STICS crop model general presentation

1. Introduction : History, purpose, structure

and types of application.
2. Description of soil and formalization of
energy, water, Nitrogen balance
3. Formalizations of development and growth
of crops
4. Need in inputs and care for options
5. Principles for calibration and test

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 Description of soil and
formalization of energy, water,
Nitrogen balance
M Launay, N Brisson, Iñaki Garcia de Cortazar,
B Mary, S Andrianarisoa, N Beaudoin;
on benhalf of the EPS

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 WATER N
Water content N concentration

Transpiration
Rainfall, Rainfall, irrigation
irrigation Chemical N supply
Manure and sludge
Surface runoff
Évaporation Volatilization

Effet mulch absorption absorption

Infiltration Convection

Norg Nmin
mineralisation

Drainage Leaching
Free drainage
by pipe
decomposition
ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
Soils, energy, water and nitrogen balance

Description of sol compartiment

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
Soils, energy, water and nitrogen balance

Upper soil layer => some parameters used for

energy, water C, N.
Soil profile = n layers => Permanent features for
water and solute storage (agregats and pebbles)
résidual Humidity at
Humidity saturation
Soil layer
limits
Wilting

macroporosity
cracks :
point

cracks
Layer thickness microporosity presence/
(Hmin)
of water balance absence
(PFP)
Water
calculation of
reservoir model Holding pebbles
(1 cm resolution) capacity,
(Hcc)

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
Soils, energy, water and nitrogen balance

Soil profile = Water flow and soil

nitrate transfer in soil

Moving water
down pipe up Complete mix
overflow within each cell
Infiltrability mm j-1 (Epc) and
Net transfer
Precipitation
Water in
microporosity :
available plante
(>PFP)
Water in the
macroporosity
generates
anoxia

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
Soils, energy, water and nitrogen balance

Soil structure evolution

1) Crusting of soil surface according to rainfall
2) Soil structure compaction or fragmentation
Modification
structure Technique Effets
Semis / Récolte Si humidité > seuil (/HCC)
(paramètres spécifiques) ⇒ • ↗DA sur au max 2 couches
Compaction •↘ épaisseur de(s) couche(s)
•↘ infiltrabilité de(s) couche(s)
Travail superficiel / Labour ⇒ • ↘DA sur les couches travaillées
Fragmentation (paramètres spécifiques) •↗ infiltrabilité de(s) couche(s)
•↗ rugosité de(s) couche(s)

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
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Energy balance

Energy balance
Calculations:
net radiation
culture temperature

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
Energy balance

Calculation of net radiation RNET

RNET = (1-albedo) TRG + RGLO

Albedo of soil or canopy Solar radiation Big Wavelength λ

Dry soil Albédo
soil RATM - RSOL
Soil surface moisture

σ Tcult 4
Canopy LAI
SOL texture LmS
HUMIN = 1,305 mm . cm-1
HUCC = 2,9 mm . cm-1
ALBEDO = 0,18
0.25 DA = 1,45 g . cm-3

0.2 Brunt ou Brutsaert

0.15
•Cloudiness (Angström)
ALBSOL

0.1
•Air Moisture
0.05
ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
Tdew = Tmin
0
0 1 2
HUR (m m . cm -1)
3 4 ENVIRONNEMENT
Energy balance

Calculation of canopy temperature TCULT

Principle TCULT=(Tcultmin + Tcultmax)/ 2

2 options:

Empirical Tcultmin = Tmin

Relationship Tcultmax = Simplified relatioship (RNET, ET, z0)

RNET = ET + G + H
Energie
balance Radiative energy input ρCp TAIR - TCULT
at Tmin RATM
& Tmax
Evaporation (ET) + soil temperature increase (G) , air………… (H)

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
Water balance

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 Water balance overview

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Demand Supply -20

-40

ETP Penman rooting -60

actual soil evaporation

-80
(growth, final profile) growing in the profile
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0 -100

Phase II
Phase I -20

depth (cm)
soil evaporation
-40 A

rain q0 ptential soil -60

evaporation B

1.6
soil water -80

1.4 fraction of actual

1.2
evapotranspiration (depth, water properties) -100

1 fraction of plant
transpiration (as difference)
0.8

crop transpiration 0.6

0.4
fraction of actual soil action on physiological fonctions
evaporation
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 water stress index
Leaf area index
1

water stress index 0

wilting point threshold soil water content
Supply/demand
water balance

Water inputs of the system

BRUT rainfall + irrigation over canopy x efficiency
Foliar interception

stemflow

Surface runoff irrigation under canopy

or within soil
Soil surface infiltration =
NET rainfall + irrigation x eff – interception - runoff

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
water balance
Principles of PET calculation
PET : Potential evapotranspiration
Reference Resistive
empirical approach mechanistic approach

eo = maximal evapotranspiration
evaporation transpiration
edirectm
eo - edirectm
potential direct
evaporation by climate demand at
soil+mulch+foliar the plant level
f(LAI) Deficit of
Kmax*f(LAI) saturation
eos eop
soil potential evaporation Potential transpiration

Cumul of rainfall Available soil water

es ALIMENTATION ep
actual soil evaporation AGRICULTURE actual transpiration
ENVIRONNEMENT
water balance
soil water evaporation
1. evaporation potentielle ‘eos’
Method 1 → Method 2 → energy balance
eos = ETP*(1-couvermulch) e-δ.LAI eos = f(temperature air, rnets, ras, raa, L,
GAMMA, tvar)
eos/etp

L: chaleur latente de vaporisation, rnets = rayonnement net

couvermulch: proportion of soil au niveau du sol, ras = résistance aérodynamique entre le sol
covered by mulch= f(Qmulch) et la végétation, raa : résistance aérodynamique entre la
végétation et le niveau de référence, GAMMA = constante
psychrometric, tvar = pression de vapeur saturante, dsat =
déficite de saturation de l’air
LAI
2. evaporation réelle ‘es’
Σes
2 successive phases es = eos
(Ritchie 1972) es < eos
es = f(wind, clay, vol. moisture)

Q0 Σeos
Cumulated rainfall
ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
water balance

3. Distribution of water deficit due to evaporation within soil profile

Empirical relationship describing contribution of
soil water to evaporation according to depth (esz)
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
Profondeur (cm)
0

-20 CFES=3

ZESX=30
-40
ZESX=60
ZESX=90
-60 ZESX=120

-80

esz = f(clay, humidity, cfes, zesx)

CFES: parameter describing the contribution of the soil by evaporation depending on the depth, zesx = maximum depth
soil contributing to the evaporation

ALIMENTATION
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water balance

Water absorption ⇔ transpiration

1. Potential transpiration of crops ‘eop’

Empirical K=f(LAI)
K x ETP
K=f(covering rate)

Water Interception
• Canopy
= 2 approches • Mulch

Resistive Rnet calculation

(convective,
• Brunt
radiative) • Brutsaert

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 transpiration ⇔ absorption
1. Potential transpiration of crops ‘eop empirical approach

eop=(eo−edirectm)(β −(β −1)) edirect

edirectm

Climate demande Saturation deficit

at canopy (atmospher state under
canopy)
eop
Dry Soil

es (mm)
Dry Soil Wet soil Wet Soil

The drier soil the higher eop

LAI
ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
water balance

transpiration ⇔ absorption
1. Potential transpiration of crops ‘eop : resistive approach

Baseline meteorological Deficit of

empd (direct
saturation
eop (Potential evaporation )
RAA (diffusion
evapotranspiration of resistance)
canopy) RAC

RAS (vapor
diffusion resistance)
es
emulch (direct
evaporation of mulch) (Soil evaporation)

each flux = f(temperature air, rnets, ras, raa, L, GAMMA, tvar)

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
water balance

Absorption ⇔ transpiration
2. Actual transpiration of canopy ‘ep’
ep/eop = actual/potential transpiration

transp
max
Reduced
transp. Available
Permanent
Wilting point threshold soil water

moisture Root density

Rooting zone
threshold = f (climate demand,
rooting depth, root distribution,
potential stomatal closure)

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 water stress index
Wtaer stress index

Stomatal threshold

Senescence threshold Turgescence threshold

Teta, available water of rooting zone, m3 m-3

SWFAC = stomatal water stress index transpiration, photosynthesis
TURFAC = tugor water stress index foliar growth

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
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nitrogen balance

Nitrogen balance

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
nitrogen balance

N absorption and Nutrition Index (NNI)

demand supply
N crop need Fertliizer, fixation, mineralisation
quantity
[N]
Maximal content = [N, NO3]
potential demand
critical

MS availability
[N, NO3]
transpiration Root density

abso = minimum (N need, N supply)

migration
A L I M E N T A T I O N absorption active
AGRICULTURE
supply = minimum
ENVIRONNEMENT
nitrogen balance

Soil-crop nitrogen inputs

Net precipitations:
rainfall x %N + irrigation x %N

+
N fertilizers x efficience
(volatilization, denitrification,
organization)
+ N2 Fixation
Organic residues
(crop residues, manure, slugde)

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
nitrogen balance

N2 symbiotique fixation
Installed nodules
/ potential

Nil installation nil fixation

1 fixation of nodules

N effect

installation
speed

0
lev dno fno fvino ∑TSOL
N2 fixation = f (N demande of plante, nodule proportion,
soil mineral N, soil H2O, soil anoxia, temperature)

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
nitrogen balance

Evolution of the stock of available nitrogen in the soil

volatilization denitrification

absorption
mineral

Mineralization (Mr) = f NH4+ nitrification NO3-

(type and C / N residues, mineralization (Mh)
humidity, temperature) = f (texture, moisture,
organization temperature)
organic

decomposition humification
residues microbial humus
leaching

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 Soil C & N compartments and main incoming and
outgoing N fluxes (inputs and organic mineralization)

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
humus mineralisation
Mineralisation rate =
humus VPOT*FTH*FH
(CH)
Stable (cn ) Normalized
H
days
Active VPOT = K2POT*NHUM

0.21
K2POT =
(12.5 + ARGI) (54.5 + CALC)

Soil mineral (Not very predictive for sandy soils and non-
calcareous ; cf Valé, 2006)
nitrogen pool
NHUM = Norg*Da*PROFHUM*(1-FINERT)
stable/total = 0.65
kgN.ha-1 %
(Andriulo et al., 1999) Profhum : around plowed layer or highly dense rooting zone

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 Several types of residues
1) Crop residues or organic wastes left as mulch or buried
into the soil and biomass associated with microbial residue
decomposition (see next slide)
2) Aerial entries of crop residues due to harvest (“ressuite” code)

3) Contributions of root residues at harvest or cut

=f(root system description option; root length, specific parameter)

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 Decomposition and mineralisation
coupling C&N cycles but regulation
Decomposition = f(Soil moisture and temperature (Normalized days),
residues nature and C/N, available soil mineral N (4 levels of regulation)
C-CO2 C-CO2

Résidu Biomasse MO humifiée

microbienne
C/N C/N C/N humus

Soil internal C&N cycles N minéral

order 1 kinetics Flux d'N
Flux de C
(Nicolardot, 2001),
Successive regulation due N availability: 1: Reduction of the rate
of decomposition; 2 reduction of N / C ratio of the microbial
biomass; 3: Reduction of N / C ratio ofA Lthe
I M E Nnewly
T A T I O N formed humus;
AGRICULTURE
4 emergence of a "Priming effect "(Giacomini et al, 2008).
ENVIRONNEMENT
 N Fertilisation Empirical approach of
efficiency and losses
Model Input Default option
Rate, type and date
CODLOCFERTI = Localisation code of fertilisation: Volatilization
Denitrification
1 = at surface of sol; 2 = within the sol (VOLENG)
(DENENG)
LOCFERTI = Depth of
ANIT = amount of fertilzer

Microbial
Immobilisation
Available
Fraction for (ORGENG)
crop
absorption

EFFN

EFFN = 1 – NORGENG + NVOLENG + NDENENG

ANIT

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 In option Nitrification, denitrification
and soil N2O emission (NOE model, Hénaut et al., 2005)

Dénitrification Nitrification
vN = Np ⋅ f NH 4 ⋅ fWFPS ⋅ fT
vD = Dp ⋅ f NO3 ⋅ fWFPS ⋅ fT
-Np = potential of nitrification.
-Dp (= potential of - fNO3, fWFPS, fT
dénitrification = response to ammonium concentration,
-fNO3, fWFPS fT porosity saturation and soil & temperature.
= response to soil nitrate - nitrification = min(vN, vMin)
concentration, porosity => possible NH4 accumulation
saturation and soil &
temperature. Proportion de N2O
vN 2O = r ⋅ vD + z ⋅ vN
- denitrification of NO3 originating from nitrification

Separate processes in space and time
- r et z = constants (nowadays)
ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
In option : Mechanistic calculation of NH3 volatilization
Purely physical process. The current STICS version only
simulates explicitly the volatilization following an application of
liquid organic manure (+ empirical calculation for fertilizers).
Modelling the balance between four forms: NH4 adsorbed
and dissolved forms and dissolved and gaseous NH3
Step 1: Calculate the volatilizable fraction after application,
depending on the water content, N min product and tillage.
Step 2: calculation of soil pH after application.
Step 3: Calculation of final proportions of four forms in
equilibrium, depending on the pH, temperature, water
content and soil porosity.
ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 NO3 Leaching ( by percolation or artificial drainage)
= nitrate tranfered under the deepest layer

down Water flow

Nitrate arriving by convection
with the water in an
Water in excess
(>HCCF) = elementary layer is mixed
with the already present
nitrate.
Complete mixing The excess water then
and transfer leaves with the new
concentration of the mixture
Moving water
Water un
microporosity : Overflow
pipe
available for crop Infiltrability mm j-1
(if >PFP)
Water in macroporosity => anoxia

ALIMENTATION
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
 The Modulo-Stics version

Thank you for your attention

Thanks to google traduction

ALIMENTATION
Agri4Cast – Agroclim meeting AGRICULTURE

Ispra, 15-16 november 2010 ENVIRONNEMENT