GODFREY MOENG MONYAKENG

MINING ENGINEERING
LEVEL 400
201704996
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED GHANZI MINE
COURSE INSTRUCTURE: DR. MATHIBA

1
 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would first like to take this moment to thank all the people that made my research to be successful. I would like to thank the
Botswana Water affairs, Botswana Forestry Services, Statistics Botswana, Botswana National Meteorological Services, Department of
Borehole Archives, Botswana Surveys and Mapping for they played a good role in revealing the environmental aspects of Ghanzi.
I would also like to thank the efforts of the University Of Botswana for providing adequate and self-sufficient library services for
some of the information entailed in this report was actually extracted from Library sources.
Most of all I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my lecturer Mohabo Mathiba (University Of Botswana) who really
gave me an insight and helped me understand the need for carrying out and environmental impact assessment at Ghanzi. I would like
to thank him for exposing me to different departments of Botswana that hold different information. This has helped me to be able to
understand the need for knowing preliminary information about an area where a certain construction is to be carried out. Mr. Mathiba
has also helped me to realize that whenever a project is carried out on an environment, people should not only look at the benefit
aspects but also the environmental impacts because we shall always keep one important virtue in mind which is Sustainable
development meaning using current natural resources carefully such that it doesn’t compromise the needs of the future generation as
defined by World Health Organization.

2
 2. ABSTRACT
This report entails an assessment on the likely impacts of the proposed mine to be constructed in Ghanzi area. A research was made on
Ghanzi to reflect detailed information on its environmental aspects which are; Biological, Physical AND Social environmental
aspects. This information was then used injunction with the proposed mine to be constructed to assess each impact that the mine will
bring to the existing environment looking at all the processes that will be taking place.

3
CONTENTS
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2. ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
3. PROJECT INTRODUCTION (PRE-MINING ENVIRONMENT) .................................................................................................................. 6
3.1. Project owners and Location .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2. Project background and objectives ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
3.3. Benefits and Regional Implications ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.4. Project alternative .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.5. Project schedule ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
4. ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
4.1. Physical aspect of Ghanzi environment ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.2. Biological aspect of Ghanzi environment .................................................................................................................................................... 18
4.3. Social Aspect of Ghanzi............................................................................................................................................................................... 20
5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
5.1. Brief Description .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
5.2. Project prospection and surveying ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
5.3. Project exploration( Ore reserve estimation and mine planning stage) ....................................................................................................... 26
5.4. Project Development .................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
5.5. Project exploitation and Production ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
5.6. Selection of sites for processing and dumping ............................................................................................................................................. 28
5.7. Proposed Processing of the Cu-Ag ore ........................................................................................................................................................ 28
5.8. Proposed storage of the Tailings .................................................................................................................................................................. 29
5.9. Project Rehabilitation, Reclamation and closure ......................................................................................................................................... 30
6. IDENTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ................................................................................................................................................. 32

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 7. IMPACTS MANAGEMENT (MITIGATION MEASURES) ......................................................................................................................... 34
8. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................................................................................................... 36
8.1. Use of Hydrometallurgical Route for ore processing .................................................................................................................................. 36
9. ASSESSMENT MONITORING AND REVIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 37
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41

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 3. PROJECT INTRODUCTION (PRE-MINING ENVIRONMENT)
3.1. Project owners and Location
The following table entails the sole owners of the project and the exact location of where the proposed project will be carried out.
Table 3.1.0. Shows the project owners, company name and where the project is to be carried out.

Project Owner: Godfrey Monyakeng

Company: Tshukudu Metals PTY LTD

Project Location
The first
figure
indicates that
Ghanzi is
located on
the southern
part of
African
continent in
the country
Botswana.

The 2nd
figure on the
right is a
magnification
of Botswana
on the North
western
part(Ghanzi
district)

6
 21° 43' 41'' South , 21° 36' 43'' East
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
Latitude & Longitude (decimal): -21.7280555556, 21.6119444444

3.2. Project background and objectives

The main objective of this project is to establish a mine whose main intention is to economically extract the copper from the copper
deposit which has been prospected by mineral resource estimators.
3.3. Benefits and Regional Implications
This project has the potential sole use to the people living around Ghanzi as it will create more than 5000 jobs to the people living
around Ghanzi. The project requires the construction of access roads to the mine which also brings a positive impact to the people
living around Ghanzi because this will bring about the development of tarred roads in the vicinity of the mine.
Negative implications
- Based on the copper ore resource estimations, mineralogy and characteristics, it requires that it be mined and processed using
the pyro metallurgical route in which smelters and blast furnaces will need to be used as processing plant therefore there will
be large emissions of gas onto the Ghanzi atmosphere
- Diversion of rivers and lakes
- Destruction of western Ghanzi habitat
- AMD
3.4. Project alternative
The following is the alternative to the proposed processing route of the Copper silver ore
Table3.4.0. Showing alternative to processing route.
Intended Processing Route Alternative
Pyro metallurgical processing Hydro metallurgical processing

3.5.Project schedule
Based on the information attained from prospection and mineral resources estimation, it is estimated that the project/mine will span
for 25 years. This includes 3 shifts in a day in which each will span for 8 hours in order to meet the production target.

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4. ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION
4.1. Physical aspect of Ghanzi environment

a) Rainfall
The following data shows the rainfall data around Ghanzi area
Table4.1.0. Modified rainfall data. Collected from Botswana National Meteorological Services.
Total
station Precipitate
Id Lat Lon Elevation year Month recorded(mm)
1 29
2 32.2
3 0.4
4 29.9
5 0
039- 6 0
-21.68 21.65 1131 2019
Ghanzi 7 0
8 0
9 0
10 0
11 0
12 0

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 Rainfall pattern at Ghanzi for the year
2019
35
30
Total Precipitate(mm)

25
20
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Month

Figure4.1.1. Interpreted rainfall pattern using data from the above table
From the interpreted graph it can be shown that the rainfall only appeared in the first 4 months of the year 2019 at Ghanzi and no
rainfall recorded for the rest of the year. It can also be assumed that the Ghanzi area is a very dry place characterized by

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 b) Geology
The Ghanzi area lies above the Banana Zone (Kelepile, 2017). (Kelepile, 2017) says that this zone is found within the South west and
North east Ghanzi Chobe belt.The Banana zone is a Cu-Ag deposit which extends from the south of Namibia-Botswana border to the
north near the Botswana-Zambia border and almost takes the shape that of a banana. The zone has been estimated to have 225.4 x 106
metric tons grading 0.64%Cu and 8.1g/t Ag.
The minerals that are found to be bearing this copper are Chalcopyrite, Chalcocite, Digenite, Covellite, Malachite, Sphalerite, Galena,
Pyrite, Arsenopyrite, Pyrrhotite, Cobaltite and Bismuth (S.Hall, 2018).The Ghanzi Chobe belt is also composed of deformed and
metamorphosed greenschist metasedimentary rocks of the Ghanzi group. The classification of the rocks of the Ghanzi group is divided
into four formations as shown below:
Table 4.1.2. Showing stratigraphic order of formations. Collected from (Kelepile, 2017)
Mamuno formation
Ascending
D’Kar Formation
stratigraphic
Ngwako Pan formation
Kuke formation order

With this information in hand, it is also important to note the stratigraphy of the Banana zone that intersects the Ghanzi area in terms
of age, lithology and depositional setting. The following table shows that the rocks which fall under the Ghanzi group are of the
Neoproterozoic age. The formations that fall within this range are Mamuno formation, D’Kar Formation of which their formation
thicknesses are both approximately 1500m and Ngwako Pan and Kuke formation for which their formation thicknesses are 2000m and
500m respectively.

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4.1.3. Table showing Stratigraphy of the Ghanzi-Chobe Supergroup . Collected from (Kelepile, 2017)

11
Figure4.1.4. Extension of table 4.1.2. Collected from (S.Hall, 2018)

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The following diagram illustrates the age of the Ag-Cu deposit that intersects the Ghanzi area of Botswana. It can be seen that the
Ghanzi Cu-Ag deposit is of Neoproterozoic age.

Figure 4.1.5 Showing the regional tectonic framework of southern Africa showing the position of the Ghanzi-Chobe. Collected from
(Modie, 2000)

13
Figure.4.1.6 showing the Geology of Ghanzi. Collected from (S.Hall, 2018).

14
Figure4.1.7 showing the Geology of Ghanzi. Collected from (S.Hall, 2018)

15
The following table shows the characteristics of the borehole core samples which were collected from the Ghanzi grounds.
Table4.1.8. Collected from Botswana Water Affairs( Dept. of Borehole Archives)

District: Ghanzi
Location: Ghanzi Village
Name and Address of Applicant: Dept. Of Water Affairs
Drilled by TGB Drill Contractors Botswana (pty) ltd
Sited by: Earth Resources
Drill
hole Date of Date of Drilled Casing left in Quality Driller
ID commencement completion diameter(mm) borehole Aquifier details of water Water use formation log
255 from 0m- 6.5 Plain from 0-
01.04.86 05.04.86 10m 10m 13
Good Domestic Not provided
165 from 10- water
5276 100m struck(m) 48

245 from 0- water

05.04.86 10.04.86 10m struck(m) 15
oilage
5277 165 from 12- 16.5 Plain from Good Not provided
supply
100m 0-11m 46
64

16.5 Plain from water

25.04.86 10.04.86 215 from 0-6m 0-6m struck(m) 15
Oilage
165 from 6-
supply
100m 40 Not provided
5278 69 Good

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 245 from 0- 10.165 Odex water 0-14m Clay
10.04.86 13.04.86 17m from 0-17m struck(m) 16
14-17m
5279 165 from 17- Good Village Medium hard
100m rock
17-100m hard
rock

215 from 0- 10.165 Plain 0-11m

10.04.86 14.04.86 11m from 0-11m water 20 Not overburden
5280
165 from 11- struck(m) provided Not 11-100m hard
100m 31 provided rock

215 from 0- 10.165 Plain water 0-15

15.04.86 19.04.86 16m from 0-16m struck(m) 17 Not Not Overburden
5281
165 from 16- provided provided 15-85
85m Quartzite

On the aquifer details section of the above borehole information, it was understood that the minimum depth recorded for a drill hole
was 13m whilst the maximum depth which was recorded to be 69m. The characteristics of the rocks was quartzite and clay which
were struck at depths of 15-85m and 0-14m clay. This also means that the rock mass at the particular place where the drill core
samples were taken entailed mostly clay as overburden and quartzite as

17
4.2. Biological aspect of Ghanzi environment
The following figure indicates that The Ghanzi area of Botswana is dominated with Grassland. ‘’Grassland is an area in which the
vegetation is dominated by a nearly continuous cover of grasses. Grasslands occur in environments conducive to the growth of this
plant cover but not to that of taller plants, particularly trees and shrubs. The factors preventing establishment of such taller, woody
vegetation are varied’’ (Smith, 1996). Judging by the topographic map shown below,

Figure4.2.1. Collected from Botswana National Forestry services.

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The livestock owned by the people living in Ghanzi include cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, poultry, donkeys/mules, horses. Based on the
livestock ownership statistics collected at Ghanzi, the dominant animal which is reared by the people of Ghanzi. The following chart
shows Ghanzi Livestock ownership by Districts
Wild life
"Ghanzi has rich wildlife, and we can boast having one of the wildest areas outside wildlife reservations or parks. The farming block
quite a few of the big 5, Rhino's, Elephants, Leopard and Lions are all known to frequent the areas, Buffalo being the only member of
the big 5 absent from Ghanzi. Lions are known to be seen in the area around Lone Tree, Elephants have been seen crossing into the
Ghanzi district from Ngamiland, Lions and Leopards have territories within the District" (khalahari, n.d.).

Figure collected from (khalahari, n.d.)

Plains game such as Kudu, Duiker and Steenbuck are plentiful, and game such as springbuck are on the decline due to habitat change,
and rise in preditor populations. There are many species of plains game to view in the area, most of which are located on private game
farms.

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4.3. Social Aspect of Ghanzi

An important factor to take note of is the literacy of the people living around Ghanzi. This information is vital because this project is
mainly to also befit the people of Ghanzi because a certain population of Ghanzi will be engaged in this project through employment.
Therefore, high literacy rates are a good start or a good indication to the project company because little or minor training will be
offered upon employment hence reducing capital costs. Another benefit of this is that it will indicate the intensity of educational
developments required around the area. The following diagram shows the literacy rates of the people living in Botswana including the
Ghanzi area district.

Figure4.3.1. Collected from Statistics Botswana

20
Another factor which was worth looking at the population of people who live around the Ghanzi area. It was found that according to
the population census carried out for the year 2015/2016, the Ghanzi population was 21221 males and 21669 females hence making a
total of 42890. There were more females than males. The following diagram shows the population statistics:
Estimated Population Aged 2 Years and above by District and Sex 2015/16

Firgure4.3.2. Collected from Statistics Botswana

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Whenever a project is to be established, priority is to be given to the people living around the location where the project is to be
initiated, therefore there is a need to first understand the pockets in terms of the poverty rates of the people. From the figure below, it
shows the poverty rates recorded in Botswana for the year 2009/2010 and 2015/2016. It can be seen that the poverty rates in Ghanzi
for the year 2009/2010 was 26% whereas that of the year 2015/2016 was 36.3. Which then indicates an increase of 10.3% in poverty
occurrence.

Figure 4.3.3 Collected from Statistics Botswana

22
The following shows the Ghanzi Land use

Figure4.3.4 Botswana land use map. Collected from (Winterbach, 2014)

23
Figure 4.3.5. Collected from (Moses Selebatso, 2008)

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5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

5.1. Brief Description

The proposed project consists of 5 stages which are illustrated in the table below along with the sub activities that are involved with
each stage:
Table 5.1. Brief description of project
Stage Sub activities
Prospection/ surveying -borehole drilling, core sample drilling, surveying,
exploration -mineral resource estimation by geophysicists
development -Excavation to construct haul roads, establishment of
Pyrometallurgical plant(reverberatory furnace), establishment of
mine offices, headquarters and admins. Establishment of mine
dams, construction of roads, powerlines and waterlines

Exploitation and production -use of explosives, loading and haulage, ore processing,
dumping of tails,
Reclamation and rehabilitation -Mine closure

5.2. Project prospection and surveying

The project requires that there be preliminary information on the environment of Ghanzi. This will be accomplished through
- soil testing
- Borehole drilling to test groundwater conditions
- Core sampling
- Surveying to interprete topographic elevations.

25
 5.3. Project exploration( Ore reserve estimation and mine planning stage)
The second stage of the project includes the actual determination of the size, grade and shape of the Cu-Ag ore deposit.
5.4. Project Development
In this stage, all mining facility and the infrastructure to support the facility will have to be established before the actual mining of the
ore begins. The activities under the development stage are:
- Land removal: The first development that will have to be made includes that of removal of trees and other disturbing terrain. This
will be carried out using bull dozers that run on diesel operating engines.
-Diversion of Rivers intersecting the proposed mining area
- blasting any impeding rocks
- Excavation to construct haul roads
-establishment of Pyrometallurgical plant(reverberatory furnace)
-establishment of mine offices, headquarters and admins.
-Establishment of mine dams,
-construction of roads,
-powerlines and waterlines

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 5.5. Project exploitation and Production

- Proposed mining method

Based on the nature of the ore deposit, occurrence depth to surface and its geometry, the most economically viable way to extract the
ore from nature will be by Open pit mining method. The diagrams below show the sectional views of the proposed open pit as
extraction of the ore advances:
Top surface

Pit Limit

Figure 5.5.0. Illustration ( cross sectional view of proposed pit)

- Selection of overburden removal method
Explosives will be uses subsequently with digging and excavation of the ore to gain access to the ore. The proposed explosive which
will be used for subsequent fragmentation is Ammonium Nitrate Fuel oil.

27
 5.6. Selection of sites for processing and dumping
As per economics the sites for processing will be set on the footwall side of the deposit to minimize costs for transportation over long
distances and to maximize short term intervals on the arrival times of the ore for processing.
5.7. Proposed Processing of the Cu-Ag ore
The main aim of the company is to benefit from the Cu. The proposed route to extract the ore is Pyrometallurgical route whereby heat
is used to modify the ore and reduce impurities and increase the concentrate The following is a schematic diagram of the processing
route:

Copper ore from run

off Mine

Crushing using crushing

equipment followed by
Milling operations

Processing
plant(Reverberatory
furnace)

Converting operations Blister copper as end

of copper recovered product
from Reverberatory
furnace
Figure5.7.1. Showing the proposed processing
cycle
28
The following is a schematic diagram of the Reverberatory furnace.

Figure5.7.2. Peirce Smith converter for producing molten ‘blister’ copper from molten copper matte, typical production rate 200e600
tonnes of copper per day. Collected from (Mark.E.Schlesinger, 2011)
5.8. Proposed storage of the Tailings
The tailings\waste will be stacked on the Hanging wall side of the Open pit. This material will be stacked into successive heaps with
angles of repose less than 70 degrees.

29
 5.9. Project Rehabilitation, Reclamation and closure
When the project has come to its end, it could either be because the intended mineral deposit is depleted or that the grade is not above
cut-off grade and not economically mineable. This then calls for Sustainable development in order to secure the needs of the future.
Which means that the project has come up with a closure plan to achieve this. The following are the proposed activities that will occur
immediately after the mine has ceased:
Table5.7.0. Showing the proposed Project Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan
Solution
Restoration of Land surface/topography - Overburden waste will be used for making building ceramic
products and bricks to assist regional construction industry
-Afforestation
-Some of the overburden waste will also be backfilled into the
mine
- Construction of a park which will be used as recreational
facility
- Open pit to be used as waste disposal area for the community
-Any remaining waste will be regraded to blend with the
environment and vegetated.
Restoration of water utilities -Waste will be covered with High density polyethylene to
prevent oxidation of the waste hence no production of AMD.
-Waste will be treated with lime to neutralize any acid formation
which could pollute any water sources.
-Aerobic wetlands will be constructed adjacent to migration of
any polluted water sources prior for treatment.
-
Restoration of Air quality
Restoration of soil -the neighboring soils will be fertilized with organic matter
mixed with ph. chemicals to make the soil suitable for
agricultural purposes(In situ treatment)
-Afforestation
Waste will be covered with High density polyethylene to prevent
oxidation of the waste hence no production of AMD

30
 -Soil will be cultivated to increase probability of vegetative
establishment
-any

Restoration of wildlife habitat -Removal of animal barrier fences

-Placement of Natural vegetation for grazing

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6. IDENTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The following are the identified environmental impacts that arise from the above proposed mining and processing system of the ore.
Each environmental issue is associated with a particular stage in the life of the proposed mine as shown below:
Table6.1. Showing the mine stages and associated environmental issues.

Mine stage Identified environmental issues Causes

Subsequent long depth drilling
Disruption of drainage patterns
Subsequent long depth drilling
resulting in fractures in aquifers and
Pollution of underground water aquifers affecting their water quality
Subsequent drilling resulting in
Exploration Inter-mixing of underground water fractures in aquifers hence water
sources leakages to each aquifer
Subsequent drilling causing channels
through which surface water flows
to underground or underground
Pollution of underground and surface subjected to high pressure finds a
water bodies way to surface waters
Excavation resulting in exposure of
the Copper sulfide and other sulfur
Acid Mine drainage bearing minerals
Underground water bodies disturbed
To make way for construction of
Development Diversion of river open pit

Use of explosives, diesel generating

Noise pollution to nearby residential areas engines.
Lowering of water table impeding growth
of vegetation

32

Exploitation and production
Wildlife disturbance
Change in land topography
Alteration in topsoil fertility
Weathering and soil erosion
Air pollution
Acid Mine drainage
Air pollution
Noise pollution and vibrations
Emission of particulate matter
Alteration in topsoil fertility used for
agriculture
Weathering and soil erosion
Pollution of groundwater
Soil pollution
33
Due to construction of open pit
Oil and fuel spills
Development operations
Use of explosives
Poisonous gas release from
pyrometallurgical processing of the
Copper sulfide using smelters, gases
released from equipment machinery
such as Sulphur dioxide an d carbon
monoxide.
Use of explosives, air blasts,
- diesel generating engines,
-processing plants
Due to waste and tailings dumps,
stockpiles, haul roads
-Cleared tracks of land,
-tailings dumps,
-Seepage from tailings
- Acid Mine drainage from tailings
and stockpiles,
Fuel, oil and other hydrocarbon
spills
7. IMPACTS MANAGEMENT (MITIGATION MEASURES)
Identified environmental issues
Disruption of drainage patterns
Pollution of underground water aquifers
Inter-mixing of underground water sources
Pollution of underground and surface water bodies
Acid Mine drainage
Diversion of river
Lowering of water table impeding growth of vegetation
Wildlife disturbance
Change in land topography
Alteration in topsoil fertility
Weathering and soil erosion
Mitigation measures
-polluted underground water will be pumped out,subjected
to treatment and then re-injected into the ground
-Treatment of run off from polluted areas prior to disposal
-Use of wetlands to clean wastewater
-
-
-the Mining area will be fenced injunction with subsequent
establishment of game farms on neighboring environment
which animals will find appeasing and conjusive to live in.
-Once the Mine life has come to its end, the pit will be
backfilled and planted to enhance the beauty of the
environment
-
-neighboring soil will be cultivated and treated with
vegetation favoring chemicals to make it suitable for plant
growth
-Re-vegetation
-The material taken to waste dumps will be also taken for
further processing hence they wont be left idle to erosion
-Haulage equipment will be ascertained to lower operating
speeds to reduce their erosion effects on the haul roads
34
 -The material that is taken to waste dumps will be re-used
as construction material on roads and other subsequent
constructions on the mine
-Equipment machinery with diesel operating engines will
be installed catalytic converters to convert the poisonous
gases into harmless gases
-Equipment machinery will be put on a planned
Air pollution maintenance of their engines.
-Tailings dumps and ore will be covered with
polysynthetic material to prevent further oxidation.
Acid Mine drainage
-Explosives will be charged on inclined holes
-Explosive charge per delay will be reduced by reducing
Noise pollution and vibrations hole diameter and delays between charges
-Wet scrubbers will be installed in the furnace upon
Emission of particulate matter(dust) exiting of any dust.
Alteration in topsoil fertility used for agriculture -In situ treatment
-In situ treatment of waste/tailings by addition of lime and
Pollution of groundwater lining with polysynthetic material
-treatment of soil to restore appropriate salinities and
Soil pollution acidities.

35
8. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

8.1. Use of Hydrometallurgical Route for ore processing

The proposed hydrometallurgical route for ore processing is one that involves use of chemicals solvents/lixiviants to extract the copper
from its sulfides Heap Leaching. The design of this hydrometallurgical route is based on the following flowsheet.

Feed preparation
of mined ore
from open pit

Figure8.1.0. Showing the hydrometallurgical route for the processing of the copper silver ore
The Copper ore will be taken for heap stacking where it will be stockpiled in the form of successive heaps awaiting to be leached. A
selective lixiviant (Cyanide) will be sprinkled onto the heap to selectively dissolute the copper mineral in the ore. A pregnant liquid
solution will then be formed which is taken for organic solvent extraction followed by organic stripping to increase the copper
concentrate which will be taken for electrowinning to produce Cathode copper.

Lixiviant dispersion onto

heap
Stacked
Copper ore
Accumulation of
Pregnant liquid
solution from leaching

Figure8.1.1. showing cross sectional view of Heap leach setup

36
9. ASSESSMENT MONITORING AND REVIEW
Based on the sub-processes that will be occurring in the project, certain monitoring will be done to check if the activities in
accordance with the environment, are up to the acceptable standards. Hence the following shows how these activities will be
monitored until the operations of the mine project cease:
Table 9.0. Showing the monitoring of sub-activities which will be carried out every 4 weeks
Sub-activity Monitoring
Waste disposal -pH measurement checks
-Angle of repose measurement
-Thickness measurement of polysynthetic line cover
-degradation measurement of polysynthetic line cover
- measurement of differential settling rates of the waste/tailings
Constructed Aerobic Wetland -Measurement of amount of Suspended solids
-ph Measurement
-Measurements of Nitrogen and Phosphorous levels
-Trace metals levels measurement
-Measurement of water table level
-Measurement of sulphate levels
-Temperature measurement
-Measurement of dissolved oxygen
-Colour and transparency measurements
-Salinity measurement
Diesel-powered Mine equipment -Planned equipment maintenance
-workshop to sensitize on caution of equipment usage per shift
to understand the allowable work rates and operating hours.
-Installation and monitoring of diesel oxidation catalysts
-Installation and monitoring of Diesel Particulate filters
-Measurement of total carbon released by diesel operating
equipment
Processing plant -workers will be issued with Portable Dust Monitor
-Temperature and moisture measurements taken every shift
- efficiency measurements of wet scrubbers

37
 -Measurement of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen emissions by
furnace.

38
REFERENCES
Cox, D. L. D. S. D. M. B. a. D. M., 2003. Mindat.org. [Online]
Available at: https://www.mindat.org/loc-228263.html
Kelepile, T., 2017. Researchgate. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343151501_Geology_mineralogy_geochemistry_and_alteration_patterns_of_Banana_zone_
copper-silver_mineralisation_Ghanzi-Chobe_belt_northwest-Botswana
khalahari, G. C. o. t., n.d. Ghanzi.net Capital of the khalahari. [Online]
Available at: http://ghanzi.net/
[Accessed 23 November 2020].
Majelantle, A., 2011. GHANZI SUB DISTRICT Population and housing Census 2011. [Online]
Available at: https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Ghanzi%20District.pdf
[Accessed November 2020].
Mark.E.Schlesinger, 2011. Extractive metallurgy of Copper. 5th Edition ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Ltd.
Modie, B., 2000. Research Gate. [Online]
Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248345898_Geology_and_mineralisation_in_the_Meso-
_to_Neoproterozoic_Ghanzi-Chobe_Belt_of_northwest_Botswana
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African_Carnivores

40
APPENDIX

Table1. showing trends in key demographic indicators from 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 population and housing censuses.
Collected from (Majelantle, 2011).

41
Figure2. showing Population Projections for Ghanzi-2011-2022. Collected from (Majelantle, 2011)

42
Figure3. showing distribution f households by access to water. Collected from (Majelantle, 2011)

43
Figure4. showing Distribution of Households by Source of Fuel for Lighting. Collected from (Majelantle, 2011)

44
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