Al Zawiya University / Faculty of Oil and Gas Engineering

Chemical Engineering Department

CHE431L Unit operation lab I

Experiment 2

Impact of a jet

Date of experiment 03/02/2022

‫مرام الطاهر محمد أبو القاسم‬

1611121714 :‫رقم القيد‬
2022-2021 ‫ربيع‬
‫ حافظ جمعه‬: ‫األستاذ‬

‫ عبد الوهاب األزرق‬: ‫األستاذ المشرف‬

1
:Objective
1. The objective of this experiment is to investigate the reaction forces
produced by the change in momentum of a fluid flow when a jet of water
strikes a flat plate or a curved surface.
2. and to compare the results from this experiment with the computed forces
by applying the momentum equation.

THEORY
The momentum equation based on Newton’s 2nd law of motion states that the
algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of fluid in any
direction equal to the rate of change of impetus of this direction. The outer
forces include the element of the weight of the fluid and of the forces exerted
outwardly upon the boundary surface of control volume. If a vertical water jet
moving with velocity ‘V’ made to strike a target (Vane) which is free, to move
in vertical direction, force will be exerted on the target by the impact of jet.

Applying the energy equation between the nozzle exit point and the surface of
the deflector shows that the magnitude of the flow velocity does not change
as the water flows around the deflector, only the direction of the flow changes.
Applying the momentum equation to a control volume encompassing the
deflected flow results in:

F theo=ρQV (1−Cosθ)

where:
F y: force exerted by the deflector on the fluid
ρ : fluid density
θ : where is the flow deflection angle.

The velocity of the water (V) leaving the nozzle with the cross-sectional area
(A) can be calculated by:
Q
V=
A

Diameter of the nozzle: d= 0.008 m

Cross sectional area of the nozzle: A= 5.0265×10-5 m2
Q is the flow rate m3/sec

From equilibrium of forces in a vertical direction, Fy is balanced by the applied

weight on the weight pan, W (W = mg, where m is the applied mass).

W =mg=ρQV (1+Cosθ)

Equipment:
2
The following equipment is required to perform the impact of the jet
experiment:

1. F1-10 hydraulics bench,

2. F1-16 impacts of a jet apparatus with three flow deflectors with deflection
angles of 30, 90, and 120 degrees, and 180.
3. Stopwatch for timing the flow measurement.

Equipment description:
The jet apparatus is a clear acrylic cylinder, a nozzle, and a flow deflector.
Water enters vertically from the top of the cylinder, through a nozzle striking a
target, mounted on a stem, and leaves through the outlet holes in the base of
the cylinder. An air vent at the top of the cylinder maintains the atmospheric
pressure inside the cylinder. A weight pan is mounted at the top of the stem to
allow the force of the striking water to be counterbalanced by applied masses.

Figure1 - The jet apparatus

3
Experimental procedure :
1. he top plate (by releasing the knurled nuts) and the transparent cylinder
from the equipment, and check and record the exit diameter of the nozzle.

2. Replace the cylinder, and screw the 90-degree deflector onto the end of
the shaft.

3. Connect the inlet tube to the quick-release connector on the bench.

4. Replace the top plate on the transparent cylinder, but do not tighten the
three knurled nuts.

5. Using the spirit level attached to the top plate, level the cylinder by
adjusting the feet.

6. Replace the three knurled nuts, then tighten in sequence until the built-in
circular spirit level indicates that the top plate is horizontal. Do not over
tighten the knurled nuts, as this will damage the top plate. The nuts should
only be tightened enough to level the plate.

7. Ensure that the vertical shaft is free to move and is supported by the
spring beneath the weight pan.

8. With no weights on the weight pan, adjust the height of the level gauge
until it aligns with the datum line on the weight pan. Check that the position
is correct by gently oscillating the pan

9. Place a mass of 50 grams on the weight pan, and turn on the pump.

10. Open the bench valve slowly, and allow water to impinge upon the target
until the datum line on the weight pan is level with the gauge. Leave the
flow constant. Observe and note the flow behavior during the test.

11. Measure the flow rate, using the volumetric tank. This is achieved by
closing the ball valve and measuring the time that it takes to accumulate a
known volume of fluid in the tank, as measured from the sight glass. You
should collect water for at least one minute to minimize timing errors.

12. Repeat this procedure by adding an additional 50 grams incrementally,

until a maximum mass of 500 grams has been applied.

13. Repeat the entire test for each of the other three flow deflectors.

4
e momentum equation based
on Newton's second law of
motion states that the algebraic
sum of external forces applied
to control volume of fluid in
any direction equal to the rate
of
change of the momentum in
that direction.
e momentum equation based
on Newton's second law of
motion states that the algebraic
sum of external forces applied
to control volume of fluid in
any direction equal to the rate
of
change of the momentum in
that direction.
5
\
change of the momentum in
that direction.
The external forces include the
component of weight of the
fluid and the forces exerted
externally upon the boundary
surface of the control volume .
If a vertical water jet moving
with a velocity 'V' made to
strike a target (Vane) which is
free,
to move in vertical direction,
force will be exerted on the
target by the impact of the je
Raw data and calculations:

1. Conical object θ=30°

6
 Theoretical Experimental
Mass Volume Time Flow rate Velocity
(g) (m3) (sec) (m3/s) (m/s)
force force Error%
(N) (N)(Kg.m/s2)
20 0.005 17.35 2.88×10-4 5.7296 0.22107 0.196 11.34%

40 0.005 12.73 3.93×10-4 7.8186 0.41167 0.3924 4.68%

50 0.005 11.2 4.464×10-4 8.8809 0.53113 0.4905 7.65%

70 0.005 9.45 5.29×10-4 10.5242 0.74588 0.6867 7.39%

Table1

0.8

0.7

0.6
Forces (theoretical & experimental) N

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

Theoretical force
0.1 experimenta forcel

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Flow rate Q m/ses

Figure2 – the relationship between the volumetric flow rate and the force
(theoretical and experimental) – in conical object

2. Flat plate θ=90 °

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 Theoretical Experimental
Mass Volume Time Flow rate Velocity
(g) (m3) (sec) (m3/s) (m/s)
force force Error%
(N) (N)(Kg.m/s2)
100 0.004 16.5 2.4242×10-4 4.8228 1.1691 0.981 16.09%

200 0.006 18.29 3.2805×10-4 6.526 2.14085 1.962 8.35%

250 0.004 9.76 4.098×10-4 8.1528 3.3410 2.4525 26.59%

300 0.006 21.24 2.825×10-4 5.6202 1.5877 2.943 46.05%

Table2

3.5

3
Forces (theoretical & experimental) N

2.5

1.5

Theoretical force
0.5 experimenta forcel

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Flow rate Q m/ses

Figure3 – the relationship between the volumetric flow rate and the force
(theoretical and experimental) – in flat plate

3. Radial cup θ=120°

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 Theoretical Experimental
Mass Volume Time Flow rate Velocity
(g) (m3) (sec) (m3/s) (m/s)
force force Error%
(N) (N)(Kg.m/s2)
100 0.005 28.60 1.75×10-4 3.4815 0.9139 0.981 7.43%

200 0.005 23.28 2.15×10-4 4.2773 1.3794 1.962 42.23%

250 0.005 21.27 2.35×10-4 4.6752 1.6550 2.4525 48.19%

300 0.005 19.67 2.54×10-4 5.0532 1.9253 2.943 52.86%

Table3

0.8

0.7

0.6
Forces (theoretical & experimental) N

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 Theoretical force

experimenta forcel

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Flow rate Q m/ses

Figure3 – the relationship between the volumetric flow rate and the force
(theoretical and experimental) – in radial cup

4. hemispherical deflector θ=180°

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 Theoretical Experimental
Mass Volume Time Flow rate Velocity
(g) (m3) (sec) (m3/s) (m/s)
force force Error%
(N) (N)(Kg.m/s2)
100 0.005 30.57 1.64×10-4 3.2627 1.07016 0.981 8.33
200 0.005 24.06 2.078×10-4 4.1341 1.7181 1.962 14.2
300 0.005 17.51 2.856×10-4 5.6819 3.2455 2.943 9.32
420 0.005 15.73 3.179×10-4 6.3245 4.0211 4.1202 2.46
Table4

4.5

3.5

3
Forces (theoretical & experimental) N

2.5

1.5

0.5
Theoretical force
experimenta forcel
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Flow rate Q m/ses

Figure5 – the relationship between the volumetric flow rate and the force
(theoretical and experimental) – in hemispherical deflector

Conclusion:
As The velocity of water Increases the Theoretical force Increases

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Answers:
What is the conservation of momentum?

conservation of momentum, general law of physics according to which the

quantity called momentum that characterizes motion never changes in an
isolated collection of objects; that is, the total momentum of a system remains
constant.

State the equation of flow rate in terms of velocity and cross sectional
area?

V
Q=
A

What is the effect of nozzle diameter to the velocity of the water?

The large diameter gives low velocity.

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