Respiratory System 2. External respiration.

- Organs and associated structures
respiratory system
of the Gas exchange (oxygen loading and carbon dioxide
unloading) between the pulmonary blood and alveoli must
take place. Remember that in external respiration, gas
exchanges are being made between the blood and the body
exterior.
3. Respiratory gas transport.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported to
and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the
bloodstream.
4. Internal respiration.
At systemic capillaries, gas exchange occurs
between the blood and cells inside the body.

TWO Major structures associated with the respiratory tract in

DIVISIONS the head and neck.

1. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

 Nose
 Nasal cavity
 Paranasal sinuses
 Pharynx.
2. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchial tree
 Lungs
DURING INHALATION
*Diaphrahm contracts to pull downward
*Chest muscles contract to pull open the chest
DURING EXHALATION
*Muscles relaxed
*Allows lungs to spring back to its original size
*Pushes air out
Function ::::
The major function of the respiratory system is to
supply the body with oxygen and to dispose of
carbon dioxide. To do this, at least four distinct
events, collectively called respiration, must occur:
1. Pulmonary ventilation.
Air must move into and out of the lungs so that the
gases in the alveoli of the lungs are continuously refreshed.
This process of pulmonary ventilation is commonly called
breathing.
 *BREATHING IN*  Clusters of lymphatic tissue called tonsils are also
found in the pharynx. The single pharyngeal tonsil,
*Air flows into the nostrils and enters the nasal cavity
often called the adenoid, is located high in the
*lined by cells that releases mucus, lysosome kills bacteria nasopharynx.
*Cilia at the entrance of nasal cavity is coated with mucus  The two palatine tonsils are in the oropharynx at the
*Trap large particles of pollen and dust as well as bacteria end of the soft palate,
*Forms tiny clumps of boogers *LARYNX*
*the part of the pharynx that's continuous with larynx –
laryngopharynx
 The larynx is composed of a framework of muscles
and cartilages bound by elastic tissue. The largest of
then cartilages are the thyroid (“Adam’s apple”),
cricoid, and epiglottic cartilages
 Inside the larynx, two pairs of horizontal vocal folds
composed of muscle tissue and connective tissue
with a covering of mucous membrane extend inward
from the lateral walls.
- Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal
cavity to the pharynx.  The upper folds are called false vocal cords
- Micrograph of ciliated epithelium in the respiratory because they do not produce sounds
tract (275×).
 The lower folds of muscle tissue and elastic
*PARANASAL SINUSES* fibers are the true vocal cords.
Sphenoid sinus  Contracting or relaxing muscles that alter the tension on
Ethmoid sinus the vocal cords controls the pitch
Frontal sinus The Heimlich maneuver
Maxillary sinus
a procedure in which the air in a person’s own lungs is
*Nasal cavity is connected to sinuses used to “pop out,” or expel, an obstructing piece of food, has
saved many people from becoming victims of choking.
* are air-filled spaces inside the bones that surround the nose
*Helps air get warm and moist
*Amplify the sound of your voice
That's why you sound different when your nose is
clogged.
*PHARYNX*
Epiglottis
*the part you can feel with your tongue – hard palate

*softer portion of the roof of your mouth – soft palate

*The region connecting nasal cavity and pharynx - nasopharynx *spoon shaped flap of cartilage acts like a lid that seals of the
airway when you're eating.
*The region connecting oral cavity and pharynx - oropharynx
*COUGH REFLEX, IF FOOD GETS INTO THE LARYNX.
*pendulum like, forms a flap or valve - Uvula
*AIR GOES DOWN INTO THE TRACHEA
*closes nasopharynx off when you eat to prevent food going up
into the nasopharnyx – Valve

*two main bronchi

*the point at which they split – Carina  alveolar sacs
*TRACHEA  and alveoli, is the only site of gas exchange
*The trachea is fairly rigid because its walls are reinforced
with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
*terminal bronchioles,
*These rings serve a double purpose. The open parts of the are last generation of
rings about the esophagus and allow it to expand anteriorly conducting airways. 
when we swallow a large piece of food.
*respiratory
The cilia are the yellow, grasslike bronchioles
projections surrounded by the mucus-
secreting goblet cells, which exhibit
short microvilli (orange). (Scanning *alveolar duct (final
electron micrograph, 1,800×) destination)
A layer of serous membrane,
the visceral pleura, firmly attaches to each lung
surface and folds back to become the parietal pleura *ALVEOLAR WALL
. *no cilia or smooth mucle
The parietal pleura, in turn, forms part of the
mediastinum and lines the inner wall of the thoracic *the walls are lined with thin epithelial cells called
cavity. pneumocytes.

*LUNGS
*Right lung has three lobes
*Left lung has two lobes
* Right superior lobe
*Right middle lobe
*Right inferior lobe Type 1
pneumocyte: The cell responsible for the gas (oxygen
*Left superior lobe and carbon dioxide) exchange that takes place in the
*Left inferior lobe alveoli. 
Type 2 pneumocyte: The cell responsible for the
production and secretion of surfactant .
*BRONCHI
Surfactant, reduces the surface tension of pulmonary
*cartilage rings for support fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of the
lungs, KEEPS ALVEOLI OPEN!
*Right mainstem Bronchus - wider and larger
*BRONCHIOLES
*little bronchi
*can stay open without the need of cartilage
*conducting bronchioles
*air is conducted through smaller and smaller
bronchioles for about 15-20 generations
*receives oxygenated blood from bronchial arteries
ONLY SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE!!!
ACID BASE BALANCE REGULATION
 The respiratory zone, which includes the
 Acid–base imbalance is an abnormality of the
 respiratory bronchioles, human body's normal balance of acids and bases
 alveolar ducts, that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the
normal range (7.35 to 7.45).
  Increase in blood pH- Alkalosis
 Decrease in blood pH- Acidosis
 Too much intake of CO2- Respiratory
acidosis
 Excess loss of CO2- Respiratory alkalosis
 Excess hydrogen ion- Metabolic acidosis
 Excess hyrdogen ion loss or excess alkaline
intake- Metabolic alkalosis
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
 Emphysema is a progressive, degenerative disease that
destroys alveolar walls
 Chronic bronchitis - the mucosa of the lower respiratory
passages becomes severely inflamed and produces
excessive mucus. increases the risk of lung infections,
including pneumonias.
Chronic bronchitis patients are sometimes called “blue bloaters”

 Lung Cancer - from irritants, but smoking overwhelms

these cleansing devices, and they eventually stop
functioning.

Essence of the Substance

 The nasal cavity is lined with mucosa, which
warms, filters, and moistens incoming air.
 The pharynx (throat) is a mucosa-lined, muscular
tube with three regions—nasopharynx, oropharynx,
and laryngopharynx
 The larynx contains the vocal folds (true vocal
cords), which produce sounds used in speech.
 The trachea is a smooth-muscle tube lined with a
ciliated mucosa and reinforced with C-shaped
cartilaginous rings, which keep the trachea patent
(open).
 Right and left main (primary) bronchi result from
division of the trachea. Each plunges into the hilum
of the lung on its side.
 The lungs are paired organs flanking the
mediastinum in the thoracic cavity.
 The lungs are primarily elastic tissue and
passageways of the bronchial tree. The smallest
passageways end in clusters of air sacs called
alveoli.
 The conducting zone includes all respiratory
passages from the nasal cavity to the terminal
bronchioles; they conduct air to and from the alveoli
of the lungs.