Chemical Energetics

Bond Enthalpy
Review of last lesson
1. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of sucrose, C12H22O11,
given the following standard enthalpy changes of combustion:
carbon -394 kJ mol-1; hydrogen -286 kJ mol-1; sucrose -5640 kJ mol-
1.

2. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of liquid

hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, from the following information:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ΔH = -572 kJ mol-1
2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) ΔH = -196 kJ mol-1
Review of last lesson
3. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the reaction:

4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g)

Standard enthalpy changes of formation in kJmol-1:

FeS2(s) = -178; Fe2O3(s)= -824 ; SO2(g) = -297
Bond enthalpy or bond energy
• You must always start from original compound in the gas state and
what you end up with (the individual atoms of the elements) must
also be in the gas state.
• If you are given a problem which involves a liquid, you first have to
convert it into a gas before you can do any bond enthalpy sums. If you
need to do this, the examiners will give you the necessary enthalpy
change information.
Bond enthalpy or bond energy
• When you are doing problems involving bond enthalpies, it is usually
a good idea to draw the full structural formula of the compounds
involved. By doing this, it is easy to count the numbers of bonds being
broken. It is surprisingly easy to get the number of bonds wrong if you
work from a formula like C2H5OH, for example.
• In calculations, you almost always use mean bond enthalpies/bond
energy terms
• In bond enthalpy calculations, the word “estimate” is often used
rather than “calculate” to reflect the inaccuracies involved when you
use mean bond enthalpies. The answer will only be an approximation
to the correct value.
Standard enthalpy change of atomisation
• It is essential to remember that the “per mole” in this case refers to a
mole of gaseous atoms and not a mole of the original element
Standard enthalpy change of vaporisation
• This is the heat needed to convert one mole of substance from liquid
to gas. The substance should be at its boiling point and a pressure of
1 atm.
• For example, ΔHv for water is +41 kJ mol-1. This means that if you have
1 mole of water at 100°C, it will take 41 kJ to convert it entirely to
steam.
Do Now 1
Do Now 2
Estimate the enthalpy change when hydrogen peroxide decompose to
water and oxygen according to the equation:

2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

Bond enthalpies: H-O (+464 kJ mol-1); O-O (+144 kJ mol-1); O=O (+498 kJ
mol-1)
Enthalpy changes of vaporisation: H2O2(l) (+43 kJ mol-1)
H2O(l) (+41 kJ mol-1)
Do Now 3
• Calculate the mean bond enthalpy of the H-S bond in hydrogen
sulphide, H2S (g)
Standard enthalpy change of formation of H2S(g): -21 kJ mol-1

Enthalpy changes of atomisation: sulphur: +279 kJ mol-1

hydrogen: +218 kJ mol-1
Do Now 4
• Estimate the enthalpy change of formation of tetrachloromethane,
CCl4(l).
Mean bond enthalpies: C-Cl (+346 kJ mol-1)
Cl-Cl (+243 kJ mol-1)
Enthalpy change of vaporisation of CCl4(l) (+30 kJ mol-1)
Enthalpy change of atomisation of carbon: (+717 kJ mol-1)