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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS &

NETWORKS
CHE2111

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ELECTRIC NETWORK (ELECTRIC CIRCUIT)

 is an interconnection of electrical Branch - may be composed of one or
elements linked together in a closed more elements in series
path so that an electric current may Node - point wherein 2 or more
flow continuously branches meet
Loop - interconnection of branches
forming a closed path

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ELECTRICAL
ELEMENTS

PASSIVE ACTIVE

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
RESISTOR INDUCTOR CAPACITOR
SOURCES SOURCES

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ELECTROMOTIVE POTENTIAL
FORCE DIFFERENCE
 refers to the voltage developed by  refers to the observed difference in
an electrical source. voltage between two points in a
circuit.

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Vab  E Vab  IR Vab   E Vab   IR

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VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

(SINGLE SOURCE)
Series Networks | Parallel Networks

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TWO-TERMINAL
SERIES PARALLEL

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TWO-TERMINAL
Voltage Divider Theorem Current Divider Theorem

𝑅
𝑅 𝐼 =𝐼
𝑅 +𝑅
𝑉 =𝐸 𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅 +⋯+𝑅
𝐼 =𝐼
𝑅 +𝑅
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EXAMPLE 1
Determine It, Rt, V2Ω, I2Ω, V6Ω, I6Ω, V12Ω, I12Ω

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Determine It, Rt, V2Ω, I2Ω, V6Ω, I6Ω, V12Ω, I12Ω

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EXAMPLE 2
Determine the voltage and currents across each resistors.

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Determine the voltage and currents across each resistors.

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THE BATTERY

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BATTERY
 A device ideally capable of providing a constant voltage independent of
current flowing through it
 batteries create electron flow in a circuit by exchanging electrons in ionic
chemical reactions

 E = electromotive force (emf)

 r = internal resistance
 Vt = terminal Voltage

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CAPACITY
 number of electrons it can supply with a unit of coulomb (6.25 x 10^18
electrons)

Amp-hour

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EXAMPLE 3
A lead-acid battery is rated at 160 Ah.
(a) What is the maximum current it can supply for 40 h?
(b) How many days will it last if it is discharged at 1 A?

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EXAMPLE 4
A battery with an EMF of 12.0-V shows a terminal voltage of 11.83-V when
connected across a circuit with three light bulbs connected in parallel that
dissipates 9.9 watt each. What is the battery's internal resistance?

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SERIES CONNECTION

rt  r1  r2 If E1 >E2
ET  E1  E2
ET  E1  E2
rt  r1  r2
If E1 <E2
ET  E2  E1
rt  r1  r2
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PARALLEL CONNECTION

ET  E ET  E
r 1 1 1 1
rt    
3 rt r1 r2 r3

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EXAMPLE 5
Determine the current through the 4Ω resistor

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EXAMPLE 6

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EXAMPLE 7
Determine the branch currents using:
(a) Kirchoff’s Laws (KCL & KVL)
(b) Maxwell’s Mesh Currents

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