIVEN BELOW:
For the past years, it is know that 90% of all the households in a
certain village strictly follows the waste segregation rules set by the
village’s management. This year, it is of interest to know the same
percentage of households in the village follows the said rules. The
officer-in-charge (OIC) selected random sample of households in
the village and found that 80% of them strictly follow the waste
segregation rules. The values 90% and 80% are ________ and
_______, respectively.
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 IDENTIFY THE PARAMETER AND THE STATISTIC IN THE
CASE GIVEN BELOW:
Two siblings were asked by their father to determine the proportion
of infected coconut trees in their plantation. The next day, Jeremy
gave the result to his father after he examined a random sample of
30 trees from a total of 300 and concluded that half of the examined
trees are infected. On the other hand, Jason examined all the 300
trees and after a week , he found out that 40% of the trees have the
infection. Which of the two siblings used a parameter and which
once used a statistic approach?
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 TWO MAJOR FIELDS OF STATISTICS
Applied Statistic
Concern with the procedures and techniques used in
the collection, organization, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of data.
Theoretical or Mathematic Statistics
Concerned with the development of the mathematical
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foundations of the methods used in applied statistics.

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 Descriptive VS Inferential
Descriptive Statistics
Includes all the techniques used in
organizing, summarizing, and presenting of
data on hand without drawing conclusions
or inferences about a large group.

Inferential Statistics
Includes all the techniques used in
analyzing the sample data that will lead to
generalizations about a population from
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which the sample is taken.

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 Example of Descriptive Statistics
The population of the Philippines as of August 1, 2015
was 100,981,437, based on the 2015 Census of Population
(POPCEN 2015). It increased by 1.72 percent annually, on
average, during the period 2010 to 2015. Of the country’s 18
administrative regions, Region IV-A (CALABARZON) had the
biggest population in 2015 with 14.41 million, followed by the
National Capital Region (NCR) with 12.88 million, and Region
III (Central Luzon) with 11.22 million. The combined
population of these three regions accounted for about 38.1
percent of the Philippine population in 2015. (Source: PSA)
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 Example of Inferential Statistics
The pH content of random samples of
water in different sites of a particular lake is
measured. Based on the samples, the
management declared that the lake is acidic.
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 STATISTICAL INQUIRY
– is a designed research that
provides information
needed to solve a research
problem.
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 STEPS IN STATISTICAL INQUIRY
Identify the
problem/s and
Plan the study Collect the data
state the
hypothesis

Analyze and
Present the
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interpret the Explore the data

results
results

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 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
– the process of determining the value or label of a
particular variable for a particular element based on
what has been observed.

FOUR (4) LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

● NOMINAL
● ORDINAL
● INTERVAL
● RATIO
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 NOMINAL DATA
● The numbers in the measurement system are
used to classify an element into distinct, non-
overlapping, and exhaustive categories;
● Categories are of equal importance

EXAMPLE
1. Civil Status (Single, Married, Widowed)
2. Sex (Male, Female)
3. Student Type (Regular, Irreg)
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 ORDINAL DATA
● The numbers in the measurement system are
used to classify an element into distinct
categories.
● The system arranges the categories according
to magnitude.

EXAMPLE
1. Size (Small, Medium, Large)
2. Rank (First, Second, Third)
3. Year Level (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th)
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 INTERVAL DATA
● The numbers in the measurement system are used to
classify an element into distinct categories.
● The system arranges the categories according to
magnitude.
● The system has a fixed unit of measurement representing
a set size throughout the scale.
● The system has no true zero.

EXAMPLE
1. Temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit)
2. Time in military hours
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3. Intelligence Quotient
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 RATIO DATA
● The numbers in the measurement system are
used to classify an element into distinct
categories of the variable.
● These categories are non-overlapping and exhaustive.
● The system arranges the categories according to
magnitude.
● The system has a fixed unit of measurement
representing a set size throughout the scale.
● The system has an absolute zero.

EXAMPLE
1. Monthly Income
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2. Number of students
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3. Examination Score
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
RATIO
Absolute zero;
strongest

INTERVAL
Distance is meaningful

ORDINAL
Attributes can be ordered

NOMINAL
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Attributes are only named; weakest

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 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
•Nominal
Qualitative
•Ordinal

•Interval
Quantitative
•Ratio
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 SAMPLE EXERCISE
1. SPECIFY IF THE DATA IS
QUANTITATIVE OR QUALITATIVE;

2. INDICATE ALSO THE LEVEL OF

MEASUREMENT.
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 SAMPLE EXERCISE:
1. Monthly Revenue
2. Number of years employed
3. Occupation
4. Level of satisfaction (Dissatisfied, Satisfied, Very
Satisfied)
5. Number of vaccinated citizens

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 SAMPLE EXERCISE:
6. Year of birth
7. Payment options
8. Shirt sizes
9. Rate of change in stock investment
10. Performance evaluation score

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 THANK YOU!
© PROF. JASON EDMON ALBOS
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