The Duties and Responsibilities of Expert Witnesses

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The duties and responsibilities of expert witnesses, Const. L.J. 2017, 33(8), 535-
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\u169\'3f 2017 Thomson Reuters.
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Const. L.J. 2017, 33(8), 535-541
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Construction Law Journal
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2017
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{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
The duties and responsibilities of expert witnesses
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{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
Charles O\u8217\'3fNeil FCIArb
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\u169\'3f 2017 Sweet & Maxwell and its Contributors
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\u160\'3f
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\u160\'3f
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Subject:
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Civil evidence
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\u160\'3f
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Keywords:
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Appointments; Expert reports; Expert witnesses; Experts\rquote duties;
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Case:
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\u160\'3f
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{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?
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0D6E5F&refType=UC&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Docu
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National Justice Compania Naviera SA v Prudential Assurance Co Ltd (The Ikarian
Reefer) (No.1) [1993] 2 Lloyd\rquote s Rep. 68; Times, March 5, 1993 (QBD (Comm))
}}}
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*535
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Introduction
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In an international arbitration conference in Europe, which included a session on
expert witnesses, comments from several participants displayed a surprising lack of
understanding of the role, with several people saying that if lawyers and their
clients engaged an independent expert and paid their fees then that expert should
support their case.
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\u160\'3f
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I discussed the matter with colleagues who are experienced international lawyers
and arbitrators and they told me that they regularly experience this type of
misunderstanding and (sometimes) blatant misuse of expert witnesses.
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\u160\'3f
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Therefore, this article seeks to provide an overview of the role, summarise the
essential principles, and produce concise guidelines that one should follow in
accepting and undertaking an appointment as an expert.
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\u160\'3f
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Research has shown that the general principles apply pretty much the same
worldwide, but that there are some small differences in the rules and protocols in
different jurisdictions. Links to some of them will be provided along with case
references. These primarily reflect UK protocols and law, with some from the US.
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\u160\'3f
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Expert witnesses and expert evidence defined
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The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) in the UK and the US provides an
apt definition for expert witnesses:
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\u160\'3f
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\rdblquote An expert witness is a person engaged to give an opinion based on
experience, knowledge and expertise. The overriding duty of an expert witness is to
provide independent, impartial and unbiased evidence to the court or tribunal.\
rdblquote
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The Expert Witness Institute (UK) goes further.
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2
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And the
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UK Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) Pt 35
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and Practice Direction (PD) 35 provide clear guidelines on the role.
BusinessDirectory describes the fundamental characteristics of ex
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*536
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pert evidence.
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There is an important difference between opinion evidence from a layperson and that
of an expert in regard to what is acceptable evidence. Lay witness evidence is
normally restricted to factual matters that are within someone\u8217\'3fs personal
knowledge; he or she is not permitted to express opinions.
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Evidence from an expert is used when the evaluation of the issues in dispute
involves technical or other subject knowledge that only real experts would have and
that would likely be outside the knowledge of laypersons and those trying the case.
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\u160\'3f
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Primary duties and responsibilities of an expert witness
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Expert witnesses have a primary obligation to assist the court or tribunal on
matters falling within their expertise and are not bound to the party that has
appointed them and is paying their fees. This is quite often misunderstood and it
is not uncommon for clients and their legal advisers to \ldblquote lean\rdblquote
on experts to make their opinion supportive of the client\u8217\'3fs case. This
compromises the independence of the expert and should be strongly resisted, to the
point of turning down the appointment. The client is free to appoint an expert
adviser for this purpose if they so desire (see below).
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In
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Ikarian Reefer (UK)
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Mr Justice Cresswell provided a succinct summary:
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\rdblquote A misunderstanding on the part of some of the expert witnesses has taken
place concerning their duties and responsibilities which has contributed to the
length of the trial.\rdblquote
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\u160\'3f
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He then proceeded to outline the duties and responsibilities of expert witnesses in
civil cases:
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\rdblquote Expert evidence presented to the court should be, and should be seen to
be, the independent product of the expert uninfluenced as to form or content by the
exigencies of litigation: see
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Whitehouse v Jordan (1981)
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, per Lord Wilberforce.
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Independent assistance should be provided to the court by way of objective unbiased
opinion regarding matters within the expertise of the expert witness: see
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Polivitte Ltd v Commercial Union Assurance Co plc (1987)
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, per Mr Justice Garland; and
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findType=Y&serNum=1990193266&pubNum=9999&cite=ICB30EE50E42711DA8FC2A0F0355337E9&ori
Re J (1990) FCR 193
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, per Mr Justice Cazalet. An expert witness in the High Court should never assume
the role of advocate.
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Facts or assumptions upon which the opinion was based should be stated together
with material facts which could detract from the concluded opinion.
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An expert witness should make it clear when a question or issue fell outside his
expertise.
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If the opinion was not properly researched because it was considered that
insufficient data was available then that had to be stated with an indication that
the opinion was provisional (see
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Re
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).
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*537
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If the witness could not assert that the report contained the truth, the whole
truth and nothing but the truth then that qualification should be stated on the
report: see
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Derby & Co Ltd and Others v Weldon and Others (No 9)
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, per Lord Justice Staughton.
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If, after exchange of reports, an expert witness changed his mind on a material
matter then the change of view should be communicated to the other side through
legal representatives without delay and, when appropriate, to the court.
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Photographs, plans, survey reports and other documents referred to in the expert
evidence had to be provided to the other side at the same time as the exchange of
reports.\rdblquote
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In
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Kennedy
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there is an excellent section on \ldblquote The evidence of skilled witnesses\
rdblquote at [38]\u8211\'3f[59], which includes comment on an expert witnesses\
u8217\'3f duty to the court or tribunal.
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The difference between an expert adviser and an expert witness
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This difference should be clear, at least to lawyers, but this is still where
misunderstanding remains.
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\rdblquote Independence\rdblquote is the key to this difference. An expert witness
has a primary obligation to provide an independent, impartial and objective
assessment to the court or arbitration tribunal, which supersedes their duty to the
instructing party.
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
This independent opinion may not turn out to support the case of the instructing
party or counter the evidence of the other party, but a professional expert will
not be swayed by who appointed them in arriving at their conclusions. If the report
does not suit the appointing party then they may not be able to just bury it in the
bottom drawer, because this is not allowed in some jurisdictions (see below).
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In summary, opinion experts must maintain their independence and impartiality at
all times.
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Expert advisers have quite a different role. As well as providing their opinion and
advice to clients, they can also discuss related matters and case strategies,
knowing they will not have to appear as witnesses and be cross examined, or have
their opinions critically reviewed by other experts. An advice provided by an
expert adviser is privileged.
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Pinsent Masons provide an excellent explanation of this difference.
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Qualifying as an expert
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}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Experts are generally approached because of their reputation in a field, but prior
to appointment they will normally be asked to affirm that they have real expertise
in the specific issues identified in the brief.
}
Sometimes parties will invite someone to participate as an expert who may be well-
known in the industry
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*538
}
}
but not a particular expert on the specific issues in question. In this situation,
the appointment should be declined. It is far wiser to decline than to expose
yourself to the risk of being humiliated by real experts and opposing counsel in a
hearing.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li100 \f3 \b0 \ri100 \fs20 \cf19 \qc \i0
{\f3 \b0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0
Accepting expert appointments
\par
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {\fi-360 \li {\*\pn \pnlvlblt \ilvl0 \ls8 \
pnindent400 \pnf1 {\f2 \pntxtb \u8226\'3f}}{\listtext \li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20
\cf1 \i0 \u8226\'3f\tab }\ls8 {\pntext }
Appointments may be made by the court or tribunal, by one of the parties, or by
their legal advisers. In complex disputes several experts may be appointed.
\par {\pntext }
}
}{\fi-360 \li {\*\pn \pnlvlblt \ilvl0 \ls9 \pnindent400 \pnf1 {\f2 \pntxtb \
u8226\'3f}}{\listtext \li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 \u8226\'3f\tab }\ls9
{\pntext }
The appointing party should provide a brief that stipulates what is required from
the expert, with written terms of appointment.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Experts need to confirm that they have real expertise in the required area,
providing detailed information that satisfies the appointing party.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Experts should make a declaration that they have no conflict of interest, or
alternatively provide a statement advising of a relationship with one of the
parties but confirming that they will be able to act impartially, as well as
explaining why.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Perceived conflict of interest can be a difficult area and probably should be
avoided by declining the appointment, even for those who feel they can act
impartially.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
The fees for experts are normally payable by the appointing party, or become a cost
of the case if appointed by the court/tribunal, and they should not be contingent
on the outcome of the case.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
{\li100 \f3 \b0 \ri100 \fs20 \cf19 \qc \i0
{\f3 \b0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0
The brief from the appointing party
\par
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The brief should clearly identify the issues to be addressed in the expert\
u8217\'3fs written opinion, together with the relevant case documents. In the
course of their assessment the expert should request additional information if they
feel it is necessary.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
During the course of the litigation or arbitration or during the actual hearings it
may arise that the facts on which they have reached their opinion are actually
different from what they have been told in their brief. In this situation refer to
Mr Justice Cresswell\u8217\'3fs statement above.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li100 \f3 \b0 \ri100 \fs20 \cf19 \qc \i0
{\f3 \b0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0
Investigations and report writing
\par
}
}
}
}
The form and content of the report should follow a recognised format. These are
readily available from expert witness institutions; see also PD 35 (para. 3.1).
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
The report should specifically address the issues identified in the brief. Do not
write about other related issues that are actually irrelevant to the case.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
There are two categories of evidence that experts can cover in their report and on
which they will be examined:
\par {\pntext }
}
{\li400 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {\fi-360 \li {\*\pn \pnlvlblt \ilvl0 \
ls17 \pnindent800 \pnf1 {\f2 \pntxtb \u8226\'3f}}{\listtext \li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0
\fs20 \cf1 \i0 \u8226\'3f\tab }\ls17 {\pntext }
evidence on the facts of the case they have been provided with or have personal kno
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*539
}
}
wledge of; and
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
opinion evidence based on their personal expertise, including facts and data from
other relevant cases and recognised industry sources.
\par {\pntext }
}
}{\pntext }
}
}
{\pntext }
The findings in the report must be signed off as being those of the expert only,
based on the facts provided and the expert\u8217\'3fs own expertise in the field.
If the report is prepared with the assistance of a team, the lead expert that signs
it off must understand and agree with every detail in it, as he or she will be the
only one in the witness box.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Reports should be professionally prepared and comply with jurisdictional protocols.
They will be critically examined by experts representing the other side.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Resist any pressure to \ldblquote slant\rdblquote a report towards a party\
u8217\'3fs case; do not compromise your independence. The closest you can come is
to provide clarification of points, but not alter your basic findings.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
It is not uncommon for an expert\u8217\'3fs opinion to be decisive enough that it
leads to settlement before the hearing; an ideal result.
}
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
The importance of thorough research and professional preparation of the report
cannot be overstated, otherwise the consequences may be highly embarrassing, as in
}
findType=Y&serNum=2037538906&pubNum=9999&cite=I51B0EC50894B11E5A513FBD24D6D9D0E&ori
Oord UK
}}}
.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
10
}}}
}
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Likewise, any partiality or bias towards a party\u8217\'3fs case will be detected
and will be equally damaging to the expert\u8217\'3fs professional reputation.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
{\li100 \f3 \b0 \ri100 \fs20 \cf19 \qc \i0
{\f3 \b0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0
Protocol for hearings and meetings of experts
\par
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Readers will know the court and arbitration procedures for their own jurisdictions,
so we will only highlight some key points that expert witnesses need to be aware
of:
\par
}
Experts\u8217\'3f reports should be exchanged before the hearing to avoid parties
being taken by surprise.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Experts\u8217\'3f reports are not admissible as evidence if the expert does not
appear at the hearing for examination.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Normally an expert appears to be examined on their report, but with the permission
of the court or tribunal an expert may give oral evidence, which shall become
evidence proper without a supporting written opinion.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
An expert should be able to convince the court or tribunal that their opinion would
be the same if they had been instructed by the other party.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
An expert should not act as an advocate or argue a case.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
\rdblquote First-time\rdblquote expert witnesses should receive advice on \
ldblquote witness box\rdblquote techniques, for everyone\u8217\'3fs benefit. You
will most likely undergo rigorous cross-examination in the hearing.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Meetings of experts \u8211\'3f if there is disagreement between experts
representing the opposing parties or the tribunal, which
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*540
}
}
sometimes results from different briefs, then the tribunal may direct the experts
to give concurrent evidence.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Concurrent evidence or \ldblquote hot tubbing\rdblquote is considered to have
several advantages. The experts are sworn in together and the judge/arbitrator acts
as \ldblquote chair\rdblquote of the meeting, putting questions to each expert.
The experts can also question and respond to each other. The process is designed to
assist the court in understanding complex matters, whilst saving considerable time
and cost.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Concurrent expert evidence became part of English court procedure in April 2013.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
11
}}}
}
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Is there room in American courts for \ldblquote hot-tubbing\rdblquote ?
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
12
}}}
}
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li100 \f3 \b0 \ri100 \fs20 \cf19 \qc \i0
{\f3 \b0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0
Disclosure of expert reports, instructions and briefing documents
\par
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
It is not uncommon for parties to think they can bury an expert\u8217\'3fs report
in the bottom drawer because it doesn\u8217\'3ft support their case, treating it as
privileged. However this is not necessarily the situation. If the opposing party
hears that an undisclosed expert report exists then they may be able to request an
order that it be tabled and that the author appears as an expert witness. This will
depend on the rules for the particular jurisdiction. There is no general rule
across jurisdictions in regard to privilege and disclosure of instructions, case
material supplied, draft reports and undisclosed expert witness reports.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
A safe way to travel is to assume that all communications between legal advisers
and experts have the potential to be disclosed to the opposing party.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
13
}}}
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li100 \f3 \b0 \ri100 \fs20 \cf19 \qc \i0
{\f3 \b0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0
Professional liability and immunity
\par
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Provided an expert maintains a high standard of care and professionalism in
accordance with his or her jurisdictional rules, then professional negligence
should not be an issue. Nevertheless prudent practitioners should carry
professional indemnity insurance, with the main reason being to cover the costs of
defence in the event of a challenge on some basis, such as a technical error that
influences and leads to an unjust finding against a party.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
In
}
findType=Y&serNum=2024768868&pubNum=9999&cite=I048191805B2611E0B779B79192E7B690&ori
Jones v Kaney
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
14
}}}
}
the UK Supreme Court decided that expert witnesses did not have immunity from
claims for professional negligence.
}
This reversed a line of authority dating back 400 years.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li100 \f3 \b0 \ri100 \fs20 \cf19 \qc \i0
{\f3 \b0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0
Summary
\par
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The key points are clear and simple.
\par
}
An expert\u8217\'3fs primary responsibility is to the tribunal/court, irrespective
of who
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*541
}
}
pays the fees.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
An expert witness must clearly understand the difference between their role and an
expert adviser.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Do not accept an appointment unless you are a real expert in the area stipulated in
the brief. Do not risk being torn apart in cross examination or in hot-tubbing by
purporting to be an expert when you are not. A real expert will not be concerned
about this.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
The expert must have no conflict of interest or perceived conflict and must be
strictly independent.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
An expert must provide a \ldblquote black & white\rdblquote objective opinion that
is based only on the facts and it must not contain subjective comment or perceived
partiality towards either side.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Strict independence and impartiality is fundamental, both actual and perceived,
e.g. problems can arise if an expert has communications, meetings or site
inspections with one party only.
\par {\pntext }
}
{\pntext }
Experts must maintain high professional and ethi
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*542
}
}
cal standards.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Charles O\u8217\'3fNeil FCIArb
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {
\clpadl200 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \trql \clwWidth10080 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Footnotes
\par
}
}
}\f2 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs20 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row }
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clwWidth920 \cellx920
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth9160 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart targetfn1_1}{\*\bkmkend targetfn1_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#sourcefn1_1" }{\fldrslt
1
}\f2 \super \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 }}
\par
}
}
}\f2 \li30 \b0 \ql \fs20 \ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Charles O\u8217\'3fNeil has 40 years\u8217\'3f experience in construction and
facilities management, predominantly D&C and PPP projects, in Australia, New
Zealand, South East Asia, Chile, UK, Europe and Canada. Author of
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Human Dynamics in Construction Risk Management\u8212\'3fthe key to success or
failure in 2014
}
}
(Self-published, ISBN 978-0-692-30893-6 (with assistance from Nxtbook Media UK)).
\par
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart targetfn1_0_1}{\*\bkmkend targetfn1_0_1}
1
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
http://www.rics.org/us/knowledge/glossary/what-is-the-role-of-an-expert-witness/
[Accessed 23 October 2017].
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
2
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
http://www.ewi.org.uk/membership_directory/whatisanexpertwitness [Accessed 23
October 2017].
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
3
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/expert-evidence.html [Accessed 23
October 2017].
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
4
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
National Justice Compania Naviera SA v Prudential Assurance Co Ltd
}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
(The Ikarian Reefer)
}
}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
(No.1)
}
}
[1993] F.S.R. 563, Queen\u8217\'3fs Bench Division (Commercial Court).
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
5
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
findType=Y&serNum=1981032386&pubNum=9999&cite=I000F0F70E42911DA8FC2A0F0355337E9&ori
1 WLR 246, 256
}\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 }}
.
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
6
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
findType=Y&serNum=1987182283&pubNum=9999&cite=I23627210E42811DA8FC2A0F0355337E9&ori
1 Lloyd\u8217\'3fs Rep 379, 386
.
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
7
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
findType=Y&serNum=1991221634&pubNum=9999&cite=I9852C670E42711DA8FC2A0F0355337E9&ori
The Times, 9 November 1990
.
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
8
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
findType=Y&serNum=2038207171&pubNum=9999&cite=IEFC7E950CFE311E5B126829ED06CF958&ori
Kennedy v Cordia (Services) LLP [2016] UKSC 6; [2016] 1 W.L.R. 597; 2016 S.C.
(U.K.S.C.) 59
. See https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2014-0247-judgment.pdf [Accessed
24 October 2017].
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
9
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
http://www.out-law.com/topics/dispute-resolution-and-litigation/court-procedure/
expert-witnesses-and-expert-advisers/ [Accessed 24 October 2017].
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
10
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
findType=Y&serNum=2037538906&pubNum=9999&cite=I51B0EC50894B11E5A513FBD24D6D9D0E&ori
Van Oord UK Ltd v Allseas UK Ltd [2015] EWHC 3074 (TCC)
at [77]\u8211\'3f[94].
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
11
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
https://www.ashurst.com/publication-item.aspx?id_Content=9604 [Accessed 24 October
2017].
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
12
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
http://www.jonesday.com/room_in_american_courts/ [Accessed 24 October 2017].
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
13
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
See https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/law/disclosure-of-expert-medical-evidence/
59858.article [Accessed 24 October 2017].
\par
}
}
}
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clwWidth920 \
cellx920
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth9160 \
cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
14
\par
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
findType=Y&serNum=2024768868&pubNum=9999&cite=I048191805B2611E0B779B79192E7B690&ori
Jones v Kaney [2011] UKSC 13; [2011] 2 A.C. 398; [2011] P.N.L.R. 21
.
\par
}
}
}
}\f2 \li30 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs20 \ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \
row }}\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
\u169\'3f 2017 Sweet & Maxwell and its Contributors
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Const. L.J. 2017, 33(8), 535-541
\par
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The Duties and Responsibilities of Expert Witnesses

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