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Zabura Francisco Saide

Diabetes
12 , Class A404,
th

Tete Secondary School

Tete, December
2020

Zabura Francisco Saide No 20

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Diabetes

Evaluation work related to the

English subject, 12th, Class
A404 supervised by the teacher:

dr. Vasco Francisco Dembua

Tete Secondary School

Tete, December 2020
Index
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Introduction.................................................................................................................................3
1. Diabetes...................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Symptoms.............................................................................................................................4
1.2. Diabetes Types.....................................................................................................................5
1.3. Causes of Diabetes...............................................................................................................6
1.3.1. Type 1 Diabetes................................................................................................................6
1.3.2. Type 2 Diabetes................................................................................................................6
1.4. Risk Factors for Diabetes.....................................................................................................7
1.5. Diabetes Prevention.............................................................................................................7
1.6. Treatment of Diabetes..........................................................................................................8
1.6.1. Type 1 diabetes.................................................................................................................8
1.6.2. Type 2 diabetes.................................................................................................................8
2. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................9
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................10

Introduction
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Diabetes is a chronic condition associated with abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in
the blood. Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers blood glucose. Absence or insufficient
production of insulin, or an inability of the body to properly use insulin causes diabetes.
The two types of diabetes are referred to as type 1 and type 2. Former names for these
conditions were insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile onset and
adult-onset diabetes.

1. Diabetes
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Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases

characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion,
or its action, or both.
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first
identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient
world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the
urine, hence the term sweet urine (LAL, 2016).
Diabetes can cause serious health complications including heart disease, blindness, kidney
failure, and lower-extremity amputations. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the
world.
Normally, blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the
pancreas. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates insulin is
released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose level by promoting the uptake of glucose
into body cells. In patients with diabetes, the absence of insufficient production of or lack of
response to insulin causes hyperglycemia (World Health Organization, 1999).

1.1 Symptoms
People who think they might have diabetes must visit a physician for diagnosis. They might
have SOME or NONE of the following symptoms:
 Frequent urination;
 Excessive thirst;
 Unexplained weight loss;
 Extreme hunger;
 Sudden vision changes;
 Tingling or numbness in hands or feet;
 Feeling very tired much of the time;
 Very dry skin;
 Sores that are slow to heal;
 More infections than usual.
Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains may accompany some of these symptoms in the abrupt
onset of insulin-dependent diabetes, now called Type 1 diabetes (Basina, 2019).
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Fig. 1. Overview of the most significant symptoms of diabetes

1.2. Diabetes Types

 Type 1 diabetes – where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells that
produce insulin. Previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or
juvenile-onset diabetes, may account for 5 percent to 10 percent of all diagnosed cases of
diabetes.

Fig. 2. 2Autoimmune attack in type 1 diabetes.

Risk factors are less well defined for Type 1 diabetes than for Type 2 diabetes, but
autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of this type
of diabetes (World Health Organization, 1999).
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 Type 2 diabetes – where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body's cells do
not react to insulin. Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90 percent to 95 percent of
all diagnosed cases of diabetes.

Fig. 3. Reduced insulin secretion and absorption leads to high glucose content in the blood.

Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes include older age, obesity, and family history of diabetes,
prior history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and
race/ethnicity. Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1.

1.3. Causes of Diabetes

1.3.1. Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune condition. This means your immune system
mistakenly attacks and destroys the beta cells in your pancreas that produce insulin. The
damage is permanent.
What prompts the attacks isn’t clear. There may be both genetic and environmental reasons.
Lifestyle factors aren’t thought to play a role (Basina, 2019).

1.3.2. Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes starts as insulin resistance. This means your body can’t use insulin efficiently.
That stimulates your pancreas to produce more insulin until it can no longer keep up with
demand. Insulin production decreases, which leads to high blood sugar.
The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown. Contributing factors may include:
 Genetics;
 Lack of exercise;
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 Being overweight.

1.4. Risk Factors for Diabetes

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not as well understood as those for type 2 diabetes. Family
history is a known risk factor for type 1 diabetes. Other risk factors can include having certain
infections or diseases of the pancreas.
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes are many. The following can raise your risk of
developing type 2 diabetes:
 Being obese or overweight
 High blood pressure
 Elevated levels of triglycerides and low levels of "good" cholesterol (HDL)
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Family history
 Increasing age
 Polycystic ovary syndrome
 Impaired glucose tolerance
 Insulin resistance
 Gestational diabetes during a pregnancy
 Ethnic background: Hispanic/Latino Americans, African-Americans, Native Americans,
Asian-Americans, Pacific Islanders, and Alaska natives are at greater riskn (LAL, 2016).

1.5. Diabetes Prevention

Type 1 diabetes isn’t preventable because it’s caused by a problem with the immune system.
Some causes of type 2 diabetes, such as your genes or age, aren’t under your control either.
Yet many other diabetes risk factors are controllable. Most diabetes prevention strategies
involve making simple adjustments to your diet and fitness routine.
If you’ve been diagnosed with prediabetes, here are a few things you can do to delay or
prevent type 2 diabetes:
 Get at least 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise, such as walking or cycling.
 Cut saturated and trans fats, along with refined carbohydrates, out of your diet.
 Eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
 Eat smaller portions.
 Try to lose 7 percentTrusted Source of your body weight if you’re overweight or obese.
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These aren’t the only ways to prevent diabetes. Discover more strategies that may help you
avoid this chronic disease (Basina, 2019).

1.6. Treatment of Diabetes

Doctors treat diabetes with a few different medications. Some of these drugs are taken by
mouth, while others are available as injections.

1.6.1. Type 1 diabetes

Insulin is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes. It replaces the hormone your body isn’t able
to produce.
There are four types of insulin that are most commonly used. They’re differentiated by how
quickly they start to work, and how long their effects last:
 Rapid-acting insulin starts to work within 15 minutes and its effects last for 3 to 4 hours.
 Short-acting insulin starts to work within 30 minutes and lasts 6 to 8 hours.
 Intermediate-acting insulin starts to work within 1 to 2 hours and lasts 12 to 18 hours.
 Long-acting insulin starts to work a few hours after injection and lasts 24 hours or longer.

1.6.2. Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is managed with diet and exercise, and can also be treated with a variety of
medications to help control blood sugar. The first-line medication is usually metformin
(Glumetza, Glucophage, Fortamet, Riomet). This drug helps your body use insulin more
effectively. If metformin doesn’t work, your doctor can add other medications or try
something different.
You’ll need to monitor your blood sugar levels. You may also need medications to help
control blood pressure and cholesterol (World Health Organization, 1999).
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2. Conclusion
As a result of the present work, we conclude that: There’s no known prevention for type 1
diabetes. You can lower your risk of type 2 diabetes if you: control your weight and manage
your diet, exercise regularly, avoid smoking, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol
levels.
Other specific types of diabetes result from specific genetic syndromes, surgery, drugs,
malnutrition, infections, and other illnesses. Such types of diabetes may account for 1 percent
to 2 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
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Bibliography
"Diabetes Programme". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 26 April
2014. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
Basina, M. Diabetes, Symptoms, causes, Diagnosis & treatment. São Paulo: Moderna, 2019.
LAL, B. S. Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms And Treatments., 2016.
Visser J, Rozing J, Sapone A, Lammers K, Fasano A "Tight junctions, intestinal permeability,
and autoimmunity: celiac disease and type 1-diabetes paradigms". Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences, 195–205. Bibcode, May 2009.
World Health Organization, Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and
its Complications, Geneva, 1999.