Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

IMPACT OF MACHINE learning ON Management, healthcare AND

AGRICULTURE
Harikumar Pallathadka a,⇑, Malik Mustafa b, Domenic T. Sanchez c, Guna Sekhar Sajja d, Sanjeev Gour e,
Mohd Naved f
a
Director, Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur, India
b
Center for foundation Studies, Gulf College
c
College of Education, Cebu Technological University, Cebu, Philippines
d
Research Scholar, University of the Cumberlands, USA
e
Career College, Bhopal
f
Department of Business Analytics, Jagannath University, Delhi-NCR, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the agriculture and healthcare industries, AI has been deployed to achieve better crop production, dis-
Available online xxxx ease prediction, continuous monitoring, efficient supply chain management, improved operational effi-
ciency, and reduced water waste, with the main goal of designing standard, reliable product quality
Keywords: control methods and the search for new ways of reaching and serving society while maintaining low cost.
Artificial Intelligence Machine learning and deep learning are two of the most often used AI approaches. Individuals, busi-
Machine Learning nesses, and government agencies utilize these models to anticipate and learn from data. Machine learn-
E-commerce
ing models for the complexity and diversity of data in the real-world applications are being developed at
Finance
Prediction
the moment. This article discusses machine learning and artificial intelligence applications in agriculture,
Analysis healthcare, management, and social studies. Disease Prediction, water irrigation optimization, Sales
growth, profit maximization, sales forecast, inventory management, security, fraud detection, and port-
folio management are some of the major uses.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
committee of the International Conference on Nanoelectronics, Nanophotonics, Nanomaterials, Nano-
bioscience & Nanotechnology.

1. Introduction Agriculture is important to the country’s economy since it feeds

Artificial intelligence is commonly used to describe the artificial
creation of human brains capable of learning natural language,
planning it, perceiving it, or processing it [1]. It is the theory and
development of computer systems capable of doing tasks that need
human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition,
decision-making, and language translation. Artificial intelligence is
an IT sector that mostly works with machines that are designed to
function similarly to humans. AI, according to John McCarthy (AI’s
father), is ‘‘the scientific and technological understanding of build-
ing smart computer programs in particular.” [2]
Machine learning and deep learning are two of the most often
used AI approaches. Individuals, businesses, and government agen-
cies utilize these models to anticipate and learn from data.
Machine learning models for the complexity and diversity of data
in the food industry are being developed at the moment [3 4].
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: harikumar@miu.edu.in (H. Pallathadka).
the whole population. It links and interacts with all of the country’s
relevant enterprises in this way. A country is considered socially
and economically affluent if it has a relatively large agricultural
basis. In the majority of countries, agriculture is the primary source
of employment. Large farms usually require the hiring of extra
workers to help with planting and farm animal care. The bulk of
these huge farms have close processing plants where their agricul-
tural products are completed and developed [5].
AI has been used in agriculture and healthcare to improve crop
production, disease prediction, continuous monitoring, efficient
supply chain management, operational efficiency, and water
waste, with the main goal of designing standard, reliable product
quality control methods and the search for new ways to reach
and serve society while maintaining l Deep learning and machine
learning are two of the most popular AI techniques. These models
are used by individuals, corporations, and government agencies to
predict and learn from data. Machine learning models for the com-
plexity and diversity of data in real-world applications are cur-
rently being developed. This article addresses the uses of

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.042
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on
Nanoelectronics, Nanophotonics, Nanomaterials, Nanobioscience & Nanotechnology.

Please cite this article as: H. Pallathadka, M. Mustafa, D.T. Sanchez et al., IMPACT OF MACHINE learning ON Management, healthcare AND AGRICULTURE,
Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.042
H. Pallathadka, M. Mustafa, D.T. Sanchez et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

machine learning and artificial intelligence in agriculture, health- uses many distance measures to find the next neighbor such as dis-
care, management, and social studies. Some of the primary applica- tance from Manhattan, Euclidean, and Minkowski etc. A kNN clas-
tions are disease prediction, water irrigation optimization, sales sifier is constructed in this work utilizing Euclidean distance
growth, profit maximization, sales forecasting, inventory manage- measurement and a k value of 3.
ment, security, fraud detection, and portfolio management [6 7]. A discriminative model is used to determine the right class
using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The SVM model
recognizes the split between two categories accurately so that the
2. Machine learning techniques
right class of the new data point may be identified when a new
data point comes. To identify this split, a number of recognized
In general, machine learning algorithms are divided into two
techniques can be employed. A linear approach for separating the
groups: generative models and discriminative models. Various
partition from its support vectors, maximizing it. The support vec-
supervised machine learning techniques are employed in this
tors are the closest data points of each class in the training dataset.
study to analyze activity recognition. Fig. 1 depicts the relationship
The SVM [10] is similar to a hyperplane construction of equations,
between artificial intelligence and machine learning. As a result,
in which it is possible to classify a new point xi into one of the
Nave Bayes, kNN, and SVM exhibit a higher capacity to properly
classes with the function.
recognize the activities. The Nave Bayes method is a generative
In many instances, SVM classificators hesitate to split the data
model, whereas kNN and SVM (Radial Bias and Polynomial) are
input into certain classes by using a linear hyperplane. This problem
discriminative models.
is solved utilizing non-linear functions for transforming high-
The naïve classification [8] in Bayes is based on the Bayes theo-
dimensional input data. This procedure helps to distinguish the
rem and naïve independence assumptions. It is an easy classifica-
input data so that the converted space can provide a linear separable
tion technique for activity recognition. This system identifies
plane. The huge size of the space on the other hand makes it almost
human activity through the use of a vast collection of user behavior
difficult to compute the inner product of two transformed vectors.
sensor data. This classifier predicts the distribution of parameters
‘‘Kernel functions” are designed in order to deal with this issue which
based on the autonomy assumption.
are used in the feature space in the place of the internal product of
KNN [9], also k-Nearest Neighbour, classifies test data on the
two changed data vectors. By employing kernel functions correctly,
basis of the k most common known classes. The kNN classification
the computation effort for achievable tasks may be minimized.
classifier is a density classifier. This approach uses a distance mea-
For certain applications of SVM-based classification, a correct
sure such as the Euclidean distance to locate the nearest neigh-
kernel function selection is important. The intelligent choice of
bours. Two classes, ’activity eating’ and ’activity sleep’ are
kernel function allows SVM to develop learning potential. A series
present, each with the red circle and green star. There are two clas-
of kernel features were addressed in the literature. The first
sifications. Eight cases of the class ’activity-consuming’ and six
assumption by SVM is that the data set is linear and builds a hyper-
cases of the course ’activity-sleeping’ are included in the training
plane. The functionality of the kernel is then employed to decrease
data set, for a total of 14 occurrences. If the trained kNN model is
the data set error produced by SVM assumptions.
introduced to a new instance (test data), the new instance (repre-
For certain applications of SVM-based classification, a correct
sentative by a yellow square) tries to be classified into one of these
kernel function selection is important. The intelligent choice of
classes. Depending on how much votes his neighbors cast, the class
kernel function allows SVM to develop learning potential. A series
of a new instance is determined. This model takes into account the
of kernel features were addressed in the literature. The first
nearest neighbors and votes on the new instance. The model pre-
assumption by SVM is that the data set is linear and builds a hyper-
dicts that the new instance will belong to the class ‘‘Activity Sleep-
plane. The functionality of the kernel is then employed to decrease
ing” if the K value is set to 1, as it has earned more votes than its
the data set error produced by SVM assumptions.
neighbor ‘‘Activity Sleeping.” Once K is set to 3, the model predicts
that the new instance is activity-eating since seven ‘‘activity-
I. If the entire sample of the list belongs to the same category,
eating” cases occur in the K = 3 frontier. The kNN classifier model
it generates a leaf node in the decision tree to choose that
class.
II. If none of the characteristics are capable of providing infor-
mation gain, it constructs a decision node further up the tree
based on the predicted value of the class.
III. If the example originates from an earlier unaffected class, it
constructs a decision node further up the tree by the class’s
expected value.

The Alternating Decision Tree is a classification of the machine

to generalize and enhance the decision tree. This classification for
the decision tree consists of nodes of decision and forecast. Predic-
tion nodes have one number, whereas Decision nodes create a
predicate. Both the roots and the leaves can include prediction
nodes. The method of classification works by going through each
path to completion of all decision nodes and adding any prediction
nodes crossed.
A random forest [11] classifier uses the cluster method. This
method combines the choices of multiple weak classifiers to pro-
vide the best results in classification. RF combines decision trees
on the other side in order to get the greatest accurate categoriza-
tion. The tagging technique is utilized for a weak set of decision
tree classifiers, which either modifies the data samples or chooses
Fig 1. Relationship between Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. an arbitrary input from a feature subset.
2
H. Pallathadka, M. Mustafa, D.T. Sanchez et al.
This algorithm uses a learning method which was initially sug-
gested by Holland in 1975, based on natural selection ideas. The
Genetic algorithm initially explores a sample of space with a con-
stant population. Each population member’s fitness is evaluated.
Then new people are produced by selecting the ‘‘offspring” per-
forming individuals. The children keep their parents’ characteris-
tics and generate a fitter population. Two major genetic
operators, namely ‘‘Crossover” and ‘‘Mutation,” are involved in
the creation of new humans.
In two parent gene structures, the crossover operator chooses a
random spot and produces two new persons by altering the
remaining parent parts. This generates two new people, potentially
enhanced fitness, by fusioning the two elderly people. By random
changes to an existing component, the mutation operator, on the
other hand, produces a new individual. The work of this operator
is comparable to that of the population disturbance operator,
which might provide the population fresh knowledge. This opera-
tor also helps prevent any stoppage during the search procedure.
3. Applications of Machine learning and artificial intelligence in
Agriculture, healthcare and management
3.1. Application of Machine learning and artificial intelligence in
agriculture
Agricultural research has benefited from technological advance-
ments, particularly by incorporating industrial advances into a sus-
tainable agriculture production system. By electrifying every
farming procedure, technology has transformed farming into a
viable business. This saves the farmer money and eliminates the
middleman who buys low from farmers and sells high to end con-
sumers. Recent applications of computational intelligence tech-
niques provide solutions to site-specific decision modeling
problems in agricultural systems. Applications of machine learning
and artificial intelligence in agriculture sector [12–16] are listed as
follows:
 Crop disease prediction
 Crop yield prediction
 Reducing fresh water wastage
 Soil Classification
 Crop Monitoring and Tracking
 Selection of Correct Crop
Agriculture is important to the country’s economy since it feeds
the whole population. It links and interacts with all of the country’s
relevant enterprises in this way. A country is considered socially
and economically prosperous if it has a sufficiently large agricul-
tural basis. In the majority of countries, agriculture is the primary
source of employment. Large farms usually require the hiring of
extra workers to help with planting and farm animal care. The bulk
of these huge farms have close processing plants where their agri-
cultural products are processed and developed.
Machine learning’s adaptability, promotion, and reduced costs
helps in assessing the complicated link between the input and out-
put of agricultural systems utilizing analytical approaches that are
characterized by non-linearity, time variable features, and numer-
ous unknown elements. This paper provides a review of various
machine learning-based algorithms that can be used in agriculture
for tasks such as crop disease detection, intelligent irrigation, soil
classification, monitoring, and tracking.
According to FAO, agriculture is not only the world’s largest
water consumer in terms of volume, but it is also a low-value,
low-efficiency, and heavily subsidized water user. As a result, there
is a need to improve agricultural irrigation efficiency by utilizing
3
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
technology such as smart irrigation systems. However, the preci-
sion of such a system is dependent on soil data from that region
as well as climate data from that region. Machine learning reduces
water waste in irrigation.
Agriculture is critical to the survival of humanity. Agriculture
provides a living for a large portion of the world’s population. It also
gives a great number of job opportunities for locals. Many farmers
want to continue using old-fashioned farming practices that gener-
ate a low revenue. Agriculture and allied businesses are critical to the
economy’s long-term development and prosperity. The key difficul-
ties for agricultural production are decision making, crop selection,
and supporting systems for enhanced crop output. Agriculture fore-
casting is influenced by variables such as temperature, soil fertility,
water availability, water quality and season, crop price, and so on.
Machine learning is useful in predicting agricultural yields based
on location, climatic data, and season. It assists farmers in cultivating
the best suitable crop for their agricultural property.
3.2. Application of Machine learning and artificial intelligence
healthcare
Heart disease is one of the most dangerous diseases for humans.
It has resulted in maximum deaths around the world. It kills many
young people around the globe. Researchers have given a warning
that the number of heart patients will increase exponentially in
upcoming years. Applications of machine learning and artificial
intelligence in healthcare sector [17 –20] are listed as follows:
 Disease Prediction
 Multi disease prediction
 AI Assisted Surgery
 Personalized Medicine
 Medical Image Detection
A large number of researchers around the world are working on
heart disease patients data to anticipate or predict this disease.
This is a high time to perform research on heart disease data set
available to frame a assured disease prediction model, to stop unti-
mely death of many peoples. Machine learning algorithms are a
great tool for classification and prediction task.
3.3. Application of Machine learning and artificial intelligence
management
Application of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Man-
agement in management sector [21–24] is listed as follows:
 Chatbots
 Image search
 Handling Customer Data
 Recommendation Systems
 Inventory Management
 Cybersecurity
 Credit Scoring, Loan Underwriting, Portfolio management
AI has been used in the e-commerce and financial industries to
improve customer experience, efficient supply chain management,
operational efficiency, and mate size, with the main goal of design-
ing standard, reliable product quality control methods and the
search for new ways of reaching and serving customers while
keeping costs low. Deep learning and machine learning are two
of the most popular AI techniques. These models are used by indi-
viduals, corporations, and government organizations to predict and
learn from data. At the moment, machine learning models for the
complexity and diversity of data in the food sector are being cre-
ated. This article addresses the uses of machine learning and arti-
H. Pallathadka, M. Mustafa, D.T. Sanchez et al.
ficial intelligence in e-commerce, business management, and
finance. Some of the most common applications include sales
growth, profit maximization, sales forecasting, inventory manage-
ment, security, fraud detection, and portfolio management.
4. Conclusion
AI has been used in agriculture and healthcare to improve crop
production, disease prediction, continuous monitoring, efficient
supply chain management, operational efficiency, and water
waste, with the main goal of designing standard, reliable product
quality control methods and the search for new ways to reach
and serve society while maintaining l Deep learning and machine
learning are two of the most popular AI techniques. These models
are used by individuals, corporations, and government agencies to
predict and learn from data. Machine learning models for the com-
plexity and diversity of data in real-world applications are cur-
rently being developed. This article addresses the uses of
machine learning and artificial intelligence in agriculture, health-
care, management, and social studies. Some of the primary applica-
tions are disease prediction, water irrigation optimization, sales
growth, profit maximization, sales forecasting, inventory manage-
ment, security, fraud detection, and portfolio management.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Harikumar Pallathadka: Conceptualization, Methodology.
Malik Mustafa: Data curation. Domenic T. Sanchez: Visualization,
Investigation. Guna Sekhar Sajja: Writing - review & editing. San-
jeev Gour: Validation. Mohd Naved: Writing - original draft,
Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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