the Han River

the Pacific Ocean

the Times
6. 형용사 앞에 붙는 관사
the rich = rich people
the poor = poor people
the injured = injured people
฀ 관사
The rich are not always happy.
7. by the pound
(1) 부정관사
by the + 단위를 나타내는 명사(hour, dozen,
a, an
pound)
I have an umbrella.
8. 그녀가 나의 머리를 쳤어.
He's an honest man.
She hit me on the head. 사람에 의미
뒤따르는 단어의 철자가 아닌 발음이 모음이어야.
She hit my head. 머리에 의미
1. 하나의
9. 회화에서의 the
I have a wife.
in the morning, in the sun, in the wrong, in the
2. 대표단수
right
A dog(The dog, Dogs) is faithful animal.
Adam was in the wrong.
3. -마다, -에 = per
Eve was in the right?
I take a shower three times a day.
10. 관사 생략
4. 같은 = the same
① 호격
She and I are of an age.
Doc, I have a fever.
5. -이라는 사람
② 가족관계
A Miss Lee came to see you.
Mother loves snakes.
Q. 다음의 뜻으로 맞는 것은?
③ 관직, 신분을 나타내는 말 ☞ 칭호, 동격, 보어
A fox is cunning.
President Kim
① 여우 한 마리가 교활하다.
Kim, YoungSam, President of Korea.
② 여우란 동물은 교활하다.
Kim, YoungSam was elected President of Korea.
③ 여우는 한 마리만이 교활하다.
④ 건물이나 시설 따위가 원래의 목적을 나타낼 때
④ 맞는 답이 없다.
go to church ☞ go to the church
go to school 다른 볼일 go to the school
(2) 정관사
go to bed go to the bed
1. 앞에 나온 말을 이어받을 때
⑤ 식사, 스포츠, 학과이름
There is a beautiful girl in the store.
I had lunch.
2. ‘그’ 라는 말만 붙이면 상대가 알 수 있을 때
※ 악기 이름 앞에는 the
Open the window.
My wife is playing the piano.
3. 고유명사 취급을 받지 못하는 것들
관사 없이 쓰여 다른 뜻을 나타냄.
the earth, the world, the sun, the moon, the
They are at table. 식사 중
sea, the sky, the equator
They are at sea. 항해 중
The sun rises in the east.
⑥ a(an)나 the와 동거하지 않는 관용표현들
4. 관용적인 것
by bus, by boat, by ship, by taxi, by airplane,
the most, the only, the very, the same, the last
by train, on foot, by phone, by mail
He's the very man I've been looking for.
⑦ 밀접한 관계를 갖는 두개의 명사
The last thing you have to do is (to) tell a lie.
mom and dad
5. 고유명사엔 관사를 붙이지 않는 것을 원칙
day and night
역, 항구, 호수, 다리, 공항, 공원 ☞ 관사 ✗
day by day
산맥, 강, 바다, 배, 군도, 연방정부, 공공건물, 신문∙
side by side
잡지이름 ☞ 관사 〇
1
step by step I discussed about my wedding matter. ✗
☞ I discussed my wedding matter. 〇
(3) 풍수지리 The thief entered the room.
① 다재다능한 인물 The president didn't attend the meeting.
He met a doctor and patient. “ 나는 그녀와 결혼했다. ”
He met a doctor and a patient. I married with her. ✗ 나는 그녀와 함께 결혼했
② such, quite, so 다. 같은 장소에서 함께 결혼
She's such a wonderful girl. ☞ I married her. 〇
She's quite a wonderful girl. ☞ I was married to her. 〇 수동태
She's so wonderful a girl. I was married to her last year.
소혁명 = so +형 +(관사) + 명 I got married to her last year.
③ all, both, half + the(소유격) + 명사
All the workers in our department are busy. (3) 동사의 시제
Both the workers in our department are busy. [ 현재 ]
Half the workers in our department are busy. 1. 현재에 동작이 미치는 일
I waited for her half an hour. Don't mister me.
④ as, too +형, 부 ☞ as, too + 형 + 2. 현재의 상태
관 +명 She's ugly.
뒤에 명사가 붙으면 3. 현재에 영향을 미치는 습관적인 동작
She's not as pretty a girl as my wife. He smokes everyday.
She's too good a girl to lose. 4. 불변의 진리
The sun rises in the east.
฀ 동사 Our love is forever. > Our love will be forever.
5. 떠나다, 도착하다(왕래발착동사)
(1) 동사네 집안사람들 She arrives here tonight.
우리말 - 나는 당신을 좋아한다. arrive = get to
영어 - I love you. 6. 조건을 나타내는 부사절 if, when
자동사 I go to school. If it rains tomorrow, I won't go to New York.
타동사 I broght her here. [ 과거 ] I wasn't born yesterday.
완전자동사 A baby cries. 1. 과거의 습관
SV 1 He would go shopping with her.
불완전자동사 She looks pretty. would = will의 과거형 ; -하곤 했었다.
SVC 2 2. 역사
완전타동사 She sang a song. Columbus discovered America in 1492.
SVO 3 3. 과거완료 대용
불완전타동사 She made me happy. 그는 그의 강아지를 때리고 나서 소주를 마셨다.
SVOO.C 5 After he beat his puppy, he drank SoJu. 〇
+ After he had beaten his puppy, he drank SoJu.
수여동사 She gave me a cat. 〇
SVOI.OD.O 4 [ 미래 ]
<단순미래> <의지미래>
(2) 동사의 운명 shall will will - 긍정문 - will shall shall
동사의 운명은 정해지지 ✗ shall shall shall - 의문문 - shall will shall
A hare runs fact. I will die. (=I will kill myself)
I run a supermarket. I shall die.
A big tree stands on the riverside. You shall die.
I can't stand the pain. = I will let you die.

2
= I will make you die My wife had gone to bed before I came home.
= I will kill you. ④ 계속
Shall I go? He had loved his wife until he died.
Seek, and you shall find. 예언 나를 버리고 가시던 님은 10리도 못 가서 발병 났
He will not say a word at table. 습관 다.
The door won't open. 고집 He had not gone 10 Li before his feet hurt.
be going to = be about to not - before ~ ; -하지도 않아 ~하다.
I'm going to marry her. 나를 보자마자 그녀는 기절하였다.
Q. Will Will make his will at his will? No sooner had she seen me than she fainted.
[ 완료 ] No sooner - than ~ ; -하자마자 ~하다.
1. 현재완료 = Hardly - when(before)~, Scarcely -
have +과거분사 when(before) ~, as soon as
과거의 어떤 시점을 기준으로 해서 말하는 현재 순 3. 미래완료
간까지 동작이 완료 will(shall) have + 과거분사
과거에 출발해서 현재까지 계속되는 것 ① 완료
I have finished my home work. I will have been married by 20.
I finished my homework. ② 경험
① 완료 just, now, already, today I shall have got married three times if I marry
I've done the work. July.
② 경험 ever, never, often, before, once, ③ 결과
~ times I will have met her before I die.
Have you ever been to KyungJoo? ④ 계속
have been to ; -에 가본 적이 있다. We will have known her for full three years by
Did you go to New York? 단순한 과거시제 July.
Have you ever been to New York? 완료형 [ 진행형 ]
Have you gone to New York? ✗ 1. 현재진행형
have gone to ; -에 가고 없다. be 동사 +동사의 원형 -ing ; 하고 있다
☞ Has he gone to New York? ① 현재 진행 중
③ 결과 I'm having breakfast.
She has gone. ② 가까운 미래
④ 계속 since, for, always, all one's life We're having married soon.
She's been ill since last week. 2. 과거진행형
He's been dead for ten years. was(were) +동사의 원형 -ing ; 하고 있었다.
※ I have met her yesterday. ✗ When I visited my friend, he was beating his
yesterday, last week, ago just now(= a shot wife.
time ago) ☞ 과거시제 3. 미래진행형
just, now ☞ 현재시제 will(shall) be + -ing ; 하고 있을 것이다.
2. 과거완료 When I arrive at the White House, President
had +과거분사 Clinton will be having dinner with his wife.
과거보다 더 앞선 과거(대과거)를 출발점으로 해서 4. 예외
과거까지 행해진 일 < 상태동사 >
① 완료 ① 있다
When I got there, she had already been dead. I'm in Seoul.
② 경험 ② 가지다
I broke with the girl who my sister had I have an apple.
introduced to me. ③ 속하다
③ 결과 You belong to me.

3
resemble, love, know, hope, want, believe, ☞ Never did I see such a beauty.
remember He rarely studies.
※ We're having dinner. 〇 ☞ Rarely does he study.
< 지각동사 중 무의지동사 > - 의지적 행위를 나타
낼 때는 진행 시제 가능 (3) may
hear, see, small, feel 1. 허가
※ We're seeing the night sights of New York. May I use your money?
〇 May I have the cake?
look, watch, listen +진행형 No, you may not.
listen 의지에 의한 동작 Listen No, you must not.
to me, OK? 2. 추측
hear 가만히 있어도 들리는 것 H e ' s -일지도 모른다.
hard of hearing. He may be angry if I call him SOB.
3. 기원
฀ 조동사 May you succeed!
4. 특수용법
(1) can may well -하는 것도 당연하다. -할 만하다.
1. 능력 You may well be proud of your kids.
I can fly. may as well = had better -하는 게 낫다.
미래형 ☞ I will be able to fly. You may as well go back home at once.
2. 허가 5. 과거형 might
Can I take your wife to the movies? ① 시제일치
can = may He said, "I may go to Seoul." ☞ He said that
3. 특수용법 he might go to Seoul.
cannot - too, cannot - enough ② 희박한 가능성
아무리 -해도 지나치지 않다. I might get married to Cindy.
You can't study too hard.
I can't thank you enough. (4) must
1. 필요, 의무
(2) do You must say, 'Yes'.
1. 부정문 must = have to ☞ had to, will(shall) have to
I don't know who you are. 2. 강한 금지
do(does) + not ☞ don't(doesn't) You must not go out with him.
didn't 3. 강한 추측
I don't know ☞ I do not know. 강조 -임에 틀림없다.
You turkey! She must be married.
2. 의문문 You must be feeling on top of the world.
Does he know I'm a spy?
Do my hips look cute? (5) shall
= My hips look cute? Korean shall prosper forever.
= Are my hips cute? [ should ]
3. 강조 1. 의무
I do know you're a turkey. You shouldn't overstay your welcome.
4. 대동사 ※ 오늘날에는 ‘-하는 게 좋다.’ 정도로 쓰임.
She speaks English better than I do. You must go home.
5. 도치문 You should go home.
I did never see such a beauty. 2. 비난

4
I should have married Rambo. I would rather go home than stay overnight
should have + 과거분사 ☞ 후회, 비난, 원망 with you.
3. 희망, 제안, 요구 등의 동사 뒤에 오는 종속절 -, ~ 원형동사
Joe demanded that SoJu marry MaGulLi.
요새는 그냥 동사의 원형을 그대로 씀. (7) used to
demand, request, order, suggest, propose, insist, Father used to say that money isn't everything.
desire, wish 상습적 동작
4. 무가치한 존재 There used to be a big ginko tree next ti the
It is + 형 + that + 주 + should house. 과거의 상태
natural, necessary, strange, right, wrong, would는 습관을 나타내지만 상습적, 영속적인 면이
curious, odd, wonderful, surprising, regretable, a 약하다.
pity ※ be used to +명사, 동명사
It is natural that man should die. -에 익숙해지다.
I'm used to fighting with my wife.
(6) will
1. 의지 ฀ 능동태와 수동태
I will kill you.
2. 고집 (1) 능동태 수동태
My car won't start. I die. ☞ I'm killed.
3. 부드러운 명령 He kissed her. ☞ She was kissed by him.
You will leave here tomorrow. 1. 진행형 수동태
4. 의뢰, 권유 There were building the house.
Will you lend me some money? ☞ The house was being built by them.
would > will 정중함 They were repairing the bridge.
5. 습성 ☞ The bridge was being repaired by them.
The man will pray for hours before dinner. be being P.P ☞ 비빙삐삐
6. 추측 2. 의문사를 대동한 수동태
She will be your fiancee. Who beat up my boy?
[ would ] ☞ By whom was my boy beaten up?
1. 공손한 표현 ☞ Who was my boy beaten up by?
Would you please pass me the salt? 3. 목적어가 두개지만 수동태는 하나
2. 고집 I made her a paper plane.
He would not take the money. ☞ She was made a paper plane by me. ✗
3. 과거의 습관 ☞ A paper plane was made (to) her by me. 〇
He would came to Seoul to try some kimchee. 4. 일반인은 생략
4. 과거의 추측 we, you, they, people
He would be only 15 when he was at college. They elected XX President.
5. want to = wish to ☞ XX was elected President (by them).
If you want, I would go with you. 5. 목적어가 명사절
6. would like to They say that he is a penny pincher.
I'd like to smuggle some goods. ☞ It is said that he is a penny pincher.
3대 lies 는? ☞ He is said to be a penny pincher.
① 처녀, 시집 안간다. 6. 합성동사
② 장사, 밑지고 판다. I took care of my baby at home last Sunday.
③ 노인, 어서 죽어야지. ☞ My baby was taken care of by me at home
7. would rather - than ~ last Sunday.
~하기보다는 차라리 -하고 싶다. 동사(타동사) + (a) + 형용사 + 추상명사 + 전치사

5
While I was away, she took a good care of my parents.
baby. 4. 능동태의 주어가 분명치 않을 때
☞ While I was away, a good care was taken of He was killed in the korean War.
my baby by her. 5. 능동태의 주어가 일반인을 나타낼 때
7. 명령문 Korean is spoken in LA, too.
Make friends be made. 6. 형태는 수동태, 수동태의 의미가 거의 없이 자동
부정문을 만들 경우 사처럼 쓰이는 경우
Touch her. I was born in Mars.
☞ Don't let her be touched. 7. 피해를 당하는 경우
☞ Let her not be touched. be injured
be drowned
(2) by + 목적어가 통용되지 않는 농땡이 군단들
1. know (4) 주의
Everybody knows the actor. 1. get, remain
☞ The actor is known by everybody. ✗ He is buried in the National Cemetery. 상태
☞ The actor is known to everybody. 〇 He got buried in the National Cemetery last
I know Mr. Clinton is. year. 동작
I know who Mr. Clinton is. He remains buried in the National Cemetery last
be known by 판단 year. 강한 상태
A man is known by his friend. 2. 형식-능동태, 뜻-수동태
2. snow This book sells well.
Snow covers the mountain. This book reads well.
☞ The mountain is covered by snow. ✗ This onion peels well.
☞ The mountain is covered with me. 〇 3. have + 목적어 + 과거분사
3. of, from I had my watch stolen.
Books are made of paper. 4. 수동태 = 능동태
Paper is made from wood. He's to be blamed.
of 변하지 않는 그 자체 = He's to blame.
from -곳에서 다른 곳, 변화 I have a lot of books to read.
4. 기쁨, 슬픔, 놀람 ☞ I have a lot of books to be read.
보통 수동태로 표현, 전치사 at, with 이용
I'm pleased with my new wife. ฀ 시제
5. 잡동사니들
be interested in -에 흥미가 있다. (1) 시제의 일치
be tired from -로 피곤하다. 1. 종은 주인을 따른다.
be tired of -에 싫증이 나다. She always says I'm handsome.
be crowded with -로 붐비다. 2. 주절의 시제가 현재라 할지라도 이치상으로 종속
be disappointed with -에 실망하다. 절의 시제는 과거인 경우
그녀는 젊었을 때 예뻤다고들 한다.
(3) 수동태의 필요성 = They say that she was pretty when she was
1. 능동태의 주어보다 수동태의 주어를 더 강조할 young.
때 ☞ They said that she had been pretty when
My boy was run over by a car. she was young.
2. 행위자를 드러내지 않는게 좋을 때 3. 주절이 동사가 과거가 되면 종속절의 현재완료는
My watch has been taken away. 과거완료
3. 문장연결상으로 I think he has finished the work.
Mike studied hard and was praised a lot by his ☞ I thought he had finished the work.

6
4. 쿠데타 yesterday ☞ the day before, the previous day
① 진리는 항상 현재형 tomorrow ☞ the next day, the following day
He knows the earth moves around. last week ☞ the week before, the previous
☞ He knew the earth moves around. night
② 현재의 습관은 항상 현재형 next ☞ the next, the following
I know my mom gives me a hug about at six 2. Yes, No의 간접화법
every morning. She said, "Yes."
☞ I knew my mom gives me a hug about at six ☞ She accepted.
every morning. ☞ She agreed.
③ 발생은 과거에 이루어졌지만 현재까지 영향이 미 ☞ She answered in the negative.
치는 일은 현재형 She said, "No."
She said she is in Seoul now. ☞ She refused.
④ 역사적인 사실은 항상 과거시제 ☞ She denied.
They taught us the Second World War broke ☞ She answered in the negative.
out in 1939. 3. 의문문의 화법은 어떤 식으로
⑤ 가정법 종속절 동사의 시제는 주절의 시제가 변 ① He said to me, "How much did you make?"
해도 변하지 ✗ ☞ He asked me how much did you made.
I wish I could fly. 의문사가 있으면 그대로 둠.
☞ I wished I could fly. 주어 +동사의 순으로 나열.
⑥ 주절이 과거가 되더라도 추측을 나타내는 must 4. 명령문의 화법은 어떤 식으로
be는 불변 전달동사는 tell, ask, beg, order, command, bid,
Everybody said she must be a widow. advise, request, forbid
추측이 아닌 경우 주절이 과거가 되면 must는 had 피전달문은 to 부정사로 연결
to로 해도 되고 그냥 두어도 됨. Father said to me, "Break up with her."
Everybody said that you must work hard. ☞ Father told me to break up with her.
= Everybody said that you had to work hard. The maid said to me, " Please go shopping for
※ ought to, had better, should, need me."
He said that I should go home right away. ☞ The maid asked me to go shopping for her.
The doctor said to me, "Don't sit up too late."
(2) 화법이란 무엇인가? ☞ The doctor advised me not to sit up too
직접화법 ☞ 간접화법 late.
Sam said to me, "I'm happy." She said to us. "Let's play go-stop."
☞ Sam told me that he was happy. ☞ She suggested (to us) that we should play
1. 평서문의 화법 go-stop.
① 전달동사의 변화 5. 감탄문은 간접화법을 어떻게 만드는가?
say ☞ say 전달동사는 cry (out), shout, exclaim, remark
say to ☞ tell My wife said, "How happy I am!"
② 때와 장소를 나타내는 부사를 이치에 맞게 변화 ☞ My wife remarked how happy she was.
Mom said, "I arrived here two days ago." = My wife remarked (that) she was very happy.
☞ Mom said that she had arrived there two He said, "Hurrah! I've won."
days before. ☞ He cried with joy (that) he had won.
here ☞ there Hurrah ☞ with joy, with delight, joyfully
this ☞ there 6. 기원문의 화법전환은 어떻게
these ☞ those He said, "May god bless me!"
now ☞ then ☞ He prayed that God might bless him.
ago ☞ before 7. 여러 문장이 이어질 때, 간접화법은?
today ☞ that day The lady said, "A thief appeared and took my

7
bag away." 조건절 : should, were to
☞ The lady said that a thief had appeared and 주절 : should, would, could, might
that had taken her bag away. [ 가정법 과거 ]
Mom said to me, "Hurry up, or you'll be late 현재 사실에 반대되는 내용
for work." If 주어 +과거형, 주어 +should, would, could,
☞ My mom told me (that) I would be late for might
work if I didn't hurry up. 1. I wish +가정법 과거
I wish I could meet a mermaid and get married.
฀ 가정법 = I'm sorry that I can't meet a mermaid and get
married.
(1) 직설법 2. It is time +가정법 과거
있는 사실대로 서술하는 표현방식 It is time we had dinner.
He has two faces. It is time we went to bed.
The old man is very greedy. [ 가정법 과거완료 ]
과거의 사실에 반대되는 내용
(2) 명령법 If I had been rich, I would have bought a lot of
1. 명령법 +and land.
-하라, 그러면 ~할 것이다. = As I was not rich, I couldn't buy a lot of
= If you -, ~ land.
Get divorced, and you'll be happy. I wish +가정법 과거완료
= If you get divorced, you'll be happy. I wish you had married me.
2. 명령법 +or [ 잡동사니들 ]
-하라, 그렇지 않으면 ~할 것이다. Unless he were honest, I wouldn't vote for him.
= If you don't -, ~ unless = if - not ~
Get divorced, or you'll be unhappy. If I were you, I would join the army right now.
= If you don't get divorced, you'll be unhappy. = Were I you, I would join the army right now.
3. let ※ if절의 독점에 배 아파하는 무리
Freeze! but for = without
Let's go. But for water, man couldn't live.
Let us go. as if = as though
4. 명령문이 아니더라도 동사가 앞에 오는 경우 She speaks as if she were a miss.
(Would you) Care for some sweets?
฀ 부정사
(3) 가정법
[ 가정법 현재 ] 1. 명사적 용법
현재, 미래의 불확실한 사실 주어, 보어, 목적어 역할 -하는 것을
If it be fine tomorrow, we will go on a date. (가 To work is to made money.
정법) He likes to make money.
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a date. (직 2. 형용사적 용법
설법) -할
If 주어 +현재형(원형), 주어 +현재형(미래형) I have no friends to count on.
If he be dishonest, I will fire him. I have no girl to go out with.
= If he is dishonest, I will fire him. I have no food to eat.
[ 가정법 미래 ] 3. 부사적 용법
성립될 수 없는 사실 ① 목적
If she should show up tomorrow, I would marry -하기 위하여
her. He lived to die.
8
She left home to make money. hear, feel, see, look at, watch
I go to work to make money. I saw her sleep on the grass.
② 원인 수동태가 되면 to 부활
-하다니 She was seen to sleep on the grass by me.
I'm very glad to see you again. ② 사역동사
I'm sorry to hear that. make 강제성을 갖고 -하게 하다.
③ 결과 have 강제성 없이 -하게 하다.
-해서 ~가 되다. let 허락하여 -하게 하다.
He grew up to be a beggar. What makes you think so?
He grew up to be hundred. I had her get married.
4. 의문사 +부정사 = 명사구 They let me go.
목적 -을,를 help는 모두 welcome
I don't now what to do. I help you to make money.
You have to decide where to go. = I help you make money.
I know when to leave. 10. 익혀둬야 할 부정사들
5. 그 밖의 나머지 공부팀 ① enough to
① seem to -할 만큼 충분한
She seems to be happy. The bag is cheap enough for me to buy.
② be to ② too - to ~
가운의 예의 너무 -해서 ~못한다.
Nothing was to be seen in the cave. (가능) She is too young to die.
Bruce Lee was to die young. (운명) ③ 대부정사
You are not to dump her. (의무) You may die if you want to.
The President is to be here soon. (예정) ฀ 분사
If you are to succeed, you have to work
harder. (의도) (1) 현재분사
6. 부정사의 의미상 주어 동사의 원형 +ing, 능동·진행
네가 백만장자가 되는 것은 불가능한 일이다. My wife is talking about something.
= To be a millionaire is impossible for you. There is a woman talking about my ex -
☞ It is impossible for you to be a millionaire. boyfriend.
It - for ~ to
행위자가 중요하지 않을 때는 for +주어 생략 It - (2) 과거분사
to ~ 동사의 원형 +ing, 완료·진행
It's good to get up early. We have many uninvited visitor.
It's easy to study English. She was standing lonely by broken windows.
It - of ~ to
It's honest of you to pick up my wallet. (3) 분사의 성격
7. 부정사의 부정 1. 분사 뒤에 다른 식구들이 달라붙으면 생사고락을
It is important not to make a mistake. 함께 한다.
in order to = so as to ☞ in order not to = so Is your boss standing blankly there?
as not to The gentleman wearing a straw hat is my
8. 부정사의 시제 father.
She seems to be a princess. (현재시제) 2. 분사가 대명사를 수식할 때는 뒤에 붙는다.
I expect to see you again. (미래시제) Those invited are encouraged to get dressed
He seems to have got a new job. (완료시제) up.
9. 원형부정사 3. 분사가 부리는 요술들
① 지각동사 ① -하고 있는

9
She looked down at her sleeping baby.
The swimming lady is my wife.. (6) 분사구문에 웬 접속사가?
② -하면서 Opening the refrigerator, I saw a live monkey
He stood looking up at the full-moon. in there.
③ -인 채로 = When opening the refrigerator, I saw a live
He sat surrounded by beautiful girls. monkey in there.
※ 분사의 여러 용법
① the +분사 (7) 완료형과 수동태의 분사구문은 어떻게?
보통명사로 ~한 사람들, ~한 사람 1. 완료형이 분사구문
추상명사로 ~한 것 After I had finished my homework, I played
The unknown is always mysterious and cards.
attractive. ☞ Having finished my homeworks I played
② 명사(형용사 +부사) +분사 cards.
형용사 역할 2. 수동태의 분사구문
good-looking, hard-working, computer-run Since she was kissed by a stranger guy, she's
③ 부사적 용법 been warried.
The night was freezing cold. ☞ Being kissed by a strange guy, she has been
worried.
(4) 분사구문의 탄생 ☞ Kissed by a strange guy, she has been
(접속사 +주어 +동사)를 처치 ☞ 주절의 동사를 제 worried.
조 Because he was a good boy, he was loved by
When IlSung saw his son in hell, he ran away. his family.
☞ Seeing his son in hell, IlSung ran away. ☞ Being a good boy, he was loved by his
family.
(5) 분사구문의 성격 ☞ A good boy, he was loved by his family.
1. 때
As I was walking along MyungDong street, I (8) 독립을 주장하는 분사구문
met GunMo. After dinner was over, we went to church.
☞ Walking along MyungDong street, I met ☞ Dinner being over, we went to church.
GunMo. As it was fine, we went on a picnic.
2. 이유 ☞ It being fine, we went on a picnic.
As I lived right next to her apartment, I could ※ 관용적으로 쓰이는 독립분사구문
hear her fighting with her friend. generally speaking, judging from, stricktly
☞ Living right next to her apartment, I could speaking
hear her fighting with her friend. ฀ 동명사
3. 조건
If you stop smoking right now, you may live (1) 동명사의 탄생
long. 1. 동명사형
☞ Stopping smoking right now, you may live 동사의 원형 +ing
long. 현재분사와 생김새는 같으나 쓰임새는 다름.
4. 양보 현재분사 : 진행형과 분사구문의 재료, -하고 있는
Though I worked hard all night long, I'm still (동작·상태)
OK. 동명사 : 주어, 보어, 목적어 역할, -하기위한 (용
☞ Working hard all night long, I'm still OK. 도·목적)
5. 부대상황 ① smoking
We sang and danced together, and we had fun. a smoking room
☞ Singing and dancing together, we had fun. ② sleeping

10
a sleeping car plan, decide, wish, hope, expert, refuse,
③ dancing pretend, choose, promise
a dancing girl 3. 동명사, 부정사를 모두 고용하는 동사
현재분사 : 명사에 악센트 ① 의미 차이 없이
동명사 : 동명사에 악센트 like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue,
2. 일거수일투족 intend
① 주어, 보어 ② 의미 차이 발생
Teaching is learning. remember -ing ~해야 할 것을 기억하다.(미래사실)
=To teach is to learn. to ~ ~한 것을 기억하고 있다.(과거사실)
② 목적어 forget -ing~해야 할 것을 잊어버리다.(미래사실)
I like flying a kite. to ~ ~한 것을 잊어버리다. (과거사실)
Thank you for inviting me. need -ing (능동)
※ 부정사는 명사적 용법이라도 전치사의 목적어 ✗ to ~ (수동)
Thank you for inviting me. 〇 try -ing ~하려고 노력하다.
Thank you for to invite me. ✗ to ~ ~해보다.
예외) expect 뜻으로 mean -ing ~할 작정이다.
There is nothing but to keep going. to ~ ~하는 것을 의미하다.
stop -ing ~하기를 멈추다.
(2) 동명사의 의미상 주어 to ~ ~하기위하여 멈추다.
I don't like going to heaven.
I don't like your going to heaven. (6) 동명사의 관용적 표현
I don't like his going to heaven. ① There is no -ing
I don't like your sister's going to heaven. = It +is impossible -
명사일 경우 소유격으로 하지 않는 게 보통 There is no selling heaters in Africa.
② It is no use -ing
(3) 동명사의 완료형이란? It is no use crying over spilt milks.
1. 완료형 ③ cannot help -ing
He is proud of having gone with many girls in I can't help smoking.
his school days. I can't help it.
= He is proud that he went out with many girls ④ on -ing
in his school. = as soon as -
2. 제멋대로 행동하는 무리 On hearing the news, she killed herself.
I forget getting drunk last night. ⑤ It goes without saying that -
= I forget that I got drunk last night. It goes without saying that you'll succeed in the
I remember getting drunk last night. future.
= I remember that I got drunk last night.
฀฀ 명사
(4) be 동사의 동명사형
being (1) 명사의 종류
He likes being helped. 1. 보통명사
He hates being treated as a child. I'm a man.
She's expecting a baby.
(5) 동사의 식성 I laid an egg.
1. 동명사만을 목적어로 고용하는 동사 ※ the +보통명사 = 추상명사
give up, postpone, practice, finish, mind, deny, ① the heart 애정
escape, consider, avoid, enjoy, admit My daughter is lack of the heart.
2. 부정사만을 목적어로 고용하는 동사 ② the cradle 유아기

11
From the cradle to the grave. ① 추상명사 +itself = all +추상명사 = very +형
③ the beggar 거지근성 용사
When one is poor, the beggar will come out. My wife is happiness itself.
④ the pen 문 = My wife is all happiness.
⑤ the sword 무 = My wife is very happy.
The pen is mightier than the sword. ② of +추상명사 = 형용사구
2. 집합명사와 군집명사 She is a woman of beauty.
Her family is large. He's a man of wisdom.
Her family are all fine. 5. 고유명사
There are three families in the house. 사람이름, 지명, 월, 직급
① people Mr. Kim
사람들(복수의미) A Mr. Kim
민족 (단수의미) He's a Kim.
There are many people in Seoul. the +고유명사 복수형 -의 일가
There are many peoples in Seoul. The Clintons live right next door to us.
② police
policeman policemen (2) 인간은 셈을 하는 동물
policewoman policewomen ① s, x, ch, sh로 끝나는 말은 es를 붙인다.
police officer police officers ② f나 fe로 끝나는 단어는 f를 v로 고치고 es를 붙
Several police are patrolling neighborhood. 인다.
Who has a pull with the police? wolf ☞ wolves
pull = string = connection wife ☞ wives
police = cop = fuzz ③ 자음 +y는 y를 i로 고치고 es를 붙인다.
③ cattle lady ☞ ladies
Cattle are grazing in the meadow. ④ 몇 가지 예외
3. 물질명사 heroes, potatoes, stomachs, roofs, safes, Marys
① a school of fish 물고기떼 ⑤ 나머지는 s만 붙이면 OK
There are two fish. 2. 농땡이 군단들
There are two fishes. ① 사람, 여자, 신사, 발, 이빨, 거위, 생쥐
deer, sheep women, gentlemen
② a cake of soap 비누 한 장 oo ☞ ee
③ a piece of chalk 분필 한 개 foot ☞ feet
a one-piece dress tooth ☞ teeth
a two-piece dress goose ☞ geese
a cup of tea ② 단수형 = 복수형
a sheet of paper Japanese, Chinese, series
a pack of cigarettes fish, trout, salmon, carp, deer, sheep
a piece of cigarettes ③ 그 밖에
two scoops of strawberry oasis ☞ oases
4. 추상명사 phenomenon ☞ phenomena.
I wish you happiness. mouse ☞ mice
셀 수 없기 때문에 a, an을 거부 ④ 복합어
some, much, a little을 이용 양을 표현 가능 father-in-law ☞ fathers-in-law
news, information, advice는 a piece of의 도움으 looker-on ☞ lookers-on
로 passer-by ☞ passers-by
a piece of news, a piece of information, a piece manservant ☞ menservants
of advice로 사용 womanwriter ☞ womenwriters

12
⑤ 복수가 되었다고 속까지 바뀌는 녀석들 cock, hen
custom ☞ customs 관세 hero, heroine
good ☞ goods 상품 host, hostess
pain ☞ pains 노력 heir, heiress
sand ☞ sands 사막 lion, lioness
arm ☞ arms 무기 prince, princess
⑥ 복수 애호가들 actor, actress
scissors, spectacles, trousers, pants, shoes, god, godness
socks
⑦ 항상 복수형 ฀฀ 대명사
악수를 하는 일 We shook hands.
서로 친구가 되는 일 We made friends. (1) 인칭대명사
차를 갈아타는 일 I charged buses. They say that he is an easygoing person.
I shook his hand.
He's gonna make the bars all night. (2) 소유대명사
⑧ 학문집안 사람들 Your girlfriend is pretty and mine is prettier.
mathematics 잡다한 것들과 잘 어울리지 않는다.
physis This is mine.
economics
(3) 재귀대명사
(3) 소유격 인칭대명사의 소유격 +self
1. 생물인 경우 보통 ‘s를 붙인다. s로 끝나는 것은 목적격에 self를 붙인다.
my girlfriend's bro 1. 재귀대명사란?
a girls' high school 주어의 동작이 주어자신에게 다시 미친다.
2. 복합어 2. 강조하는 힘
my mother-in-law's car I myself helped her.
3. 무생물인 경우 I helped her herself.
of 3. 관용구들
the legs of the de나 say to oneself 중얼거리다.
4. 무생물이라도 의인화되면 ‘s를 하사 beside oneself 제 정신이 아닌
fortune's smile by oneself 홀로
the ocean's whisper for oneelf 혼자 힘으로
5. 소유격 다음에 명사를 생략
my aunt's house ☞ my aunt's (4) 의문대명사
6. 관사와 지시대명사는 소유격과 친하지 않다? who, when, where, what, why, how ☞ 5W1H
my a friend ✗ ☞ a friend of mine Who the hell are you?
my wife's a brother ✗ ☞ a brother if my wife's What is your boyfriend?
my brother's this computer ✗ ☞ this computer Which person is your sister.
of my brother's ※ 간접의문문
7. 무게, 시간, 거리, 가격은 's 의문사 +주어 +be 동사
a pound's weight I don't know who you are.
today's paper think, imagine, guess, believe, suppose와 만나면
a mile's distance 의문사는 선두주자로
one dollar's worth Who do you think he is?

(4) 명사의 성 (5) 지시대명사

male, female 1. 지시대명사의 역할은?

13
명사의 반복을 피하는 일 one by one
The hair of myself is longer than that of mine. ② each other과 one another
2. this와 that SoonJa and ChulSoo helped each other.
this 가까이 있는 물건이나 사람 SoonJa, Chulsoo, and July helped one another.
that 보다 멀리 떨어진 물건이나 사람 ③ - one thing, ~ another
I like 고추장 and 햄버거; this is not so hot as To love is one thing, and to marry is another.
that. 3. Some은 긍정문에 any는 의문문, 부정문, 조건문
3. 이런 말 에
Clinton said this, "Easy does it." Do you have money?
4. as such Do you have any money?
I'm a lady and must be treated as such. Do you have some money?
Such a girl as she is very rare. some
= A girl such as she is very rare. 긍정의 답변을 예측한 의문문
5. so 상대방에게 권유·의뢰할 경우
So he is. Would you like to have same 막걸리?
So am I. 4. no = not - any
So does she. none = no +one
So long. I don't have a girlfriend.
So so. I don't have any girlfriend.
Is that so? I have no girlfriend.
형용사
(6) 부정대명사 No credit!
1. 태양도 one, 우리도 one No parking!
One should keep one's promise. No compromise!
one = a(an) +보통명사 No objection!
① one과 it No can do.
I need a girlfriend. Can I borrow one? None can do it = No one can do it.
I want the pen. Can I borrow it? None of your business!
② one과 the other 5. all(단복수)
another = an +other every(단수), both(복수)
the other = the +other All are happy.
I have two sons ; one is tall and the other All is calm.
short. 6. 부분부정
③ some -, (the) other ~ ① All is not gold that glitters.
Some people like to dance, and the other short. ② every는 혼자서는 아무 짓도 못한다.
④ the one - the other ~ Every girl is not pretty.
I have a son and a daughter. The one is rich Every bird can not sing.
and the other is poor. Every man is not brave.
2. another ③ Both of them are not dumb.
① 또 다른 하나(의) 7. neither
Try this one. no +either = neither
Please, show me another (one). either 둘 중에 하나
one -, another -, a third -, a forth -, - neither 둘 중에 어느 쪽도 아니다.
One is red, another yellow, and a third orange, Either of the backpack is mine.
and a fourth -, - Neither of the backpack is yours.
the third orange None of us is chubby.
one after another 모두 단수 취급

14
either 부정문에서 -도 역시 ④ 선행사가 인간과 동물, 인간과 사물이라면 that
I'm happy, too. A boy and a dog that are playing together
I'm not happy, either. = Neither am I. looks very tired.
I'm not happy, too. ✗ ⑤ who가 앞에 오면 that
① Neither am I와 So am I Who that knows her wants to marry her?
I don't blame you, either. ⑥ that의 까다로운 식성
= Neither do I. 전치사와 이웃 ✗
I blame to you, too. He's not the man for whom I've been waiting.
= So do I. 〇
neither은 부정문에, so는 긍정문에 He's not the man for that I've been waiting. ✗
He's not the man that I've been waiting for. 〇
฀฀ 관계대명사 4. what
선행사 ✗
(1) 관계대명사의 종류 What I see is what I learn.
1. 관계대명사의 종류 = The thing which I see is the thing which I
선행사 주격 소유격 목적격 learn.
인간 who whose whom This is what I've earned.
물건·짐승 which whose, of which which I'm not what I was.
인간·짐승 that that He is what we call a penny pincher.
what we call = what is called = so called
This is the man who wanted to see you Reading is to the mind what food is to the
yesterday. body.
I have a friend whose mother is a pianist. A is to B what C is to D.
She is the famous wrestler whom I know very A 와 B = C와 D
well. I was very unhappy, and what was worse, very
2. 선행사가 사람이 아닐 경우 tired.
The apple which is on the table is mine. what is +비교급 더욱 -한 것은
There is a big mountain whose(of which) top is what is better 더욱 좋은 것은
covered with snow. what is worse 더욱 나쁜 것은
This is the house which I bought last year. what is more surprising 더욱 기가 차는 일은
3. that What with the debt and (what with) the
소유격이 존재 ✗ recession, our business went sour.
He belted his boy that made up an excuse to what with A and (what with) B 한편으로는 A로
cut school. 또 한편으로는 B로
My father went out to sell the fish that I 5, 생략
caught. This is the house (that, which) I sold last
① the only, the very, the same month.
This is the only girl that can make me happy. This is the house in which I used to live.
This is the very man that I wanted to hire. ☞ This is the house I used to live in.
This is the same watch that I lost. 6. 한정용법과 계속용법
② 선행사에 최상급이 붙었거나 서수가 오면 that이 We have five sons who never study.
초빙 We have five sons, who never study.
She is the most beautiful girl that I've ever 계속용법일 경우 관계대명사 = 접속사 +대명사
seen. 7. 관계대명사의 흉내
③ 선행사가 all, everything, anything, no, little 등 There is no law but has exception.
이면 that
That's all that I can do. (2) 관계부사와 관계대명사

15
관계부사 = 접속사 +부사 however
This is the place. He lived here for a while. Whenever you may come, you're welcomed.
= This is the place where he lived for a while. Wherever you may go, you won't be welcomed.
1. 연관성 However hard I worked, I couldn't make any
where = in(at, to) +which money.
when = on(at, in) +which
why = for +which ฀฀ 형용사
how = the way in which
This is the apartment where my parents lived. 1. 서술용법과 한정용법
= This is the apartment where my parents A country bumpkin is stupid.
lived. A country bumpkin is a stupid guy.
Today is Sunday when I go to church. 2. 식성이 까다롭네.
= Today is Sunday on which I go to church. ① 주어를 설명하는 서술용법
I don't know the reason why for which you afraid I'm afraid of people.
can't buy a car. alive The flea is still alive.
You should know how I got here. alone She stays alone in a country.
= You should know the way in which I got asleep I fell asleep while studying.
there. content, fond, worth
관계부사는 선행사 생략 가능 ② 명사를 책임지는 한정용법
2. that으로 대용가능한가? a drunken girl
그렇다. a golden wedding
the day when = the day that a wooden table
the reason why = the reason that my former wife
how = the way in which = the way how = the your elder brother
way that the inner life
선행사가 같아도 내용에 따라 관계대명사일 수도, 관 3. 기분파 형용사 무리
계부사가 될 수도 있다. I was late for work.
This is the house where I live. The late Mr. Kim made a big noise at that time.
This is the house which I built. Everybody was present at the meeting.
3. 한정용법과 계속용법 The present first lady is very talkative.
when과 where만 4. 형용사에도 서열이?
We were having breakfast at seven, when my Those three tall pretty young clay manikins
lost son showed up right in front of me. belong to me.
July ran away from me to the States, where 지시, 수량, 대·소, 성질·상태, 신·구, 재료 ☞ 지수대
she died. 성신재
이 때, 관계부사 = 접속사 + 부사 5. 형용사와 친척관계의 표현들
4. 누구든 먼저 오는 자가 상을 받을 것이다. good = great
① 관계대명사 친족들 A good many ladies like to lose weight.
whoever(no matter who) many, much = a lot of = lots of = plenty of
whichever He has a lot of money.
whatever(no matter what) He has a lot of friends.
Whoever comes first will get the prize. ※ many a가 가능한가?
Whichever you like, just take it. Many a man wishes to live long.
Whatever you say is OK with me. I speak Korean and English. This is more
② 관계부사 친족들 different than that.
whenever not A so much as B = not so much A as B = A
wherever 라기보다는 B

16
She is not so much a beggar as a poor person. 1988 nineteen eighty-eight
not so much as = 조차 못하다. 3. 분수
He can not so much as speak a word. 2/3 two-thirds
6. little과 few 1/2 a(one) half
① little과 a little 1/4 a(one) quarter
little 부정의 뜻(거의 -없는) 4. 소수
a little 긍정의 뜻(조금의) 3.45 three point four five
I have little money with me. 5. 전화번호
I have a little money with me. 016-637-3112 zero one six, six three seven,
② few와 a few three one one two
few 부정의 뜻(거의 -없는) 6. 시간
a few 긍정의 뜻(몇몇의) 10시 55분 five to(before) eleven
I have few friends in Seoul. 10시 5분 five minutes after(past) ten
I have a few friends in Seoul. 5시 15분 quarter after five
③ ‘적은’을 부정하면 ‘많은’ 5시 45분 quarter to six
not a few (수가) 많은 = many 7. 수식
not a little (양이) 많은 = much ① 덧셈
Not a few men were invited to my birthday 1 +2 = 3
party. One plus two equals three.
Not a little water is in the pond. One and two is(are, makes) three.
7. no ② 뺄셈
no가 명사 앞에 오면 형용사가 된다. 2 - 1 = 1
I have no money. = I don't have any money. Two minus one equals one.
Long time no see. One from two leaves one.
8. enough ③ 곱셈
We don't have enough food to share with them. 2 * 2 = 4
= We don't have food enough to share with Two times two is four.
them. Once, twice, three times, four times, ...
명사의 앞뒤는 가리지 않지만 형·부가 나타나면 뒤로 Two multiplied by two equals four.
간다. ④ 나눗셈
You're old enough to die. 4 ÷ 2 = 2
Four divided by two equals two.

฀฀ 수사 8. 날짜
June. 22
June twenty two
(1) 수사의 탄생
June the twenty second
기수 +째 (한국어)
June twenty second
기수 +th ☞ 서수
the twenty second of June
first, second, third, fourth, ...
9. 돈계산
서수와 함께 쓰일 때 the를 붙임.
$ 40.50 forty dollars (and) fifty (cents)
the Second World War = World War 2 = World
War Two
(3) 수사의 관용적 표현
You'd better try it a second time.
dozens of 수백의
hundreds of 수백의
(2) 숫자를 읽는 방법
thousands of 수천의
1. 정수
Nine hundred people were swimming naked in
1988 one thousand nine hundred eighty-eight
the ocean.
2. 연도
17
 You speak English well.
(4) 기타 수사의 무리 Well do you speak English.
1980년대에 in the nineteen eighties 4. very와 much
Ten years is a long time. very 형용사·부사·현재분사·원급
Ten years have passed since I came back from Her pants are very good.
the moon. Thank you very much.
Two million dollars is not a large sum of Soccer is a very exciting game.
money. much 과거분사·비교급
I'm much interested in her.
฀฀ 부사 My wife is much better than your wife.
5. before와 ago
1. 부사의 족보 before 과거형, 완료형
때 now, then, today, tomorrow, early, late, I worked there before.
before I've met him before.
장소 here, there, near, far, in, out, down, up ago 과거형
빈도 rarely, sometimes, often, always I made the kimchee two days ago.
정도 almost, enough, very, little, only Q. She told me that she had got divorced two
긍정·부정 yes, no, not, perhaps, probably, maybe years ( ).
2. 부사의 생김새 6. only는 안티-풍수지리자
① 형용사와 생김새가 동일한 말 Only I love him.
He got up early. I only love him.
He's an early riser. I love only him.
② 형용사 +ly 7. 아리송해!
I had a late breakfast this morning. He's already married.
He's getting busy lately. Has he married yet?
She plays tennis very hard. He hasn't married yet.
She hardly play tennis. 예외)
My birthday is drawing near. Have you already done it?
I was nearly killed. yet 긍정문에 아직의 뜻으로
3. 부사의 풍수지리설
① 부사 +형·부 ฀฀ 비교급과 최상급
She's very beautiful.
② 동사 +부사 1. 비교급 ‘보다’ er / 최상급 ‘가장’ est
A hare runs fast. 불규칙 변화
③ 부사 +문장 many, much - more - most
Unfortunately he lost his only son in a war. good, well - better - best
④ 장소 +부사 +시간 bad, ill - worse - worst
They didn't live there happily last year. little - less - least
⑤ 빈도부사 2. 한 뿌리에서 두 가지 얼굴이 탄생
조동사 뒤, be동사 다음, 일반동사 앞 ① far
never, seldom, often, sometimes, usually, always 거리 정도
⑥ 대명사 비교급 farther further
Put your clothes on. 최상급 farthest furthest
Put on your clothes. If you need further information, please call
Put them on. 016-637-3112.
Put on them. ✗ ② late
⑦ 부사의 강조 시간 순서

18
비교급 later latter ① 원급과 비교급으로도 최상급의 의미를 나타낼 수
최상급 latest last 있다.
You may come to work tomorrow later than Nothing is so(as) precious as mu wife.
usual. = Nothing is more precious than my wife.
the latest news = My wife is more precious than my wife.
at the latest = My wife is the most precious of all things.
He come in last in the race. ② This is the deepest lake in the world.
second to none This lake is deepest at this point.
second to last This point is the deepest in this lake.
the last but one ③ 임꺽정 is a most famous person in my
Which part of the story do you like, the former village.
or the later? a most ≠ the most = a very = 아주
③ old ④ 모택동 is the second strongest kid in my
연령, 신구 형제자매 class.
비교급 older elder the +서수 +최상급 = 몇 번째로 가장 -한
최상급 oldest eldest ⑤ The most beautiful girl can't change his
3. 원급으로 비교? mind.
I'm not so(as) rich as you (are). ⑥ 최상급의 여러 가지 표현들
4. 나는 그의 몸무게의 다섯 배다. do one's most 최선을 다하다
I weigh five times as heavy as he. at +(the) best 기껏해야
= I weigh five times heavier than he. most 기껏해야
5. as soon as possible least 적어도
Go to bed as soon as possible. latest 늦어도
6. 형·부의 비교급 +than earliest 일러도
Your legs are two inches longer than mine. worst 아무리 나빠도
= Your legs are longer than mine by two not - in the least 조금도 -않다.
inches. He didn't care his scandal in the least.
Your wife is much older than mine.
7. headache 선물 보따리들 ฀฀ 전치사
① Jenny is the prettier of the two.
둘 중에서 더 -한 = the 비교급 of the two
Put it on.
② He was more unhappy than unlucky.
Pit it on the desk.
동일인이나 동일물의 성질비교엔 er 대신 more
1. 전치사와 공간과의 관계
③ He worked the harder because he got paid
① on과 beneath
more.
There is an apple on the desk.
because나 for가 뒤따르는 문장에선 비교급이라도
There is a piece of gum beneath the desk.
the를 모신다.
② over와 under
④ than 대신 to
A wasp is flying over my head.
senior ↔ junior, superior ↔ inferior
There is nothing new under the sun.
My wife is 10 years senior to your wife.
③ above와 below
⑤ the +비교급 -, the +비교급 ~
The moon rose above the hill.
-하면 할수록 ~한
The sun went below the horizon.
The more you have, the more you want.
④ across와 along
⑥ more and more +원급
I swam across the Han River.
점점 더 -한
Come along. = Follow me. = Come after me.
He became more and more wicked.
⑤ around와 round
9. 형용사의 최상급엔 the
Sitting around the table, we had Ramyun.
19
The earth moves round the sun.
⑥ between과 among
Between you and me, he stole my wallet.
A lot of birds are laughing at me among trees.
⑦ die of와 die from
Eve and Adam died of their old age.
My farther died from overwork.
⑧ of와 from
The desk is made if wood.
Wine is made from grapes.
⑨ to와 into
He was hungry to death.
Water is frozen into ice.
2. 장소를 나타내는 전치사
at 비교적 좁은 장소
in 넓은 장소
The plane will stop one hour at Seoul.
My ex-wife lives in this village.
3. 때를 나타내는 대표적인 전치사
① at
at noon, at first, at midnight
② in
in January, in spring, in 2002
③ on
on my birthday, on a rainy day, on January 5
④ in, within, after
in a week, within a week, after a week
⑤ by, till = until
I have to get married to her by tomorrow.
I am going to wait for her till tomorrow.
⑥ during, for, while, through
during vacation, for a week, while
laughing, through the night
4. 전치사와 잘 어울리는 표현들
① The village is fifty miles east of Seoul.
② I went to New York by Anchorage with her.
③ Keep off the grass.
④ The grapes are sold by the pound.
⑤ Write it with a pencil.
⑥ I bought this pants for twenty dollars.
⑦ I drove at a speed of 60 miles per hour.
⑧ I voted for him, but my friends against him.
⑨ Don't put off your clothes with the windows
open.
①฀ He was dressed in white.
※ with +명사 +형용사, 분사
He sat with his legs crossed.
He was standing silently with his arms crossed.
We can't play tennis with wind blowing.
He showed up with his hat on.
฀฀ 접속사
1. and
① 명령문 -, and ~ = -해라, 그러면 ~할 것이다.
Throw all your money, and you'll become a
beggar.
② 동사 +and +동사 = 동사 +to +동사
Go and buy it. = Go to buy it. = Go buy it.
③ 명령문 -, or ~ = -해라, 그렇지 않으면 ~할 것
이다.
Get lost, or I'll punch you.
④ A is not B but C = A는 B가 아니라 C다.
She is not my mother, but my wife.
2. that
That he is honest is certain.
☞ It is certain that he is honest.
The point is that you marry first and make
money.
I don't think (that) it will be fine tomorrow.
I think it natural that he gets paid a lot.
= I think that he gets paid a lot natural.
He must be crazy that he is swimming in the
icy water.
판단일 때 -하다니, -하는 것을 보니
He realized the fact that his friend had
betrayed him.
that 이하는 동격의 명사절
I was 3. if와 whether
I don't know if(weather) the person is a male
or a female.
Weather she's married is really questionable.
= If she's married is really questionable. ✗
= It is really questionable if she's married.
The bottom line is if he will pay us the money.
✗
☞ The bottom line is whether he will pay us
the money.
4. as와 when
When I was a boy, I was kind of ugly.
As I was jumping off the house top, I heard a
beautiful voice from the heaven.
As I entered the room, everybody applauded.
When I entered the room, everybody applauded.
20
Do as you wish.
Rich as she is, she's not happy.
= Though she is rich, she's not happy.
명사·형용사·부사·동사 +as +문장, 주절
5. as와 that
This is the same wallet as I lost.
This is the same wallet that I lost.
6. 이유를 나타내는 접속사들
As it's snowing, you should put the chain on
the car.
Since it's snowing, you should put the chain on
the car.
Because it's snowing, you should put the chain
on the car.
② do
I do hope you want dump me.
Who did take my money?
③ very
This is the very boy that tried ti rape me.
④ I know nothing whatever about it.
⑤ It is - that ~
It is the watch that I stole.
It is you who are to blame.
⑥ 반복
She cried, cried, cried -
⑦ and, and, and
I came home and I took a shower and I cook
dinner and I fought with my husband.
☞ I came home, took a shower, cooked dinner

฀฀ 도치, 강조, 생략 and fought with my husband.

⑧ 최상급 +possible
She ran at the highest speed possible.
1. 문장의 도치
⑨ 재귀대명사
① There is -의 구문
It is a skunk's fart itself.
A crazy man lived in the village.
3. 생략생략
☞ There lived a crazy man in the village.
① I wish you a Merry Christmas and Happy
② 기원문의 도치
New Year.
May you live long!
☞ Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!
☞ Long may you live!
I wish you a Good morning.
If I had met her a little earlier, I should have
☞ Good morning.
got married to her.
② If a man is out if sight, he'll go out of mind.
☞ Had I met her a little earlier, I should have
☞ Out of sight, out of mind.
got married to her.
③ I'll see you later. = I'll catch you later.
③ 목적어의 도치
☞ See you later. = Catch you later.
I'm going to buy the Empire State Building.
I'll see you around.
☞ The Empire State Building I'm going to buy.
☞ See you around.
= The Empire State Building am I going to buy.
④ To some people life is short ; to others life
She did not say a word for a few days.
is long.
☞ Not a word did she say for a few days.
☞ To some life is short ; to others long.
④ 보어의 도치
There who smile all the time are happy.
☞ Happy are those who smile all the time.
⑤ 부사(구)의 도치
I never saw such a beautiful girl.
☞ Never did I see such a beautiful girl.
He studied well.
☞ Wall does he study.
2. 강조를 위한 특별조치들
① on earth, in the world, the hell
What on earth are you talking about?
= What in the world are you talking about?
What the hell are you talking about?
21