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The Nuclear Force and The Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction
The Nuclear Force and The Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction
The Nuclear Force and The Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction
Force and much from analogy as has atomic physics. The reason
seems to be that the nucleus is the domain of new
the and unfamiliar forces, for which men have not yet
developed an intuitive feeling.
Nucleon-
Nucleon V. L. Telegdi [Sci. Am. 1962]
Interaction
• …more man-hours have been given to this problem
than to any other scientific question in the history of
mankind.
ans
ottedthat the scattered wave lags behind
experiment both forthetheunscattered
spin
omenta triplet-isospin singlet 3
S and a
b 1unscattered
1
the scattered wave runs Spin singlet
ahead of the S0 one r
rapid for the spin singlet-isospin 0.75
a
r r
of the scattering phase for a repulsive (left) and an attractive (right) potential.
δ0 Attraction
denote unscattered waves, the continuous ones the scattered waves
Sum
ı0 D !kb : (17.6)
Fig. 17.3 Superposition of negative and positive scattering phases ı0 plotted against the relative
momenta of the scattered particles. The resulting effective ı0 is generated by a short distance
phase is negative
repulsiveand
and aproportional to the
longer range attractive range ofpotential
nucleon-nucleon the potential. A
ing phase means that the scattered wave lags behind the unscattered
100
-50
Superposition of negative and positive scattering phases ı0 plotted against the relative
Completeparticles.
of the scattered phase-shift
Theanalysis leads
resulting to an NNı0pot
effective is of the typeby a short distance
generated
nd a longer range attractive nucleon-nucleon potential
-100
100
l dependence of the nucleon-nucleon potential for ` D 0. Note that
ce of the potential
50
is not shown
No spin and isospin
V(r) [MeV]
1 2 3 dependence shown
0
e valid for nucleon-nucleon bound states and low energy
r [fm]
g. -50
determine the interaction are the separation of the nucle-
menta p, the-100total orbital angular momentum L and the
he spins of the two nucleons, s1 and s2 . The potential is
Sketch of the radial dependence of the nucleon-nucleon potential for ` D 0. Note that
dvery least beof invariant
isospin dependence under
the potential is not shown translations and rotations.
symmetric under exchange of the two nucleons. These
Symmetry and invariance considerations
Deuteron
2 b = 0.5 fm
u (r)
2
0 r/b
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
V [MeV]
–100 Binding energy
= 2.23 MeV
–200
1 2 3
r [fm]
Ideally, we would like to derive the nuclear force between nucleons from QCD,
the field theory of the strong interaction between quarks mediated by the exchange
of gluons. Such a derivation is, however, not yet possible, one of the reasons being
that nucleons are colour-neutral. At distances larger than the confinement scale only
colour-neutral objects can be exchanged between them, i.e., only the exchange of
two or more gluons, of quark-antiquark pairs or of mesons is possible.
Consequently, one has to rely on simplifications and approximations. Below, we
will shortly present some aspects of two different approaches for the description of
the nuclear force: quark models and meson-exchange models.