BLOOD BANKING RTRMF.

BMLS 3B
BLOOD BANKING ORIENTATION • 1914: Hustin reported the use of sodium
citrate
• 1916: Rous and Turner introduced the
INSTRUCTORS citrate-dextrose solution for blood
Sir Carlo Apurillo Immunology Hematology preservation
Catherine Galona Blood Banking • 1943: ACD by Loutit and Mollison
• 1957: Gibson introduced citrate
Blood Banking phosphate dextrose; Modern Blood
Bank: CPDA1
• Blood Transfusion: some form of
reaction; some antigens may not be
present to the recipient ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
• Protection between both the donor and 1901: Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO
recipient/patients to prevent adverse system
reactions Basis of saying blood type?
Prerequisite: Immunology Serology • Because of the antigen present in the
Topics: surface of the RBCs
• Introduction • ABO Blood Group System
• Major Blood Groups o Substances in the surface of the
o A, B, O, AB, D RBCs
• Minor Blood Groups o most important of all blood groups
o Lutheran, kell in transfusion practice
o effect the way body reacts, see if Type A A antigen
blood groups system that are Type B B antigen
noted potent antibodies Type AB AB antigen
o elicit production of antibodies that Type O None
affect transfusion reaction Naturally occurring system: ABO system
• Leukocyte Antigen • Antibodies that are naturally occurring in
• Platelet antigens the ABO system, but with unknown
Blood Bank proper reason.
• Blood donation • produced without any exposure to RBCs
• Transfusion medicine o Type A → Anti-B
• Transfusion reactions o Type B → Anti-A
• Lab tests o Type AB → None
• HDN o Type O → Anti-AB
• Medico-legal application • predominantly IgM
Textbook: Modern Blood Banking & transfusion • ABO antibodies produce strong direct
Practices agglutination reactions during ABO
testing.
INTRODUCTION: HISTORY
• 1492: First recorded attempt of blood
transfusion to Pope Innocent
o Transfusion of blood of an animal
• 1869: Sodium Phosphate as
anticoagulant for Blood and preservative
for the blood
• 1901: Karl Landsteiner - ABO Blood
groups. Antigens in the surface of the
RBCs:
o Type A
o Type B
o Type AB
o Type O
• Edward E. Lindemann – succeeded in
vien to vein transfusion. Donor to a
recipient. DIRECT!
BLOOD BANKING RTRMF. BMLS 3B
BLOOD TYPING TECHNIQUE
Antigens: Forward Typing

• Principle: Agglutination reaction. If antigen

is present in the RBC, there will be
agglutination.
• Rgt: Antibodies/Antisera; Known Anti-A
(Blue) and B (yellow)
o Mnemonics:
✓ blue Angel
✓ yellow Bird
• Sample: Whole Blood

AGGLUTINATION GRADING
4+ = one solid agglutination
3+ = several large agglutinates, clear
background
2+ = medium sized agglutinates, clear
background
1+ = small agglutinates; turbid background
W+ = tiny agglutinates; turbid background
0 = No agglutination/Hemolysis

UNIQUE SUBSTANCE THAT MAKE YOUR A

OR B ANTIGENS
Antibodies: Reverse Typing Genes in the DNA that code for ABO System
• Detect antibodies: Opposite to the antigen Three Genes:
that a person carries in the RBC membrane o H gene:
• a-2-fucosyltranferase; transfer
• Reagent: Antigens - A1 and B cells.
the immmunodominant sugar L-
• Sample: Serum (antibodies) fucose → TYPE O
o A gene
• a-3-
acetylgalactosamyltransferase
that transfer N-
acetylgalactosamine
o TYPE A (added with n-
acetylgalactosamine from the
top of H antigen)
o B gene: Galactose (H antigen first
before adding the terminal sugar -
Galactose)
BLOOD BANKING RTRMF. BMLS 3B
RED BLOOD CELL SURFACES
Precursor chains: ABO SYSTEM

• Where ABO determinants are located

Genotype: H – dominant; h – recessive

Type B
• Addition of Galactose to the H antigen

Type O
• H antigen: L-fucose is added to the
precursor
• Base of the ABO antigen

Type A
• Addition of N-acetygalactosamine to
the H antigen
BLOOD BANKING RTRMF. BMLS 3B
Secreter gene (Se gene) Weak B Subgroups
o If a person is secretor, appears in
secretions, thus sample can be taken in the
saliva.

Bombay Phenotype
• hh genotype
• no structure where the terminal sugar
can attach
• Don’t form H antigen (do not transfer
fucose to the precursor)
• Appear like type O
• If given with type O, they react
LECTINS IN AB ANTIGENS because type o has H antigen
• Plant extracts • Produce potent anti-H
• To agglutinate the AB antigens

Ulex europaeus – do not agglutinate bute

they are type o, then they’re Bombay
phenotype

WEAK SUBGROUPS
• Not usually picked up/detected in blood
typing
• Blood Typing: Both Forward and reverse
Weak A Subgroups