HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY – INORGANIC DEPARTMENT

SUBJECT: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1

(The representative elements)
Reading Materials
• Course syllabus
•  Lecture and Tutorial Notes: https://bit.ly/380dTZ6
• MainTextbook:
1. Descriptive inorganic chemistry, 3rd Edition, 2016. James E. House, Kathleen A.
House, Academic Press.
2. Nguyễn Đức Vận, Hoá học vô cơ tập 1: các nguyên tố phi kim. NXB KH&KT (2012).
3. Nguyễn Đức Vận, Hoá học vô cơ tập 2: Các kim loại điển hình, NXB KH&KT, 2008
4. Hoàng Nhâm, Hoá học vô cơ cơ bản tập 2: các nguyên tố hoá học điển hình. NXBGD
Việt Nam (2018).
 Content of the subject

Chapter I. Periodic law and periodic table

Chapter II. Hydrogen, oxygen and water
Chapter III. The group IA (1) elements
Chapter IV. The group IIA (2) elements
Chapter V. The group IIIA (13) elements
Chapter VI. The group IVA (14) elements
Chapter VII. The group VA (15) elements
Chapter VIII. The group VIA (16) elements
Chapter IX. The group VIIA (17) elements
Chapter X. The group VIIIA (18) elements

2
CHAPTER I: PERIODIC LAW AND PERIODIC TABLE

I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and

successors)
I.2. Types of periodic table
I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.5. Periodic trends in some properties of compounds
Extra Reading Materials:
1. Nguyễn Duy Ái, ĐLTH và HTTH các nguyên tố hoá học. NXBGD-1977
2. Becky Ham. The Periodic Table (Essential Chemistry). Infobase
Publishing- New York (2008)
3. Theodore L. Brown, H. Euguene LeMay, Jr., Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine J.
Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward, Matthew W. Stoltzfus. Chemistry-the central
science, 13th edition. Pearson Education
3
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)

What is the periodic table? Is it necessary to build the periodic table?

The periodic table is a chart that includes all of the …....... and
…........ elements known in the universe. Elements are basic building
blocks of matter.
The periodic table is more than a list of the elements. It is also a
guide and tool to …....... …....... …....... …....... …....... of the
elements and their compounds.
In ancient times, only 9 elements were known . In the 19th century,
the number of known elements increased readily along with a huge
number of their compounds and properties.
Cu, Ag, Au have all been known since ancient times, whereas most of
the other metals have not. Can you suggest an explanation? 4
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)

5
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)

1829 1869 1894 1944

Dmitri I. Mendeleev’s Lord Rayleigh, William Glenn T. Seaborg

Johann Dobereiner
periodic table Ramsay Noble gas (Ar) Lanthanides and Actinides
“Triads” rule
(63 elements) was discovered were discovered

Hennig Brand Lothar Meyer Periodic Henry Mosely

John Newlands
First element was table similar to Atomic number of
“Octaves” rule
discovered (Phosphorous) Mendeleev’s elements wae discovered

1649 1864 1870 1913

Summarize the contents published in 1829, 1864, 1869, 1870, 1913

in the historical timeline based on the reading materials 6
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)

1829: Germany scientist observed that several elements could be

classified into groups of three, or “Triads”.
Dobereiner’s Law of “Triads”:

Based on the Dobereiner’s Law, find “Triads” in the periodic table?

7
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)
1864: English chemist suggested that the elements can arranged in
“Octaves” because he noticed after arranging the elements in order of
increasing atomic mass that certain properties repeated every 8th
element.
John Newlands’s law of “Octaves”

8
How many Octaves are there in the above table?
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)
6.3.1869: Dmitri I. Mendeleev (1834-1907) published the first periodic
table of the 63 elements

Give some comments on the first periodic table of Mendeleev? 9
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)

Compared the above periodic table with the first one of Mendeleev?
10
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)

Why did Mendeleev leave some empty positions in the periodic table?
Compare Mendeleev’s predicted properties with the discovered ones
11
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)
Give some information about Mendeleev based on the reading materials

Why did Mendeleyev’s table become a success?

12
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)

1870: Lothar Meyer in Germany published a periodic table with

nearly identical classification of Mendeleev’s one. But he did not
leave blanks in the table.

What is a main difference between Mendeleyev’s periodic table and

Meyer’s one?
Although Mendeleev and Meyer came to essentially the same
conclusion about the periodicity of elemental properties. Only
Mendeleev is given a glory. Why?

Mendeleev is given credit for advancing his ideas more vigorously

and stimulating new work

13
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)
1913: Henry Mosely developed the concept of atomic numbers

Since then, scientists refined Mendeleev’s periodic table. Later

classifications of elements eventually led to the modern periodic
table (called periodic table in general) created by Mendeleev.

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I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)
What is the difference between Mendeleev’periodic table and
mordern periodic table?
The concept of atomic number clarified some problems in the
periodic table, which was based on atomic weights. For example,
the atomic weight of Ar (Z =18) is …........... than that of K (Z = 19).
But the chemical and physical properties of Ar are much more like
those of …..............than like those of Na and Rb. Ar and K appear in
their correct places in the table in order of increasing atomic number.
Moseley’s studies also made it possible to identify “holes” in the
periodic table, which led to the discovery of new elements.
Looking at the periodic table, find an example other than Ar and K
where the order of the elements would be different if the elements
were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight? 15
I.1. Mendeleev’s periodic table (precursors and successors)
After all, Mendeleev did not develop his periodic table in isolation.
He built upon work that had been done by other chemists, over
several decades. Why did only Mendeleev’s periodic table become
the one of the most famous diagrams in the history of science?
Because

Why did Mendeleev’s periodic table become the periodic table used
today while it arranged the elements basing on the atomic mass?
Because
, so Mendeleev’s arrangement nearly the proper sequence. 16
 I.2. Types of periodic table
The modern periodic table is a modification of the arrangement first
proposed by Mendeleev.
How many periodic table have been published so far?
How many types can the periodic tables be classified?
There have been nearly …............... periodic tables published so far.
The periodic table today is a familiar part of classrooms (chessboard
table). But over the years, some scientists have rearranged the table
into different shapes. They can be classified into:

. Scientists also build periodic tables that highlight what they think is
important about the elements in their particular field.
Basing on the reading materials, collect the different types of
periodic table. Give the positives and negatives of each one? 17
 I.2. Types of periodic table

In above triangular version, pathways between elements show how

….......................are filled 18
 I.2. Types of periodic table

This periodic table focuses on …................that discovered the elements

19
 I.2. Types of periodic table

IUPAC system using Arabic numerals

20
Comment on the color of elements in the table
 I.2. Types of periodic table

Comment on the color of elements and the system of nummerals

21
I.2. Types of periodic table

Structure
of the
chessboard
table in
long form?

22
 I.2.1. Atomic box, groups and periods of elements
How many elements and atomic boxes are there in the table?
How many groups and periods are there in the table?
•  Each element is in a …......................., normaly with
…....................... …....................... …........................

Note: An older system: 8 numbers the groups from I to VIII, and

separates them into two categories labelled A and B
How many elements are there in each period? 23
 I.2.2. Periods of elements

What character
do elements in
the same period
have in
common?

•  The sixth has 32 elements: 18 elements from Cs – Rn and 14 lanthanides

•  The seventh has 32 elements: 18 elements from Cs – Rn and 14
lanthanides 24
I.2.3. Groups of elements

25
 I.2.3. Groups of elements

Match the group number 1-18 with IA-VIIIA and IB-VIIIB

What character do elements in the same group have in common? 26
I.2.3. Groups of elements

27
 I.2.3. Groups of elements
Some groups have common names. What are they?

28
 I.2.4. Classification of elements

The elements can be divided in some different ways. What are the?

- Group:
- Period:
- Block:
- Representative elements, …......................., inner transition
elements
- Metals, …....................... , non-metals

What characterictic do the elements in block s/p/d/f have?

29
 I.2.4.
Classification
of elements

30
 I.2.4. Classification of elements
What groups do representative elements/ transition elements/inner
TEs belong to according to two system numbers?

31
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.1. Position of metals, metalloids and non-metals in the table
Where are the metal, metalloids and non-metals in the periodic table?
Elements in the periodic table are divided into metals, nonmetals,
and metalloids. Of the 118 element, 94 elements are natural and 24
remaining ones are …....................... , approximately
….......................are metals.
As the metallic character varies gradually down the group and cross
period, so B, …....................... and Po (metalloids/semi-
conductors) are considered a path which distinguishes metallic area
from non-metal area.

Metals are in …....................... (including all d and f elements) and

non-metals are in ….......................of the table.
32
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.1. Position of metals, metalloids and non-metals in the table

33
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.1. Position of metals, metalloids and non-metals in the table
Write down 17 non-metals elements. Where are metals in the table?
- Non-metals:
-  Metals: elements in group …....................... ….......................,
elements in d and f blocks
+ Block d or TMs: 3 rows (4th row: incompleted)
1st row:
2nd row:
3rd row: 10 elements in period 6 including La (Z = 57) and elements
from Hf (Z=72) to Hg (Z =80).
+ Block f or inner TMs: 2 rows
Lanthanides (rare earth elements):
34
Actinides:
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.2. Electron configuration of metals, metalloids, non-metals

Write down
general valence
electron
configuration for
elements in
groups IA-VIIIA
(or 1-2; 13-18);
3d row (groups
3-12?
35
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.2. Electron configuration of metals, metalloids, non-metals
Valence electron configurations vary with group number as follows:

Electron congurations in the d block are slightly less systematic,

but involve the flling of the ….......................orbitals. Electron
configurations in the f-block involve lling of the (n − 2)f orbitals
The manner in which …..........................................are favoured

Write down general valence electron configuration for metals in

groups A, groups B and non-metals? 36
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.2. Electron configuration of metals, metalloids, non-metals

- Non-metals:
- Metals in groups A (block s, p):
- Metals in groups B (block d):
- Metals in block f: (n-2)f1-14(n-1)d0-1ns2

37
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.2. Electron configuration of metals, metalloids, non-metals
Extra exercise:
1. What is the characteristic valence electron configuration of the group
7A elements, the halogens?
2. Which family of elements is characterized by an ns2np2 electron
configuration in the outermost occupied shell?
3. (a) Based on its position in the periodic table, write the condensed
electron configuration for bismuth, element 83. (b) How many unpaired
electrons does a bismuth atom have?

Solution:

38
I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table

39
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.3. Properties of metals, metalloids, non-metals

- The metalloids or semimetals:

+ Their properties are …....................... between those of metals
and solid nonmetals and they are also called electrical
semiconductors but conduct electricity not as well as metals.
+ Their appearance looks like metals. They may gain or lose
electrons when they react with other elements but more resemble
nonmetals. So they are normally studied along with nonmetals.

What nonmetals exist in solid state at RT?

40
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.3. Properties of metals, metalloids, non-metals
Properties Metals Non-metals
I
Electronegativity
Electron affinity
R
Physical properties

Chemical
properties

Compare above properties of metals with of non-metals? 41

 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.3. Properties of metals, metalloids, non-metals
Metals are:
Solid at room temperature (except for mercury which will be liquid)
Malleable (the ability to be flattened into a sheet)
Ductile (the ability to be made into wire wires)
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Shiny in appearance
Non-metals are the complete opposite so they are:
Poor conductors of heat
At different phases at room temperature
…...................... …......................are gases
…......................are brittle solids
…...................... is liquid
Metalloids have the properties from both metals and non-metals. 42
 I.3. Overview about elements in periodic table
1.3.3. Properties of metals, metalloids, non-metals
Metals generally possess a…......melting point.
Most non-metals possess….....melting points.
The non-metal …............ possesses the highest melting point of all the
elements. The semi-metal boron also possesses a high melting point.

43
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
The periodic nature of the periodic table arises from repeating patterns
in the electron configurations of the atoms, especially for groups A
Bảng 1. Cấu hình electron lớp ngoài cùng của nguyên tử các nguyên tố nhóm A
Nhóm
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
Chu kì
1 H He
1s1 1s2
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
2s1 2s2 2s22p1 2s22p2 2s22p3 2s22p4 2s22p5 2s22p6
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3s1 3s2 3s23p1 3s23p2 3s 3p3
2
3s 3p4
2
3s23p5 3s23p6
4 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
4s1 4s2 4s24p1 4s24p2 4s24p3 4s24p4 4s24p5 4s24p6
5 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
5s1 5s2 5s25p1 5s25p2 5s25p3 5s25p4 5s25p5 5s25p6
6 Cs Ba Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
6s1 6s2 6s26p1 6s26p2 6s26p3 6s26p4 6s26p5 6s26p6
7 Fr Ra
7s1 7s2
44
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms

I.4.1. Periodic trend in radii of the atoms

What is an atomic radius?
How many types of radius with repect to type of bond are there?
Atomic radius is generally stated as

As there is an uncertainty in the position of the outermost electron

– so It is …...................... to determine radius of an atom. All that
we can measure is the distance between …....................... 45
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms

I.4.1. Periodic trend in radii of the atoms

A covalent radius is

An ionic radius is

46
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms

I.4.1. Periodic trend in radii of the atoms

A metallic radius is

A van der Waals radius is

Unless otherwise noted, we mean the bonding atomic radius

(covalent radius) when we speak of the “size” of an atom
The SI units for measuring atomic radii are nm and pm. 47
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.1. Periodic trend in radii of the atoms
How do the atomic radii vary in a period/group? Explain.

48
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.1. Periodic trend in radii of the atoms

The variation of atomic radii (pm) within d blocks.

Give assessment on the above variation of atomic radii within d blocks

49
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.2. Periodic trend in ionization energy of the atoms
What is I? What factors is I effected on?

2π 2 me 4 .Z 2 13,6.Z 2
I=-E= 2 2
= 2
(ev ) (1)
n h n

I is the energy …......................

For many-electron atoms, I is proportional to Zeff2/n2, where Zeff is

…......................

How do the ionization energies vary in a period/group? Explain.

50
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.2. Periodic trend in ionization energy of the atoms
I …...........................
........due to the larger
valence orbital and
r o u g h l y
…......................
.........................as the
effective nuclear
charge increases. The
noble gases possess
…......................

The variation of first I(in kJ mol−1) (a) main group; (b) d block 51
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.3. Periodic trend in electron negativity of the atoms

What is χ ? χ is qualitative or quantitative?

χ can be understood as

χ is a …...................... property, there is no standardized method

for calculating electronegativity. However, the most common scale
for quantifying electronegativity is the Pauling scale

How do the electronegativites vary in a period/group? Explain.

52
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.3. Periodic trend in electron negativity χ decreases

.
For the TMs, there
is little …...............
noble gases,
lanthanides,
actinides do not
have χ. 53

 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.4. Periodic trend in electron affinity (A) of the atoms
What is A ? A is qualitative or quantitative?
Electron affinity is …......................
A is a quantitative measurement of the energy change when
…......................

54
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.5. Periodic trend in metallic character
How is the metallic character defined?

The metallic character of an element can be defined as

…......................

How does the

metallic
character vary in
the periodic
table? Explain.

55

 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms

I.4.5. Periodic trend in metallic character

Metallic characteristics …...................... …......................a period.

This is caused by …......................

Metallic characteristics …...................a group. Electron shielding

causes the atomic radius to increase thus the outer electrons ionizes
more readily than electrons in smaller atoms.
Metallic character relates to the ability …......................, and
nonmetallic character relates to the ability ….......................

56
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms

I.4.6. Periodic trend in oxidation state

What is the conception of oxidation state of an atom?
.
Conceptually, oxidation state (oxidation number) of an atom is
…......................

Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons to acquire …......................

…....................... So the group oxidation number can be
predicted from the electron configuration for main groups.
For the heavier elements, stable oxidation state is 2 less than the
group oxidation number because of the inert-pair effect.

Predict the group oxidation state for group IA-VIIIA? 57

 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.6. Periodic trend in oxidation state

58
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.6. Periodic trend in oxidation state
Groups IA, IIA, IIIA:

Groups IVA-VIIA:

Groups IIIA-VIIA (p elements):

Group VIIIA:
59
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of atoms
I.4.6. Periodic trend in oxidation state
Groups B: have various oxidation state, the highest is equal to
the group number.

60
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of compounds
I.4.6. Periodic trend in acidic/basic properties of covalent hydrides
Covalent hydride is the compound formed when hydrogen
covalently bonds to a more electropositive element (nonmetal)

The acid ionization constants of nonmetal hydrides

How do the acidic properties vary in a period/group? Explain.

61
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of compounds
I.4.6. Periodic trend in acidic/basic properties of covalent hydrides

Going across a period the acid strength …......................

Going down a group the acid strength …......................

62
 I.4. Periodic trends in some properties of compounds
I.4.6. Periodic trend in acidic/basic character of oxides/hydroxides

How are the general

variation of acidic nature
through the periodic table?

The acidic nature of the

oxides …......................
a row (go from basic to
acidic) and …......................
…......................
for a given oxidation state

63