Pr

oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Bioet hanolpr oduct i
onf r
om f oodsour cessuchascor n,cassav aet c.isest i
mat edt o
i
ncr easet o 113. 6 bi ll
ion li
ters( appr oxi mat ely30.29 bil
lion gallons).Product i
on of
bioet hanolf r
om cor nst archr eceiv edmuchcr i
ti
cism inthef eed,foodandf ueldebat e.
Armah and Col leaguesr epor ted t hatt her i
sei nf ood pricesi n somecount r
iesi s
attri
but ed t othe pr oduct i
on ofbi of
uel s such as bi oethanoland bi odiesel.Thus,
attent i
onwasshi ftedf r
om t heuseoff ood- basedmat eri
alsf orbioethanolproductiont o
non- food sour ces such as l ignocel l
ul oses bi omass.Var ious studies on bi ofuel s
product ionconsi derbi oethanolf rom l i
gnocel l
ulosicbiomassasav i
ablealternati
v efor
reduci ngoi ldependenceswhi l
epr ot ectingf oodcr ops.Cornst overandswi t
chgr assar e
veryabundantt her efore,possesst hepot enti
altobeut il
izedasl ignocell
ulosicf eed
stock.Howev er,t he cost associ at
ed wi t
h pr oducti
on of bi oethanolf r
om t he
l
ignocel lulosicbi omassi sv eryhi ghcompar edwi thbioethanolpr oductionf rom food
mat er i
als.Hence,conv ersionofl i
gnocel lulosicmat eri
alstoet hanoli nacost -
eff
ect i
ve
wayr emai nsacent raltechnol ogicalchal l
enget of ull
yunlocki tscommer cialpotent i
al.
Thet wo commonmet hodsf orpr oduct ionofet hanolfrom cel l
ulosear e:separ ate
hydr olysisandf er ment ation

1
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

Pr
oduct
ionpr
ocess
Therearet
womai ntypesofcor
net
hanolproducti
on:drymil
l
ingandwetmi
l
li
ng,
whi
ch
di
fferi
ntheini
ti
algr
aintr
eat
mentmethodandco-product
s.

Dr
ymi
ll
ing
Thev astmaj or it
y(≈80%)ofcor net hanolint heUni tedSt atesi spr oducedbydr ymi ll
i
ng.
Inthedr ymi l
lingpr ocess,t
heent ir
ecor nkerneli sgroundi nt oflour , or" mash, "whi chi s
thenslur r
iedbyaddi ngwat er.Enzy mesar eaddedt ot hemasht ohy dr olyzet hest arch
i
nt osimpl esugar s.Ammoni aisaddedt ocont rolthepHandasanut rientf ort hey east,
whichi saddedl ater.Themi xturei spr ocessedathi gh-temper at ur est or educet he
bacteri
al ev els.Themashi st r
ansf erredandcool edi nf erment ers.Yeastar eadded,
whichf ermentt hesugar si
ntoet hanolandcar bondi oxide.Theent irepr ocesst akes40
to50hour s,dur i
ngwhi chtimet hemashi skeptcoolandagi tatedt opr omot ey east
activ
ity.Theet hanolispuri
fiedt hroughacombi nati
onofdi stil
lationanddehy dr ati
ont o
createf uelet hanol.Themashi st hent ransferredt odi stil
lationcol umns,wher et he
ethanoli sr emov edf rom t
hest ill
age.Theet hanoli sdehy dratedt oabout200pr oof
usingamol ecul arsievesystem.Adenat urantsuchasgasol inei saddedt or endert he
productundr inkable.Thepr oducti st henr eadyt oshi ptogasol i
ner et ai l
er sort er minals.
Ther emai ningst il
lagei spr ocessedi ntoahi ghlynut riti
ousl ivest ockf eedknownas
disti
ll
er'
s dr ied gr ains and solubl e( DDGS) .The car bon di oxi de r eleased f rom t he
processi susedt ocarbonatebev eragesandf ordr yicemanuf act uring

2
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

3
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

Wetmi
ll
ing
Inwetmi ll
ing,thecor
ngr ainissepar atedi nt
ocomponent sbyst eepingindi l
utesul f
uri
c
acidfor24t o48hour s.Thesl urrymi xt hengoest hroughaser i
esofgr i
nder sto
separateoutt hecornger m.Ther emai ningcomponent soff iber,gluten,andst archare
segregatedusi ngscr
een,hy drochloric,andcent ri
fugalseparators.Thecor nstarchand
remainingwat ercanbef ermentedi ntoet hanolt
hroughasi mi l
arpr ocessasdr ymi l
l
ing,
driedandsol dasmodi f
iedcor nst arch, ormadei ntocornsy rup.Thegl utenpr oteinand
steepi
ngl iquoraredr i
edt omakeacor nglut
enmealt hati ssol dt ot hel i
v est
ock
i
ndustry.Theheav ysteepwat eri sal sosol dasaf eedi ngredientandusedasan
alt
ernativ
et osalti
nthewi ntermont hs.Cor noili
salsoextractedandsol d.

4
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

Upst
ream Pr
ocess
Ther aw mat eri
aliniti
all
yunder goescr ushing( mil
li
ngf orcer eal
s)tor educet hepar ticl
esi ze
dist
r i
butiontosuchadegr eet hattheenzy mesent erincont actwi t
hthest archmolecul esinthe
subsequentst eps.Dur ing l
iquef act
ion with alpha-amy l
ase,st arch is dismantl
ed i ntol ow
mol ecularsugaruni ts,t
heso- call
eddext r
ines.Inthenextpr ocessstep,sacchar i
fi
cation,these
dextrinesar ef urtherdismant ledintoferment ablesugar sbymeansofgl uco-amylase.I nthe
ferment ati
onpr ocess,thesef ermentabl
esugar sarepar tl
yaer obical
l
yt ransfor
med,butmai nly
anaer obicall
ybySacchar omy cescer evi
siae( yeast
)intobiomassandet hanol;sugarcont aini
ng
rawmat erialase. g.sugarcanecanbedi rectlyfedint
of erment ati
onaftercrushing.

Upst
ream pr
ocessgr
oups:

 St
orage

 Cl
eani
ng

 Mi
l
li
ng/Cr
ushi
ng

 Mashi
ng

 Li
quef
act
ion

 Sacchar
if
icat
ion

 Fer
ment
ati
on(
bat
chorcont
inuous)

Downst
ream Pr
ocess
The alcoholi nt he fer ment ed mash i st hen concent r
ated by means ofdi stil
l
at i
on and
recti
fi
cation,beforet her equiredwat ercont entofet hanol isregulatedinthedewat eri
ngpr ocess.
Theaccr uedr esiduesf rom di sti
ll
ati
on, t
heso- call
edst i
ll
age, i
sf i
rstevaporatedandt hendr iedto
animalf eed,t he so- cal led DDGS.Howev er ,the product i
on ( dryi
ng)ofDDGS r equires a
considerableamountofpr imaryener gy( e.g.f ueloilornat uralgas);therefore,i
ffeedlot sare
nearby,animalf eedwi llbesol dinwetcondi tion,socalledWDGS.Forsugarcaneandmol asses
theresidue,socal ledv inasses,wasr eturnedt othef i
eldsasf ert
il
izer-duet osust ai
nabi l
it
y
reasonsandchangei nl egislati
on,sprayingofv i
nassesont hef i
eldsismost l
yforbi
ddeni nthe
meant i
me.I nt hepast ,di r
ectcombust i
onofDDGSt urnedoutt obeunf easibl
ebecauseof
proceduraldiffi
culti
esandl ackingeffi
ciency( duet othehi ghwat ercont entofthest i
l
lage).

Ther eal
isat
ionofabi ogaspl antcouldnotbeachi
evedinlargescalesof arbecauseoft he
enormous quant i
ti
es ofst il
l
age and theirhi
gh organi
c stress.Combinati
on ofet hanol
producti
onwi t
hbiogasrespectivel
y,bi
omassbur
ningresul
tsi
ndi f
fer
entbi
orefi
neryconcept
sor
socallednextgenerat
iontechnology.

5
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

Downst
ream pr
ocessgr
oups:

 Di
sti
l
lat
ion

 Rect
if
icat
ion

 Et
hanol
dewat
eri
ng(
mol
ecul
arsi
eve,
membr
anes,
orent
rai
nerdi
sti
l
lat
ion)

 Decant
ati
on

 Ev
apor
ati
on

 Dr
ying

Dr
ygr
indet
hanolpr
oduct
ion
Thedr ygr indpr ocessi sdesi gnedt of ermentasmuchoft hecor nker nelaspossi ble.
Ther ear ef i
v ebasi cst epsi nt heconv enti
onaldr ygr indet hanolpr ocess:gr i
nding,
cooking,l iquef action,sacchar ificat i
on,and f erment ati
on.Li ttl
ei s wast ed i nt he
product ionoft hisf uel
—i naddi ti
ont oet hanol, t
hemanuf act uri
ngpr ocessal sopr oduces
disti
ll
ersgr ai ns,ahi gh-
qual ityl i
v est ockf eed,andcar bondi oxide,af oodandi ndust ri
al
product .I nt hedr ygr i
ndmet hodofet hanolpr oduct i
on,not hingi sdonet opr eseparate
thecor nst archf rom theker nel .Theent i
recor nker nelisgr oundi nt oacoar sef l
our
throughahammermi ll
,t opasst hr ougha30meshscr een,t hensl urriedwi t hwat erto
form a“ mash” .Eachbushel ofcor ngener ates∼22 gal l
onsofmash
Ther ear et hreemet hodsofpr etreat mentoft hebi omassnamel y;phy sical ,chemi caland
Biological .Atani ndustriallev elbi ologicalpr ocessi st hepr eferredsi ncei tdoesnot
produceanyunnecessar yby pr oduct s.Thet arget edr eact i
onsar eonl ycar ri
edoutwhi ch
i
sr equi red f ort he pr oductf or mat ion thus t he r emai ning bi omass af terpr oduct
extractioncoul dbeusedf oranyot herpur posesl ikeani malf eed.Si nceal lt hebi ological
reactionshappensatopt i
mum condi ti
ons,t he pr oduct i
on costi sal so l esswhen
compar edt oot hermet hods.St archi smadeupofamy l
oseandamy l
opect in.I ti
smade
upofal pha1, 6andal pha1, 4l inkages.WhenSt ar chiscookedata hi gh pr essur eand
temper at ure,i ti s gel atini
zed,enabl i
ng t he enzy mes t o access and di gestt he
polymer s.Dr ygr indmet hodwasusedi nt hispr ojectf ort hepr oduct ionofet hanol,
mai nlybecausei tiseconomi cal ,gi veshi ghy ieldandal sobecauset hewhol ecor n
kernelcoul d be used unl i
ke t he wetmi ll
ingpr ocesst hati nv olvest hesepar ationof
starch,ger m, fibreet c.

6
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

Mi
l
li
ng

Li
quef
act
ion

Si
mul
taneoussacchar
if
icat
ionandFer
ment
ati
on

Cent
ri
fugat
ion

Di
sti
l
lat
ion

When i t comes t ot he fermentation process y east i

st he most wi del
y used
organism. Simul t
aneoussacchar i
ficat
ion and Fer mentat
ion(SSF) pr ocess was
used.I
nasi ngl
er eactor,yeastisaddedal ongwitht hesaccharif
yingenzymeswhi ch
producesthegl ucoseuni t
sandt heywer ei mmediat el
yconver t
edintoet hanol.
Inthis
wayt herear enochancesofgl ucoseaccumul ati
onandal sot hepr oducedet hanol
preventst
hemi crobial
cont aminat
ion.They ieldofethanolcouldbecal cul
atedusingt he
fol
lowingequati
on.
Glucose Ethanol+Car bondioxide+Heat
1mol e 2mol es 2mol e
180g 92g 88g

Theselect
ionofmi croorgani
sm isoneoft heimpor t
antfactor
sf ortheproductionasit
shoul
dbeabl etowi t
hstandtheosmot icpressureandol erancet o ethanol.Yeasthas
been a commonl y usedorganism si nceseveraldecadesandhencet hesamewas
used.
[8]Both soli
d and submer ged f er
ment ati
on wer e carr
ied outt o check the
eff
ici
ency.Solidstatefermentati
onwast r
iedf ortheproducti
onofet hanolduet othe
sui
tabil
i
tyoft heor gani
sm forsuchf ermentat i
on.Yeastv erywel ladapt stoal ow
moistur
econtaini
ngenv i
ronment.Itdoesnotrequi reagi
tati
onoraer ationthusthereare
noenergyrequir
ement s.

St
archconv
ersi
on
Starchex i
stsasi nsoluble,parti
all
ycr ystall
i
negr anul
esi nt heendosper m oft hecorn
kernel.Cor nst archismadeupofi ndividualunitsofglucose,linkedt ogetherinchains
byal pha1–4andoccasi onalalpha1–6l inkages.The1–4l inkagespr oducel i
near
chainst hatpr imaril
ycompr isemol eculescal l
ed“amylose”,wher east heal pha 1–6
l
inkages ser ve as br anchi
ng poi ntst o produce branchedchai n mol ecules call
ed
amy lopect i
n.Nor mal cornstarchcont ainsabout27%amy lose,witht heremainderbeing
amy lopect i
n.St archcannotbemet abolizeddi r
ectl
ybyy east ,butmustf ir
stbebr oken
down i nto simpl e six carbon sugar s pr iortof erment ati
on.To accompl i
sh thi
s
conv ersion,thepHoft hemashi sadjustedt opH6. 0,f
ollowedbyt headdi ti
onofalpha-
amy lase.At hermost ablealpha-amy l
aseenzy mei saddedt obegi nbr eaki
ngdownt he
starchpol ymert oproducesol ubledext ri
nsbyqui ckl
yandr andoml yhy droly
zingalpha
1–4bonds.Themashi sheatedabov e100° Cusingajetcooker ,whichpr ovidesthehigh

7
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

temper atureandmechani calshearnecessar ytocl eav eandr uptur estar

chmol ecules,
especiallythoseofahi ghmol ecul arweight.Thecor nmashi skeptatt heelevated
temper atureforsev er
almi nut
esbypumpi ngi tthroughahol dingt ubeequippedwi t
ha
backpressur ev al
ve.Themashf lowsf rom thehol dingtubei ntoaf l
asht ankandt he
temper atureisallowedt of al
lto80–90° C.Addi ti
onalal pha-
amy l
asei saddedandt he
mashi sl iquefi
edf oratl
east30mi n.Liquefacti
ongr eatl
yreducest hesi zeofthestarch
polymer .Thedext rini
zedmashi st hencool ed,adj ustedt opH 4. 5,andgl ucoamylase
enzyme i s added.Gl ucoamy lase conv ertsl i
quef ied star
ch i nto glucose.Enough
glucoamy l
asei saddedsucht hatt hesacchar if
icationoft hest archt oglucose,which
occurs cont inual
lyt hrough the f ermentati
on,does notl i
mi tt he rate ofethanol
production.

Fer
ment
ati
on
Aftercooki ng, themashi scool edt o32° Candt r
ansf erredt of erment er swher ey easti s
added.Of ten, ammoni um sulf ateorur eai saddedasani trogensour cef orthegr owt hof
yeast.Recent l
y ,theet hanoldr ygr i
ndmi l
lshav eal sobegunt oaddpr oteasest hatbr eak
downt hecor npr oteint of reeami noaci ds,whi chser v easanaddi tionalsour ceof
nitr
ogenf ort hey east.Thef erment at ionr equi res48–72handhasaf i
nalet hanol
concent rationof10–12%.ThepHoft hebeerdecl inesdur i
ngt hef erment ati
ont obel ow
pH4, becauseofcar bondi oxidef ormeddur ingt heet hanolf er ment at i
on.Thedecr ease
i
npHi si mpor tantf orincreasi ngt heact ivi
tyofgl ucoamy l
aseandi nhi biti
ngt hegr owt h
ofcont ami natingbact eri
a.Dr ygr indpl ant scan21r educet heamountofgl ucoamy lase
addedbysacchar if
yingt heliquef iedst archat65° Cpr i
ort of er ment ation.Manypl ant s,
howev er ,hav egonet osimul taneoussacchar if
icationandf erment ation( SSF)becausei t
l
ower st heoppor tunityformi cr obi alcont ami nation,l ower st hei nitialosmot i
cst ressof
yeastbyav oi ding a concent rated gl ucosesol ut ion,and i sgener allymor eener gy-
effi
cient .Inaddi ti
on,i tcanpr ov i
dey i
eldsofupt o8%mor eet hanolperbushelofgr ain.
Upon compl etion,t he beeri s di sti
lled t hrough t he beercol umn.Ei t
herbat ch or
continuousf erment ationsy st emsmaybeused,al t
houghbat chpr ocessi ngi smor e
common.Somenew f erment ati
onsy stemsar edesi gnedt omi nimi zedi luti
onwat er,
whichr educest heev aporati
onr equi rement sandt hust heener gyr equi redi nt hef eed-
processi ngst agesaf t
erferment ation.Thecar bondi oxider eleaseddur ingf erment ation
i
sof tencapt uredandsol d,especi all
ybyl argerdr ygr i
ndf aci li
ties.Thecar bondi oxi dei s
usedi ncar bonat i
ngsof tdrinksandbev erages,manuf act uringdr yi ce,andi not her
Industrialpr ocesses

Di
sti
ll
ati
onanddehy
drat
ion
Disti
ll
ati
oni st
hepr ocessofsepar ati
ngtheet hanolfr
om thesol i
dsandwat erint he
mash.Al coholv apori
zesat78° C andwat erat100° C( atseal evel).Thisdiff
erence
al
lows wat erto be separ ated from ethanolby heat i
ng in a di sti
l
lati
on column.
Conv enti
onaldistil
l
ation/
recti
fi
cati
on met hods can pr oduce 95% pur e( 190 proof)
ethanol.Atthi
spoi nt,thealcoholandwat erf orm anazeotrope,whi chmeansf urther
separati
onbyheatcannotoccur .I
nor dert
obl endwi t
hgasoline,
ther emai ni
ng5%wat er

8
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

mustber emov edbyot hermet hods.Moderndrygr indethanolplant

suseamol ecular
siev
esy st
em t oproduceabsolute(100%,or200pr oof)ethanol
.Theanhy dr
ouset hanol
i
st henbl ended withapproxi
mat ely5% denaturant( suchasgasol ine)torenderi t
undri
nkableandt husnotsubjecttobeveragealcoholt ax.I
tisthenreadyforshi
pment
togasoli
net er
minalsorret
ail
er

St
il
lagepr
ocessi
ng
Thesol i
dandl i
qui dfractionr emai ningafterdistil
lati
onisreferredtoas“ whol est i
ll
age”.
Whol estil
lagei ncludest hef i
ber,oil,andpr otei
ncomponent soft hegr ai
n,aswel last he
non-fer
ment ed st arch.Thi s copr oductofet hanolmanuf act ur
ei sav aluablef eed
i
ngredientf orlivestock, poul t
ry ,
andf i
sh.Althoughi tispossi
bl etofeedwhol estill
age, i
t
i
susual l
ypr ocessedf ur therbef orebei ngsol df orfeed.Fi rst
,the“ thi
nst il
lage”i s
separatedf rom t hei nsolublesol idfracti
onusi ngcent ri
fugesorpr esses/extr uders.The
sti
ll
agel eavingt hebeercol umni scent ri
fugedwi t hadecant er.Between15%and30%
oftheliquidf raction( t
hinst il
lagei srecycledasbackset .Ther emainderisconcent rated
furt
herbyev aporationandmi xedwi thther esidualsolidsfr
om t hef erment ati
on.Af t
er
evaporation,t het hick,v i
scoussy rupi smi xedbackwi t
hthesol i
dst ocr eateaf eed
productknownaswetdi st i
ll
ersgr ainswi t
hsol uble(WDGS) .

Feedpr
oduct
sfr
om st
il
lagepr
ocessi
ng
WDGS,cont aining65% moi stur e,canbeuseddi r
ectlyasaf eedpr oduct .Inf act ,iti s
oftenf av oredbydai r
yandbeeff eeder sbecausecat t
leseem t opr eferthemoi sttext ure.
Howev er ,WDGShasashel f-
li
feofonl y1–2weeks.Unl esst hef eedlotiswi thinabout50
mi l
es( 80km)oft heethanolpl ant ,handlingandst oragecanbeachal l
enge,especi ally
i
nhotsummermont hswhenshel f-li
feisv erylimited.Toi ncreaseshel f
-lif
eandr educe
transpor tationcost s,WDGSi susual lydr i
edt o10–12% moi sture,t opr oduceDDGS.
Dr y
ingWDGSi sener gy-
intensiv e,consumi ngaboutone- thir
doft heener gyr equi r
ement s
oft heent i
redr ygr i
ndpl ant.Howev er,pr oducingauni form,st abl e,
high-qual it
yf eed
copr oducti sessent i
alt
ot hepr ofitabil
ityoft heplant,resulti
ngi nmostpl ant spr oduci ng
DDGSr athert hanWDGS.Cur r ently ,drygrindet hanolpl antspr oduceov er3.8×106t ons
ofDDGSannual ly.Itisprojectedt hatt hev olumeofDDGSwi l
lincreaset oov er5. 5×106
tonsbyt hey ear2005.Thedr ygr indet hanolpr oduct i
onmet hodi sar i
gorousbi ologi cal
processt hatrequi resstri
ngentqual i
tycont rol
.Forexampl e,bact erialcont ami nationat
mashi ng may r esultint he f ormat i
on ofaci ds t hatdi vertgl ucose f r
om et hanol
product ionandi nterfer
ewi t
hf erment ation.Mol dygr ain,impropergr ainst orage,f aulty
equipment ,r eintroduced st ill
age,and ai r are some of t he maj or sour ces of
contami nat i
ont hatcanr educeet hanol yieldsorimpactt hev al
ueoft hedi sti
ll
er sgr ains.

Env
ironment
ali
ssues
Cornethanolr esul
tsinlowergr eenhousegasemi ssi
onsthangasol
ineandi sf ul
l
y
biodegr
adable,unli
kesomef ueladditi
vessuchasMTBE.Howev er
,becauseenergyto
runmanyU. S.disti
ll
eri
escomesmai nl
yfrom coalpl
ant
s,t
herehasbeenconsiderabl
e

9
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

debate on the sust

ainabi
li
ty ofcor n et
hanoli nr epl
aci
ng fossilfuels.Addi
tional
contr
oversyrel
atestothelar
geamountofar ablelandrequi
redforcropsandi t
simpact
ongrainsupplyanddirectandi ndi
rectl
andusechangeef fect
s.Otherissuesrel
ateto
poll
uti
on,wateruseforir
ri
gati
onandpr ocessing,ener
gybalance,andemi ssi
onint
ensity
fort
hef ul
ll
if
ecy cl
eofethanolproducti
on.

Gr
eenhousegasemi
ssi
ons
Severalfullli
fe cycle st
udi
es havefound thatcor
n ethanolreduces well
-t
o-wheel
greenhousegasemi ssi
onsbyupt o50percentcomparedtogasoli
ne.Ethanol
-blended
fuelscurrent
lyi
nt hemar ket–whetherE10orE85–meetst ri
ngenttai
lpi
peemi ssi
on
standards.

Economi
cimpactofcor
net
hanol
TheRenewabl eFuelsAssociation(RFA),theethanolindustry'
slobbyinggroup,claims
thatet hanolpr oduct
ionincreasesthepr i
ceofcor nbyi ncreasingdemand.TheRFA
claimst hatethanolproducti
onhasposi t
iveeconomi ceffectforUSf armers,butitdoes
notel aborateont heef f
ectforotherpopulati
onswher ef i
eldcor nispartofthest aple
diet.AnRFAl obbydocumentst at
esthat"InaJanuary2007st atement,theUSDAChi ef
Economi ststat
edt hatfarm progr
am pay mentswereexpect edt ober educedbysome
$6bi ll
ionduet ot hehighervalueofabushelofcor n.Cor nproductionin2009r eached
ov er13.2bill
i
onbushel s,andaperacr eyi
eldjumpedt oov er165bushel speracr
e.

Al
ter
nat
ivebi
omassf
oret
hanol
Remnant sfrom f
oodproduct ionsuchascor nst overcouldbeusedtoproduceethanol
i
nsteadoff oodcorn.Ethanolder i
vedfrom sugar-beetasusedinEuropeorsugar-cane
i
nBr azilhasupto80%r eductioninwell-
to-
wheelcar bondioxi
de.Theuseofcellulosi
c
bi
omass t o pr
oduce et hanoli s consi
dered second gener ati
on bi
ofuelthatar e
consideredbysomet obeasol ut
iontot hef oodv ersusfueldebat
e,andhast he
potenti
altocutlifecyclegr eenhousegasemi ssionsbyupt o86percentrel
ativeto
gasoli
ne.

10
 Pr
oduct
ionofbi
oet
hanol
from cor
n

Ref
erence
1]
[ .Bi
oFuel
sJour
nal
.“Anal
yzeThi
s:Onl
i
neToolShowsI
mpactofEt
hanolPl
antonAr
ea
CornPrices,”Four
thQuart
er,2003a,p.
16.McNew andGr i
ff
it
h’sonl
i
net
ool
,accessed
at
http:
//extensi
onecon.
msu.montana.
edu/
epl
ant
analyzer
/

[2]
.ButzenS,
Haefel
eD, Hil
lar
dP( 2003)Cor
npr
ocessi
ngI
I:dr
ygri
ndet
hanolpr
oducti
on,
13.PioneerHybri
dInternati
onal
,JohnstonCher
yanM (2002)Cornoiland pr
otein
extr
acti
onmethod.USPatent6433146

[
3].
Wiki
pidi
a@googl
e

11