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ACIDS &
Combined science chemistry

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• These are substances that can donate proton (s) or hydrogen ions
• Their pH values range from 0 up to just below 7

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• Acids have a sour taste.
• They can turn blue litmus paper red

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• They keep red litmus red
• Some acids are classified as strong acids or weak acids

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• Are very dangerous
• They are corrosive – they can eat away

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metals and other materials

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• They can cause serious burns
• Strong acids dissociate completely in water
to release hydrogen ion

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Hydrochloric acid(HCl)
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

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Nitric acid(HNO3)

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• Partially (split/break) dissociate in water to
release hydrogen ions

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• Examples:

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Citrus fruit juice such as lemon juice
and orange juice
Methanoic acid (CHCOOH)
Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
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• Bases or alkalis are substances that accept protons or
have more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

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• Their pH values are range from just above7 up to 14.
• They are slippery

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• They turn red litmus blue
• They keep blue litmus blue

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• sodium hydroxide NaOH (aq)
• potassium hydroxide KOH (aq)

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• calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (aq)

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• ammonia NH3 (aq)
• Some bases are strong while others are weak.
• Strong bases dissociate fully in water to give away their
hydroxide ions while weak bases partially dissolve when
dissolved in water.
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 pH
• Is a measure of how acidic or basic the substance
dissolved in water is

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• Acidity is a measure of the H+ ions in the
solutions.

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• If the H+ ions present in a solution are more, the
solution is also more acidic.
• The content of alkalinity of a solution is
determined by the OH – ions. If the OH –ions
present in a solution are more than the solution
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is alkaline.
 pH
• The pH scale starts from 0 to 14.
• The scale is divided into 3 regions:
1. the acid,

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2. the neutral

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3. and the alkaline regions.
• The acidic regions start from 0 to just below 7
• 7 shows the neutral substances.
• The alkaline region begins just after 7 up to 14
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 pH Scale
• Weak acids have pH values just below 7
• Strong alkalis have the highest pH

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• Strongest acids have the smallest pH values

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• The pH is the measure of the concentration
of hydrogen ions present in a solution
• As the concentration of hydrogen ions
increases pH decreases
• As the concentration of hydroxide ions
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increases pH increases
• Are used to measure the pH of a solution
• They are substances that changes color

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according to the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
• Eg: litmus paper

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• Universal indicator (mixture of dyes that gives
different colors as pH changes )
• the colour formed on the indicator paper or
solution is matched with the colour on the
universal indicator chart where pH values are
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also indicated.
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