ACKNOWELEDGEMENT It is a great boon for me that I got this opportunity to make this project on the subject..

I also want to acknowledge that I have learned from working with my friends. On this project, I truly want to give thanks to my class teacher .who provided me with the time, support and inspiration needed to prepare this term paper. I owe a considerable debt of gratitude to (school name0for helping to get my post graduate career started and serving as positive role models. I gratefully acknowledge the invaluable research and teaching contributions from my faculty. Several people have helped me many ways, encouraged me and provided me useful suggestions during the initials phase of this project and also I got much help from various internet sites from where I got relevant data for making this project. Purpose
First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by nonexpert, but trained personnel to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

objective

Preserve life is the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives Prevent further harm also sometimes called preventing the condition worsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from a cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous. Promote recovery first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.

Methodology
Below is the list of supplies you should have in your First Aid :

Plastic bandages Transpore tape Alcohol preps Adhesive bandages Micropore tape

Gauze Extra large plastic bandages Iodine prep pads Fingertip bandages Sterile pads Antiseptic towelettes Knuckle bandages Antiseptic ointment Ammonia inhalant Sponge packs Instant ice packs Sterile eye wash Elastic bandages Eye pads Safety pins First aid cream Bandage scissors Tweezers Butterfly bandages Water tight utility box for contents Burn gel to treat burns Burn bandages Adhesive spots Extra large strips Surgical tape Sponges Pain reliever

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURES 1.Try to maintain the patient still and composed. Prevent unneccessary movement arising out of anxiety or fear. 2.Examine the person closely for the presence of other injuries and call for medical help. If medical help is quickly available, handover the pateint to them for futher treatment. 3.If there is a break in the skin surface, it can be rinsed to remove any visible dirt or other potential contamination. Howver, vigorous flushing or scrubbing of the wound should be avoided. 4.The broken bones can be immobilised with either a splint or string. Rolls of newspaper or strips of wood can be used. It is impotant to immobilize the area both above and below the injured bone. 5.Ice packs can be applied to reduce pain and swelling (Not to be placed directly over the wound.

FIRST AIF FOR POISONING Definition Poisoning caused by swallowing, injecting, breathing in, or otherwise being exposed to a poisonous substance. Considerations 1. The first aid you give before getting medical help can save a victims life. In a poisoning emergency, immediate first aid is critical. 2. It is important to note that the absence of a warning on a package label does not necessarily mean that the product is safe. 3. Suspect poisoning if someone suddenly becomes sick for no apparent reason. 4. Suspect inhalation poisoning if the victim is found near a furnace, a car, a fire, or in an area that is not well ventilated. 5. Symptoms of poisoning may take time to develop. However, if poisoning is suspected, do not wait for symptoms to develop before getting medical help . Causes Common causes include: Medicines (such as an aspirin overdose) Household detergents and cleaning products Carbon monoxide gas (from furnaces, gas engines, fires, space heaters) Household plants (eating toxic plants) Paints (swallowing or inhaling fumes) Insecticides Cosmetics (incorrectly used) Illicit drug overdose (accidental or intentional) Occupational chemical exposures FIRST AID FOR CUTS What is Cut? An injury due to opening in the skin Minor Cuts / Scrapings No treatment required Care required to prevent infection Treatment for Minors Clean wound with water Avoid soap Remove dirt/debris in the wound Apply antibiotic ointment Dress/ bandage the wound Change dressing daily Minor cuts stop bleeding in10 min Apply gentle pressure if bleeding persists Deep cuts

May bleed heavily May expose underlying tissues Treatment For Deep Cuts May require stitching Requires Tetanus Toxoid (TT) if: a. Cut is dirty or has debris b. TT taken 5 years ago Consult a doctor in case of: a. Delayed wound- healing b. Pus Discharge c. Fever Points to note *Do not try to clean a major wound *Do not remove deeply- lodged debris * Do not breathe on an open wound *Do not push back exposed body parts first aid for burns burnsare extremely painful.. With respect to burn first aid treatment, the two major aspects which need addressing are pain control and infection control. The majority of burns encountered in the home or when out camping are partial-thickness burns, evidenced by reddened areas that are tender to touch. Partial-thickness burns can also blister. Full-thickness burns involve muscle as well as skin, and are extremely painful.Basic first aid treatment for burns: Cool water is helpful to ease the pain, as well as Aloe Vera gel or Aloe directly from the plant can be used on partialthickness burns, which has been shown to ease the pain. NEVER put ice on a burn as ice is a vasoconstrictor and burns do need blood flow. Wet cool compresses are helpful in alleviating pain. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and Ibuprofen (Advil/Motrin) are generally good pain reducers. Covering and wrapping burns Clearly one wants to use a nonstick or non-adherent dressing. You do not want to use gauze. Telfa is an excellent choice along with a loosely bound wrap. Ace wrap works well over that. In the outdoors, when you are 48 hours or greater from medical attention, it is wise to have an antibiotic cream or topical ointment that you can apply to the burn, and then transport. Please be advised that around 10-12% of the population is allergic to Neomycin which is found in Neosporin, as well as triple antibiotic ointment. We strongly advise against using that topical antibiotic ointment due to running the risk of an allergic dermatitis.

mergencies Due to Excessive Heat or Cold

Heat Related Emergencies
The body's chemical activities take place in a limited temperature range. They cannot occur with the efficiency needed for life if the body temperature is too high or too low. Heat is generated as a result of the constant chemical processes within the body. A certain amount of this heat is required to maintain normal body temperature. There are three common emergencies brought about by exposure to excessive heat: HEAT CRAMPS-brought about by long exposure to heat. The scene temperature does not have to be much greater than what would be considered "normal" environmental temperature. Heat Cramps Symptoms and Signs: Severe muscle cramps (usually in the legs and abdomen), exhaustion, sometimes dizziness or periods of faintness. Heat Cramps Emergency Care Procedure: Move patient to a nearby cool place Massage (with pressure) the "cramped" muscle to help ease discomfort Apply warm, moist towels over cramped muscles for added relief If cramps persist, or if more serious signs and symptoms develop, call for medical transport

HEAT EXHAUSTION-the typical heat exhaustion patient is a healthy individual who has been exposed to excessive heat while working or exercising. Heat Exhaustion Symptoms and Signs: rapid and shallow breath, weak pulse, cold and clammy skin, heavy perspiration, total body weakness, and dizziness that sometimes leads to unconsciousness Heat Exhaustion Emergency Care Procedures: Move the patient to a nearby cool place Keep the patient at rest Remove enough clothing to cool the patient without chilling him Fan the patient's skin Give the patient water. NEVER try to give fluids to an unconscious patient Treat for shock, but do not cover to the point of overheating

HEAT STROKE-this is a TRUE EMERGENCY, brought about when a person's temperatureregulating mechanisms fail and his body cannot rid itself of excess heat. Heat Stroke Symptoms and Signs: deep breaths, then shallow breathing; rapid, strong pulse, then rapid weak pulse; dry hot skin; dilated pupils; loss of consciousness; seizures or muscular twitching may be seen. Heat Stroke Emergency Care Procedures:

Cool the patient -- in any manner -- rapidly. Move the patient out of the sun or away from the heat source. May put victim in water up to face (constantly monitor to prevent drowning). May wrap in wet towels or sheets and pour cold water over these. Body heat must be lowered rapidly or brain cells will die. Treat for shock Monitor breathing

Cold Related Emergencies

As noted, the body generates heat, trying to keep a core temperature of 98.6 degrees F. This involved a balance of the heat being generated, the heat lost, and the heat absorbed from the environment. If the environment is too cold, body heat can be lost faster than it can be generated. The body attempts to adjust be reducing respirations, perspiration, and circulation to the skin. Muscular activity will increase in the from of shivering to generate more heat. The rate at which foods that serve as fuel are burned within the body increases to produce more heat. At a certain point, enough heat will not be available to all parts of the body, leading to a general reduction or stopping of vital body functions. Hypothermia is a generalized cooling that may reduce the body temperature to a point at which the body can no longer generate enough heat to support life. The body can lose heat by conduction. This is a direct transfer of heat from the warm body into the cold environment. Heat also can be lost by convection as cool air passes over the body surface and carries away body heat. If a person's body or clothing becomes wet, water chill becomes a problem. Water conducts heat away from the body 240 times faster than still air. The effects of a cold environment also can be made worse by wind child. The more wind, the more heat loss by the body. Wind increases the effects of cold temperatures. Patients with injuries or chronic illnesses will show the affects of cold much sooner than healthy persons. Those under the influence of alcohol or other substances tend to be affected more rapidly and more severely than the average person. Some Hypothermia Symptoms and Signs: Shivering (during early stages) Feelings of numbness Drowsiness and unwillingness to do even the simplest activities Slow breathing and pulse rates (seen in prolonged hypothermia) Coordination difficulties

Mild Hypothermia Emergency Care: Call for medical assistance Determine the extent of the problem Keep the patient dry. Remove any wet clothing and replace the articles with dry items or wrap patient in dry blankets. Use heat to raise the patient's core body temperature. If at all possible, move the patient to a warm environment. Gently apply heat to the patient's body in the form of heat packs, hot water bottles, hot air, and your own body heat, if medical transport will be delayed. DO NOT WARM THE PATIENT TOO QUICKLY. Rapid warming will release pooled blood, possibly causing serious heart problems or increase circulation to the body surface and cause additional cooling of the body's core.

Keep the patient at rest. Do not allow the patient to walk. Treat for shock If patient is alert, slowly give him warm liquids. Never allow a patient to remain in, or return to, a cold environment. Hypothermia will probably recur.

Note: You will not be providing very much help to patients suffering from general cooling if you simply wrap them in blankets. Their bodies can no longer generate enough heat. DO NOT TRY TO REWARM THE PATIENT WITH SEVERE HYPOTHERMIA. Call for immediate medical assistance.

BURNS AND SCALDS: Symptoms: Redness, mild swelling, and pain. Blisters may develop. Treatment: First floor the burn with cool water (not ice water), Then, wash with cool water and soap. Call doctor if blisters are white, dry and painless. CONVULSION: Symptoms: Strong, jerking movements, stiff body. Difficulty in breathing. Bluish face. Eyes rolled back, gritting of teeth, frothy mouth. Treatment: Call doctor. Prevent patient from biting anyone else. Keep him lying down, donot restrain. Loosen coller, and cover him. CROUP: Symptoms: Noisy, difficult breathing. Hoarse, barking cough. Treatment: Call your doctor. Expose immediately to moist air: use a humidifier in a small room or put patient in the bathroom and turn on the shower (keep door and windows closed). CUTS AND BRUISES: Symptoms: Cuts bleed and hurt. Bruises get red, swollen, and hurt. Treatment: Elevate the extremity. Clean cuts with soap and water. Stop bleeding by applying pressure. Apply cold cloths or ice packs to bruises to releive pain and reduce swelling. Call your doctor if cuts do not close. DOG BITE: Symptoms: Redness, swelling and bleeding if skin is broken. Fear of the dog. Treatment: Wash with soap and water. Cover with a clean bandage. Find the name and address of dog's owner. Call your doctor....or report bite to emergency room of hospital. DROWING: Symptoms: Unconcious, pale or blue skin. Treatment: If trained, administer CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) othe- rwise give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if breathing has stopped. Do not move victim's neck, head or back unnecessarily. Call an ambulance. EARACHE: Symptoms: Pain. Possible dizziness or discharge from ear. Possible fever. Treatment: Call your doctor. Relieve pain by applying cool or warm compresses to ear. Whichever gives relief. ELECTRIC SHOCK: Symptoms: Loss of consciousness may occur. Respiration may cease. Skin may become cold and blue. Electric burn mark is sharply demarcated. Treatment: Free the victim from current. Drag the victim by means of dry cloth or leather belt. Give artificial respiration if needed.

FAINTING: Symptoms: Pale, clammy skin, dizziness, shallow breathing, sweating, and temporary unconsciousness. Treatment: Place in supine position with legs raised higher then body. Loosen clothing. Apply cold cloths to face. Call your doctor if fainting reccurs. HEAT STROKE: Symptoms: High temperature, Pale and clammy skin, or hot and flushed skin. Headache and weakness. Possible nausea. Treatment: Apply cold cloths to skin. Give balanced salt solution. Call your doctor if patient appears confused. INSECT BITES AND STINGS: Symptoms: Pain and redness at the site of the sting or bite. Possible allergic reaction such as shock or difficulty in breathing. Treatment: Apply cold compresses to bites and stings. Calamine lotion may be soothing also. Call an ambulance or go to the hospital when signs of allergic reaction are present, such as rash, wheezing or troubled breathing. NOSE BLEED: Symptoms: Profuse bleeding from the nose. Treatment: Seat patient, tip head forward, and squeeze nostrils firmly together for ten minutes, cold compresses to ose may help. POISONING: Symptoms: Symptoms vary. Throat or stomach pains. Mouth burns, vomiting. Drowsiness. Treatment: Call hospital or doctor. Give water to dilute poison. SHOCK: Symptoms: Victim pale and weak. Clammy skin, perspiration on upperlip and forehead. Pulse rate and breathing rate are increased. Treatment: Keep lightly covered and lying down. Feet raised higher than body. Give no fluid if unconscious or complaining of abdominal pain. Call an ambulance. STROKE: Symptoms: Unconscious. Heavy breathing. Apparent weakness in face or limbs on one side in body, in-ability to speak. Treatment: Cover patient with a light blanket. Turn head of vomiting patient to side. Give no stimulants and nothing to eat or drink. Call an ambulance. SUN BURN: Symptoms: Radness, mild swelling, and pain. Possible blisters. Treatment: Apply burn cream or cold towels. Fever, chills and sickness may accompany a severe burn and your doctor should be called. Protect redness from further sun. SWALLOWING FOREIGN BODIES: Symptoms: Dangerous when in air passages. Violent coughing and chocking. Bluish facial discolouration. Breathing may stop. Treatment: If victim cannot dislodge object, administer Airways Obstruction procedure (Ask victim if he can breath. If he cannot, deliver four sharp blows between the shoulders blades with heel of hand. Stand behind victim and wrap arms around his waist. Grasp one fist with the other hand and place the thumb side of your fist against the victim's abdomen. Use four quick inward and up ward thrust to expel foreign matter from the breathing passage). Infants (upto 1 year) tilt head down and give back blows. TOOTHACHE: Symptoms: Pain, Tooth is sensitive to hot and cold food and fluids.

Treatments: Give aspirin. Apply cold compresses untill you get to the dentist

Summary Assess the situation Ask for permission to help,if possible unless the person is unconscious then use implied consent Stabiles the situation before help arrises Try to remain calm and do not panic