Seminar

On
Other Side of Globalization: Threat to Health Promotion

(The proposal submitted for the partial fulfillment of Master of Public

Health in Health Promotion Education)

Submitted by:
Astha Lamichhane
Reg. No: 2019-4-17-0005

Submitted to:
Master of Public Health Program
Department of Public Health
Nobel College, Sinamangal
(Affiliated to Pokhara University)
2022
 Student Declaration

I declare that this seminar report entitled “Other side of Globalization: Threat to Health
Promotion, is my own work and no part of this work was used for any other purpose prior to this
date.

Astha Lamichhane

.................................... (Signature)

Date: 19 May, 2022

 The Seminar Report Entitled
“Other side of Globalization: Threat to Health Promotion ’’

Submitted by

Astha Lamichhane

for

Master of Public Health (HPE)

of

Nobel College, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kaski Nepal

Is reviewed and accepted Accepted with condition Not accepted

.................................... ...........................

........................... ..................................

Reviewer Reviewer

.................................... ...........................
.................................. ...........................

Program Coordinator Program Director

 Executive Summary
Introduction
Globalization means rapid increase in the share of ecnomic activities taking place across national
borders.
Broadly defined, globalization describes how nations, businesses, and people worldwide are
becoming more connected and interdependent through increased economic integration and
communication exchange, cultural diffusion, and travel.
Globalization is characterized by intensification of human contact. In everyday life, people are
moving around more often via tourism, business and migration.
Globalization has shown potential positive impacts by minimizing the gaps in health inequalities
between rich and poor people, and by improving healthcare for all. 
There are also downsides to global health, such as the spread of infectious diseases due to rapid
mobility, which is emerging as the greatest threat to all. Under the umbrella of globalization and
its impact, other systems beyond human health should not be neglected, such as the impact on
animal health and/or ecosystem health and their impact on human health.

Objectives

 To explore the other aspects of globalization that may cause threat to health promotion.
 To disseminate the findings through seminar.

Methodology:
 Desk review
Expected Outcome:
This study will help to provide detail knowledge about the Globalization, and the study is
focused towards exploring the other side of globalization that may threat the health promotion
Table of Contents
Student Declaration................................................................................................................2
Executive Summary.................................................................................................................4
Abbreviations..........................................................................................................................6
Chapter I Introduction.............................................................................................................1
1.1 Background............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................................3
1.3 Rationale of the study...........................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Question.................................................................................................................5
1.5 Objectives..............................................................................................................................5
Chapter II Literature Review....................................................................................................6
2.1 Literature Review Methods Strategies.........................................................................................6
2.2 Source of Information..................................................................................................................6
2.3 Search strategy.............................................................................................................................6
2.4 Articles/Report identification process..........................................................................................6
2.5 Review of relevant literature........................................................................................................7
Chapter III:Analysis.................................................................................................................9
Positive Impact of Globalization.........................................................................................................9
Negative Impact of Globalization.....................................................................................................10
Key Public Health Concern Arising from Globalization.....................................................................10
Chapter IV: Discussion...........................................................................................................12
Ways to minimize threats of Globalization on public health as per 5 action areas of Ottawa
Charter..................................................................................................................................14
Chapter V: Conclusion...........................................................................................................17
Chapter VI: Way Forward......................................................................................................17
References............................................................................................................................18
Activity Chart........................................................................................................................19
 Abbreviations

SDG Sustainable Development Goal

MDG Millennium Development Goal

WHO World Health Organization

WTO World Trade Organization

GOBI Growth Monitoring, Oral rehydration, Breast feeding, Immunization

FFF Family planning, Female education, Food supplementation

NCD Non Communicable Disease

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

 Chapter I Introduction

1.1 Background
Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services,
technology, and flows of investment, people, and information (PIIE, 2021).
It is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments
worldwide. Globalization has accelerated since the 18th century due to advances in
transportation and communication technology. This increase in global interactions has caused a
growth in international trade and the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and culture (Wikipedia,2022).
The modern world is seen as the world without geographical boundaries and any kinds of
barriers. Globalization has been the major force behind this. Globalization is the integration of
the worlds economy and exchanging the ideas, products, technologies etc. Globalization means
rapid increase in the share of ecnomic activities taking place across national borders.
Broadly defined, globalization describes how nations, businesses, and people worldwide are
becoming more connected and interdependent through increased economic integration and
communication exchange, cultural diffusion, and travel ( lee, 2002).
Globalization is characterized by intensification of human contact. In everyday life, people are
moving around more often via tourism, business and migration.
Globalisation affects how we perceive and experience physical or territorial space. Movement of
people, other life forms, information, capital, goods and services has not only intensified across
the borders of countries but, in some cases, has rendered national borders irrelevant. Trafficking
of illicit drugs, cigarette smuggling, undocumented migration, money laundering and global
climate change are transborder phenomena that are challenging the capacity of governments to
effectively regulate them (lee, 2004).
Globalization has contributed to health improvements through diffusion of new health
knowledge, low-cost health technologies, and human rights.
In recent decades, public health policy and practice have been increasingly challenged by
globalization, even as global financing for health has increased dramatically.

1
As the world around us is becoming progressively interconnected and complex, human health is
increasingly perceived as the integrated outcome of its ecological, social-cultural, economic, and
institutional determinants (Labonté et al., 2011).
There are at least three general notions of globalization. First, globalization refers to the
multiplication and intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural linkages among
people, organizations, and countries at the world level. This notion encompasses economic and
non-economic components, including larger trade and financial flows; 3 expanding cross-border
communications, international contacts among political groups, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), and other members of the civil society; and increased levels of tourism, among other
examples. A second dimension is the tendency toward universal application of economic,
institutional, legal, political, and cultural practices. The codification of trade rules under the
WTO and its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), is one of many
possible economic examples. Non-economic aspects include the spread of democracy, the
increase in the number and coverage of environmental treaties, and even the controversial
possibility of cultural homogenization in entertainment, food, and health habits. A third meaning
of globalization is the emergence of significant spillovers to the rest of the world coming from
the behaviour of individuals and societies. Examples include environmental issues such as cross-
border pollution and global warming, financial crises and contagion, the global spread of
HIV/AIDS and other diseases, and international crime (Huyne et al., 2005)
A study was conducted to study the growing impact of globalization for health and public health
practice, findings revealed that Several globalization-related pathways to health exist, two key
ones of which are: globalized diseases and economic vulnerabilities. The article concludes with a
call for national governments, especially those of wealthier nations, to take greater account of
global health and its social determinants in all their foreign policies (Labonté et al., 2011).

2
1.2 Statement of the Problem

Globalization is the flow of information, goods, capital and people across political and
geographical boundaries (Labonte, 2015).

Globalization has a dramatic impact on healthcare systems and health outcomes. In 2004, when
Nepal got its WTO membership, since then globalization accelerated in Nepal. Globalization can
bring both opportunity and threats to developing country, business and livelihood (Abbott et al.,
2008).

At first glance, many people would say that globalization has had an overall positive impact on
people’s health. Global transportation and the communication revolution enable rapid response
to epidemic and catastrophes, saving the thousands of lives.

But there is also a downside to the health and well-being of people as a direct or indirect result of
globalization. Due to the rapid movement of the people across borders, the spread of infectious
disease is a threat to everyone, particularly to poor. “Today no microbes in the world is more
than 24 hours away from the gateway of every industrialized country” (Kelley,2005).

Due to the easy access to the internet and other means of communication technology one can get
information about health instantaneously but for this people need to have access to the
fundamentals such as electricity and computers and along with this risk of cybercrime is also
increasing day by day, people from one corner can control the world (Labonte, 2015).

Globalization in positive sense has resulted in trade expansion, with an increase in living
standards and improved social and economic status, particularly for women. Conversely,
advances in globalization are also increasing the risk for health problem including an increased
adoption of unhealthy western habits and lifestyles, resulting in increased obesity and prevalence
of disease (abbott et al., 2008).

3
 Globalizing Forces
Economic change
Communicable disease
 Trade liberalization and
regulation
 Rise of the global
Marketplace
Non communicable disease
Political change
 Redistribution of power
with in and across
countries Food and nutrition
 Growth of global civil Determinants of Health
society  Genes and biology
 Health care
Sociocultural change  Health related
 Global shift in Lifestyles Environmental health
behavioral risk factors
 Globalization of western  Social and natural
culture environments

Technological change Public health policy

 Global telecommunications
 Transportation linkages

Fig: Impact of Globalization on Public Health

1.3 Rationale of the study

Globalization can be defined as a process that is changing the nature of human interaction across
a wide range of spheres (e.g., economic, political, social, cultural, technological environment).
Regarding the impact of globalization on health it has dual effects, both positive and negative
(lee, 2004).

Globalization has shown potential positive impacts by minimizing the gaps in health inequalities
between rich and poor people, by the introduction of new technologies and by improving
healthcare for all (Kelley,2005).
4
There are also downsides to global health, such as the spread of infectious diseases due to rapid
mobility, which is emerging as the greatest threat to all. Under the umbrella of globalization and
its impact, other systems beyond human health should not be neglected, such as the impact on
animal health and/or ecosystem health and their impact on human health (abbott et al., 2008).

More recently, the global spread of the influenza pandemic accounted for far more casualties
than the 1st world war.

This study is focused to explore the other aspects of globalization which is threat for health
promotion.

1.4 Research Question

 what are the other aspects of globalization that may cause threat to health promotion?

1.5 Objectives

 To explore the other aspects of globalization that may cause threat to health promotion.
 To find out the ways to minimize the threats of globalization on public health .
 To disseminate the findings through seminar.

5
 Chapter II Literature Review
2.1 Literature Review Methods Strategies

The literature review method includes internal search, desk review and reports review. The major
objectives of this literature review is to explore the other aspects of globalization that may cause
threat to health promotion.

2.2 Source of Information

The source of information for this study are Google and Google scholar mostly. Literature search
has been done by reviewing of printed materials, including journals, books, reports etc.
Additional studies were searched through the electronic databases (PUBMED) using Endnote X3
software. The electronic search was applied to PUBMED. All the articles related to the topic
were included in the review.

2.3 Search strategy

While searching articles from Google Scholar, key words used were “Globalization”, “ impact”,
“ public health”, “health promotion”, putting custom range 2000-2022. Around 100 articles were
screened by title and abstract then selected 10 articles for this study.

2.4 Articles/Report identification process

Desk review of these selected printed materials including peer reviewed journal published
articles, reports of UN agencies, country reports

6
Articles/Reports identification process

5342 paper identified

Articles screened by topic and abstract

160 paper screened

Evaluated against inclusion & exclusion

criteria

15 full article

10 articles excluded

5articles selected

2.5 Review of relevant literature

A study was conducted on impacts of globalization and health care, study revealed that
Globalization has a dramatic impact on healthcare systems and health outcomes. The effect of
globalization on health systems and individuals is complex. The impact of globalization has dual
effects, both positive and negative. and the impacts need to be well valued. Globalization has
shown potential positive impacts by minimizing the gaps in health inequalities between rich and
poor people, between the Global South and North, and by improving healthcare for all. However,
there are also downsides to global health, such as the spread of infectious diseases due to rapid
mobility, which is emerging as the greatest threat to all. Under the umbrella of globalization and
its impact, other systems beyond human health should not be neglected, such as the impact on
animal health and/or ecosystem health and their impact on human health (Joachim, 2021).

A conceptual framework was developed to study the health impact of globalization, study
revealed that globalisation affects the institutional, economic, social-cultural and ecological
determinants of population health, and that the globalisation process mainly operates at the

7
contextual level, while influencing health through its more distal and proximal determinants. The
developed framework provides valuable insights in how to organise the complexity involved in
studying the health effects resulting from globalisation. It could, therefore, give a meaningful
contribution to further empirical research by serving as a 'think-model' and provides a basis for
the development of future scenarios on health (Huynen et al., 2005).

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of globalization on public health results show
that globalization leads to improvements in health indicators (infant mortality rate, the mortality
rate for children under 5 years and the average life expectancy at birth). Also, the results reveal
that the social dimension of globalization will have a greater effect on public health
(Hozarmoghadam et al., 2015).

A study was conducted to study the growing impact of globalization for health and public health
practice, findings revealed that Several globalization-related pathways to health exist, two key
ones of which are: globalized diseases and economic vulnerabilities. The article concludes with a
call for national governments, especially those of wealthier nations, to take greater account of
global health and its social determinants in all their foreign policies (Labonté, et al., 2011).

An overview of the linkages between globalization and health was conducted, which examines
many of the global health issues associated with the globalization of economic, political, social,
and cultural forces in the world today. The conceptualization and analysis of these linkages
between globalization and health and the effects of globalization on population health are
discussed from the vantage point of various perspectives. Particular attention is given to the
global spread of disease, the diseases of globalization, the health inequities associated with
globalization, the effects of globalization on environmental health, and the globalization of
health-related technologies (Harris et al., 2004).

8
 Chapter III:Analysis

Globalization has contributed to health improvements through diffusion of new health

knowledge, low-cost health technologies, and human rights.
In recent decades, public health policy and practice have been increasingly challenged by
globalization, even as global financing for health has increased dramatically.
As the world around us is becoming progressively interconnected and complex, human health is
increasingly perceived as the integrated outcome of its ecological, social-cultural, economic and
institutional determinants. 
Increased interaction between people is having a complex and unprecedented effect on public
health, as people exchange and adapt various health behaviors.
Positive Impact of Globalization
■ Globalization has offered many opportunities as well as challenges for Nepal.
■ It can be called one of the major drivers for Nepal’s adoption of liberal economic
policies, an increase in foreign direct investment, tourism and remittances which have, in
turn, helped reduce absolute poverty. It has also helped infuse technology and
interdependence in the economy.
■ It helps in rapid growth of business and introduction of various new technologies.
■ The framework convention on Tobacco is a contrasting example of first international
public health law, which aims to reduce harms associated with a toxic products whose
production and marketing are global in scale and scope.
■ Child health revolution of 1980s, with its emphasis on low-cost health interventions:
GOBI, later followed by triple FFF are some of the low-cost health intervention.
■ Improvement in global health during the last half of the 20th century arouse not from
ecnomic growth in developing countries, but from health technologies and knowledge
transfer between wealthier and poorer countries.
■ Ratification by most of the world's countries of international human rights conventions is
seen as another health-positive facet of contemporary globalization
■ A global diffusion of concerns for gender equity has also been attributed to globalization,
from increased funding to improve conditions for maternal/child health, to new

9
 employment opportunities in export-oriented industries allowing women to earn income
outside patriarchal social structures.
■ Increasing communication, in the face of growing complexity of health system, has made
international comparison more valuable than ever. WHO to assess the performance of all
191 health system of the world.
Negative Impact of Globalization
■ Whether it is the risk of drug-resistant tuberculosis or pandemic influenza, the movement
of people means the transport of pathogens.
■ Global promotion of brands such as: Coca-Cola and Mc. Donald’s, driven by opportunity
to expand profits and markets are increasing Obesity and its health consequences in much
of the developing world.
■ The accelerated flow of traded goods and services enabled by economic integration has
created new sources of wealth and health for some. But patterns of production and
exchange, along with labor market changes, have left many vulnerable to employment
insecurity, insufficient health and safety protections, and environmental degradation.
■ Now the longest intercontinental flights are briefer than the incubation period of any
human infectious diseases, thus the infections can travel from detection centres to other
countries in just few hours.
■ The energy requirements of global production chains, and the fossil fuels used in
transportation, are now among the fastest-growing sectoral contributors to climate change
Key Public Health Concern Arising from Globalization
■ Globalized Disease: The increase in human mobility has accelerated the speed and
distance at which microbes are able to travel, while urbanization, which in some contexts
is accelerated by globalization's effects on rural livelihoods, has facilitated the spread of
infectious diseases. Infectious diseases such as the Covid 19, plague, smallpox, and
cholera have spread owing to human migrations associated with trade, military
campaigns, and religious pilgrimages.
■ Climate change is playing a role in the spread of infectious diseases: Rising
temperatures will increase transmission rates of vector- and rodent-borne diseases,
including malaria, dengue fever, and schistosomiasis.

10
■ Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and
diabetes have been steadily growing in prevalence and now account for the largest
proportion of the global burden of disease.
■ Rising incidence of injuries, not only RTA but also work-related injuries and illness,
crime and health damage and social and economic dislocation are occurring in zones of
wars and conflict.
■ Increasing burden of HIV is challenge for both Health System and social policy.
■ The rise in NCDs in low- and middle-income countries is attributable to global trade and
investment policies and practices that are globalizing Western lifestyles, including
increased consumption of unhealthy products. For example, the nutrition transition in
low- and middle-income countries—the shift toward a high-energy diet (containing
animal protein, saturated fats, sugars, and highly processed food) and higher levels of
inactivity—is occurring much faster and at earlier stages of development.
■ Increased trade in tobacco and alcohol products is associated with higher levels of
consumption and health-related problems .
■ Misuse of antibiotics in many countries, especially those that lack well-regulated public
health systems, is heightening concern over the spread of multiple or extremely drug-
resistant infections.
■ Research and policy attention is being paid to the globalization of infectious diseases,
chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and
diabetes have been steadily growing in prevalence and now account for the largest
proportion of the global burden of disease.
■ Open boarders are causing difficulties in careful restriction on access to prescription
drugs in one country may be subverted when its neighbors allows without restriction.
■ Globalization has led to pollution and ecological damage, resource depletion, climate
change, and increased fossil fuel emission.
■ Global environment: The environmental threats to human health are numerous. Some of
them are more localized, such as lack of access to safe drinking water; inadequate basic
sanitation in the household and the community; and indoor air pollution from cooking
and heating using inadequate fuels and inadequate solid waste disposal. Water pollution
from populated areas, air pollution from motorcars, coal power stations and industries,

11
 these can contribute to climate change, ozone depletion, acid rain, loss of biodiversity.
Poor environmental quality has been calculated to be directly responsible for around 25
per cent of all preventable ill-health in the world today, mostly in the form of diarrhoea
diseases, acute respiratory infections, malaria, other vector-borne diseases, chronic
respiratory diseases, and childhood infections.

Chapter IV: Discussion

This study explore the impact of globalization on public health. Both the positive and negative
impact of globalization is studied in this study. We have found that only the positive aspects of
globalization is being focused but with the increasing globalization, public health is being
affected in many different ways.
The study identified globalization has offered many different opportunities, It can be called one
of the major drivers for Nepal’s adoption of liberal economic policies, an increase in foreign
direct investment, tourism and remittances which have, in turn, helped reduce absolute poverty.
It has also helped infuse technology and interdependence in the economy. It helps in rapid
growth of business and introduction of various new technologies. Many conventions, laws, SDG,
MDG, policies, health conferences are being conducted focused on public health. WHO, world

bank, WTO are working globally to uplift the health status of the people. The framework
convention on Tobacco is a contrasting example of first international public health law, which
aims to reduce harms associated with a toxic products whose production and marketing are
global in scale and scope. Child health revolution of 1980s, with its emphasis on low-cost health
interventions: GOBI, later followed by triple FFF are some of the low-cost health intervention
(Joachim, 2021).

With all these positive aspects globalization has also some of the negative aspects which needs to
be focused, whether it is the risk of drug-resistant tuberculosis or pandemic influenza, COVID
the movement of people means the transport of pathogens.
Global promotion of brands such as: Coca-Cola and Mc. Donald’s, driven by opportunity to
expand profits and markets are increasing Obesity and its health consequences in much of the

12
developing world. The energy requirements of global production chains, and the fossil fuels used
in transportation, are now among the fastest-growing sectoral contributors to climate change
Increased trade in tobacco and alcohol products is associated with higher levels of consumption
and health-related problems and are the major causes of NCDs. Increasing burden of HIV is
challenge for both Health System and social policy (Hozarmoghadam et al., 2015).

A study conducted on impact of globalization reported, communicable disease accounts for a

large proportion of the global burden of disease especially in low income countries, with
disadvantaged population experiencing a far greater incidence. Globalizing forces allowing
certain disease such as: Tuberculosis, Malaria, influenza and cholera to become a serious threat
to public health. With a greater worldwide mobility of people through business, tourism, rural-
urban migration and displacement, the risk of importing and exporting communicable disease
increases.
One of the foremost global public health challenges at present is tobacco related diseases. There
are over one billion smokers in the world, half of whom will die of habit. A large majority of
deaths in wealthier countries are due to NCD in adults, including CVD( 5.5 million), cancer (2.5
million) and respiratory disease (1 million)
There are numbers of public health issues raised by increasingly global food industry. Modern
production method have involved practices such as widespread pesticides, anti- biotic and
hormone use, monocropping, genetic modification and factory farming. The increasingly
processed food is also a global issue.
Global environment condition and changes to them can be seen to have short term and longer
term effect on public health. Short term effects often derived from natural or man-made disaster
that can create public health emergencies because of lack of food, water, sanitation and basic
health care. Displaced population can migrate into neighboring countries and can destabilized
local communities, sudden and mass migration of people can lead to environment damage and in
turn create a serious health risk.
Public health policy: How public health policies are made, who participate, what is the process
and what underlying values guide decision making has changed worldwide in recent decades.
The global flow of ideas, values and belief about health, health care and healthy policy has
strongly influenced policy making in both higher and low-income counties.

13
Nepal has also faced the major problem of brain drain as skilled manpower like doctors,
engineers are moving from home countries to abroad for better opportunities, which resulted in
lack of skilled manpower in the country.
Globalization has also brought some major challenges around the globe, i.e. cyber attack,
communal riots, racial discrimination, environmental degradation, climate change and so on
(Ghimire, 2021).

14
 Ways to minimize threats of Globalization on public health as per 5 action
areas of Ottawa Charter
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is the name of an international agreement signed at the
First International Conference on Health Promotion, organized by the World Health
Organization (WHO) and held in Ottawa, Canada, in November 1986.
Health promotion, as defined by the World Health Organization, is the process of enabling
people to increase control over and to improve their health.

Five action areas for health promotion were identified in the charter:

1. Building healthy public policy

2. Creating supportive environments
3. Strengthening community action
4. Developing personal skills
5. Re-orienting health care services toward prevention of illness and promotion of
health

15
 Fig: 5 action areas of Ottwa Charter

1. Build healthy public policy:

o Increased tax on tobacco and alcohol can have a positive role to decrease the
increased global burden of NCDs.
o World Health Organization requires to raise funds to provide universal coverage
of health services and ensure financial protection on spending on health.
o Basic health services should be made universally available.
o Resources on health can be raised by growing government revenues through
effective tax collection.
o Burning of fossil fuels, should be replaced by electric stoves, and electric vehicles
should be promoted to prevent environmental degradation and climate change.
o Cyber crimes are increasing so, safe internet policy should be launched.
2. Create Supportive Environment:
o Restrictions on open boarders should be done to prevent global transmission of
infections like: COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and many other communicable
diseases.
o Parks and recreation areas should be build for jogging and exercise to prevent the
risk of NCDs.
o Regional and local government should have the national policies and resource
allocation to provide equitable access to health promotion services, enhance
community capacities and foster community engagement.
3. Develop personal skills:
o Liberalization policies may sometime led to unemployment and poverty so people
should be taught with income generating skills.
o Domestic products should be given preferences over imported which increases the
local entrepreneurship resulting in employment and increased tax.
o Grants and donations may cause temporary economic growth but economic
sustainability is not maintained so, people should be given proper education and
skills.
4. Strengthen community actions:

16
 o International and national comparative analysis of health system should be done
so, that we can build a solid knowledge base of what works and what doesn’t.
o Bilateral and multi-lateral agreements among the richer and poorer nations should
be signed to promote human rights, protect environment and to promote global
health.
o Mobilization of domestic resources on health should be done by ensuring the
efficacy of resources use and equity in coverage of financial protection.
5. Re-orient health services:
o Package on essential NCDs and Communicable disease needs to be launched
globally, to decrease the global burden of disease.
o Regular health screening must be done for early diagnosis and treatment.
o Promotion of universal access to health services.
o Restriction on boarder areas must be done to prevent the global transmission of
infection like: COVID 19 pandemic
o Improper use of drugs should be strictly prohibited to minimize the rate of
antibiotics resistance.
o Promotion of PPE use should be done to prevent the transmission of Bacteria and
Viruses.

17
 Chapter V: Conclusion
Globalization has a dramatic impact on healthcare systems and health outcomes. The effect of
globalization on health systems and individuals is complex. The globalization processes may
have positive and negative health consequences on the population. These includes increasing
health care and education access, legislation designed to protect human and labor rights,
restriction on exposure to hazardous drugs and products, such as tobacco, environmental waste,
and environmental protection. On the other side there has been evidence that globalization has
resulted in higher tobacco consumption, notably in poorer countries, higher alcohol consumption
particularly among the young. Liberalization may, indeed result in price increase or price
reduction, lower wages or risk to the farmers, because of low price they have to work more to
become self-sustaining. Economic sustainability is not maintained without further assistance
through grants and loans by wealthier and technologically more advanced institutions and
nations. Liberalization policies may sometime led to unemployment and poverty.
Under the umbrella of globalization and its impact, other systems beyond human health should
not be neglected, such as the impact on animal health and/or ecosystem health and their impact
on human health.
With the increasing globalization the risk of Communicable disease, Non-communicable disease,
are increasing day by day and has become a global issues, it has also affected the environmental
health and affecting the public health (Ghimire,2021).

Chapter VI: Way Forward

The complex linkage between globalizing forces, the determinants of health and public health are
only beginning to be explored, and a clearly defined research and policy agenda to understand
and respond to the challenges posed is much needed.

18
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• Harris, R. L., & Seid, M. J. (2004). Globalization and health in the new millennium.
In Globalization and health (pp. 1-46). Brill.
• Dodgson, R., Lee, K., & Drager, N. (2002). Global health governance. A Conceptual Review,
London/Geneva.
• Ghimire,S. (2021). What are the impact of globalization?. in.html#:~:text=As%20a%20result
%20of%20globalization%2C%20Nepal%20has%20faced%20the%20major,skilled
%20manpower%20for%20the%20country.
• https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-
globalization#:~:text=Globalization%20is%20the%20word%20used,investment%2C
%20people%2C%20and%20information.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization
• https://www.mdpi.com/topics/healthcare

19
 Activity Chart

Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6

 SN  Activities
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Topic selection for
1 seminar                                                
Presentation
Planning for  
2                                            
Topics
3 Literature Review                                                
Discussion on  
4                                              
searched materials
Selection of  
5 materials for slide                                              
presentation
Preparation of  
6                                              
slide
Finalization of
7
slide
 
8 Class presentation                                              

9 Report preparation

Report  
10                                              
Submission

20