STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

TERMINOLOGIES
• STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
A graphic representation of
• RUPTURE STRENGTH the relationship between unit stress
Stress at which material specimen values and the corresponding unit
breaks. strains for a specific material.

• STRAIN FORMULA • ULTIMATE STRENGTH

Deformation / Length Maximum Stress that can be
attained immediately before actual
• YIELD POINT failure or rapture.
The stress wherein the deformation
increases without any increase in the • AXIAL STRESS
load. The force passing through the
surface area to the longitudinal axis
• SHEAR STRESS of a material.
A force acting at the surface of an
object which tend the material to slip • ELASTIC RANGE
past the adjacent part. The range of unit stresses for
which a material exhibits elastic
• STRAIN deformation
The change in the shape of any
material • HOOKE’S LAW FORMULA
when subjected to the action force. F=KX

The deformation of a body under the • PROPORTIONAL LIMIT

action of an applied force, about the Maximum stress below which
change in size to the original size of a the material does not return to its
stressed element. original length but has incurred a
permanent deformation.
• STRESS FORMULA
Force / Area • FATIGUE
Weakening or failure of a
• ELASTIC DEFORMATION material at a stress below the elastic
A temporary change in the limit when subjected to a repeated
dimensions or shape of a body series of stresses.
produced by a stress
• STRESS
The reaction of an elastic body
to the external forces applied, equal
to the force per unit area of the
elastic body.
• EQUILIBRIUM
Sum of all external force is
equal to ZERO
• MOMENT ARM
The force measured from a
loading at a distance from the axis of
rotation.
• TENSION
A longitudinal strain that tend
to elongate the object.
• MOMENT
The rotational force measured
at a given axis at a given point on a
beam
• BEARING STRESS
The contact force between
two opposing objects.
• ELASTICITY
The property of a material
that enables it to deform in response
to an applied force and to recover its
original proportion upon removal of
the force.
• DEFLECTION
The deformation of a
structural member as a result of
loads acting on it.
• STATICS
Branch of engineering
mechanics that is concerned with
the analysis of loads.
• MOMENT OF INERTIA
Defined as the tendency of an
object to remain in a state of rest or
of a constant rotational velocity.
• CENTROID OF MASS
The balance of weight in a
force system.
• COMPRESSION
A longitudinal strain that tend
to shorten the object under stress.
• CENTROID OF AN AREA
Denoted as the average X and
Y coordinates of an area.
• CENTROID
The sum of the displacements
of all points in the figure from such a
point being zero.
• AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA
The property of shape that is
used to predict deflection of
unsupported structural member
under loading.
 • SIMPLE BEAM
Type of beam simply
• MOMENT ARM
supported on both ends.
The force measured from a
loading at a distance from the axis of
• CONTINUOUS BEAM
rotation
Type of beam supported by a
row of columns.
• MOMENT
The rotational force measured
• UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
at a given axis at a given point on a
Type of load that produce
beam
parabolically varying moments.
Type of load representing the
• MOMENT DIAGRAM
weight of a prismatic beam.
A graphic representation of
the variation in magnitude of the
• LIVE LOAD
bending moment
Moving variable weights add
to the dead load or an intrinsic
• EFFECTIVE SPAN
weight of a structure.
The center to center distance
between the supports of a beam.
• COLUMN
A vertical structural element
• CLEAR SPAN
that carries an axial force in
The distance between inner
compression.
faces of the support

• ROLLER CONNECTION
• REACTION
Type of beam connection free
The sum total of all the
from horizontal stress.
external forces measured from the
supports of a beam.
• GRAVITY LOAD
Classification of a load
• UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD
produced by a dead load.
Type of load that is increasing
or decreasing linearly throughout
• BEAM
the length of the beam.
A rigid structural member
designed to carry and transfer
transverse loads across spaces to the
supporting elements.
• DEAD LOAD
Classification of a load which
is permanently attached to a
structure.
• FIXED END CONNECTION
Type of beam connection
carrying the moment, horizontal,
and vertical stresses
• LOAD
A force that is supported by a
structural element.
• NEWTON
The amount of force required
to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass one
meter per second per second.
• SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
A beam supported on the
ends which are free to rotate and
have no moment resistance.
• POINT LOAD
A beam loading that produces
a sudden drop of the line diagram in
a simple beam.
A beam loading that produces
a linearly varying diagram in a simple
beam.
• TENSILE FORCE
Type of force acting at the
extreme bottom fiber at the
midspan of a beam.
• 2L/3
The centroid of a Uniformly
varying load measure from its lesser
magnitude.
• SHEAR DIAGRAM
The variation of the
magnitude of shear stress measured
from the full length of a beam.
• FIXED BEAM
A beam supported on both
ends and restrained from rotation.
• FIXED SUPPORT
Type of beam support that
prevents all types of forces.
• EQUAL
The reactions measured at the
supports of a freely supported beam
on both ends
• MOMENT DIAGRAM
The variation of the
magnitude of bending stress
measured from the full length of a
beam.
• OVERHANGING BEAM
A simple beam extending
beyond its support on one end.
• UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD
A beam loading that produces • L/2
a parabolically moment diagram in The centroid of a Uniformly
simple beam. Distributed load measure from its
greater magnitude.
• COMPRESSIVE FORCE
Type of force acting at the
 1st degree Statically
extreme top fiber at the midspan of
indeterminate beam
a beam.
The level of
• L/3 indeterminacy of a roof truss system
The centroid of a Uniformly pinned on both ends.
varying load measure from its
greater magnitude.  3rd degree Statically
indeterminatebeam
• CURVED LINE
The shear diagram of a The level of indeterminacy of
uniformly varying load on a simple the frame of Architecture building 3
beam of TIP QC.

• CANTILEVER BEAM  CANTILEVER BEAM

A beam anchored at one end A beam anchored at one end
and projecting into space. and projecting into space.

• UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

 COMPRESSIVE FORCE
A beam loading that produces
a linearly varying shear diagram in Type of force acting at the
simple beam. extreme bottom fiber at the midspan
of a cantilever beam.
• PINNED SUPPORT Type of force acting at the
Type of beam support that extreme bottom fiber at the support
prevents Horizontal and vertical of a continuous beam.
forces but allows rotation.

• REACTION
The sum total of all the forces
measured from the supports of a
simple beam.
 Type of force acting at the
extreme top fiber at the midspan of
a simple beam.
 TENSILE FORCE
Type of force acting at the
extreme top fiber at the midspan of a
cantilever beam.
Type of force acting at the
extreme top fiber at the support of a
continuous beam.
Type of force acting at the
extreme bottom fiber at the
midspan of a simple beam.
 STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAM
The level of indeterminacy of
the elevated railway of LRTA 1.
Equilibrium conditions are fully
adequate to analyze the structure.
 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
A beam supported on the ends
which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance.
MODULE 6 REVIEWER
The behavior of columns depends on 3
main factors.
1. The unsupported height of the column.
2. The type of its connectivity.
3. Span of the beam on which it supports.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Basically length of column can be
said as vertical distance between two
floors or between two tie levels.
According to structural point of view
length of column is the distance between
two points where a column gets its fixity
of support so its movement is restrained
in all directions.
• While a column height is the floor to floor
distance, the effective length of a column
depends on the type of support
conditions the column is subjected to.
• The effective column length can be
defined as the length of an equivalent
pin-ended column having the same load-
carrying capacity as the member under
consideration. The smaller the effective
length of a particular column, the smaller
its danger of lateral buckling and the
greater its load carrying capacity.
SLENDERNESS RATIO
In structural engineering, slenderness is a
measure of the propensity of a column to
buckle. It is defined as where is the
effective length of the column and is the
least radius of gyration, the latter defined
by where is the area of the cross-section When the ratio of the effective length of
of the column and is the second moment the column to its least lateral dimension is
of area of the cross-section. exceeds 12
• In structural engineering,
slenderness is a measure of
the propensity of a column to
buckle.
• It is defined as where is the
effective length of the column
and is the least radius of MODULE 6 QUIZ
gyration.
• Defined by where is the area • FALSE
of the cross-section of the
Length / least lateral dimension gives
column and is the second
you the slenderness ratio.
moment of area of the cross-
section.
• SHORT COLUMN
SHORT COLUMN The column, whose least lateral
dimension is very large when compared to
The column, whose least lateral its unsupported height.
dimension is very large when compared
to its unsupported height, it generally
fails by CRUSHING. • FIVE STOREY BUILDING
When the ratio of the effective length of The column generally reduce its
the column to its least lateral dimension dimensions as it goes higher floors.
is less than 12

• COMPRESSION
Type of force acting in a column

• DEPENDS ON CONNECTIVITY
LONG COLUMN
A 4 meter height column measured
The column, whose least lateral from floor to floor with a least dimension
dimension is very small when compared of 300 mm is a short column.
to its unsupported height, it generally
fails by BUCKLING.
• LONG COLUMN
The column, whose least lateral
dimension is very small when compared to
its unsupported height
• 2,400KG/ CUBIC METER
The weight of concrete
• NONE
The unit for Slenderness ratio in
column.
• EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Basically length of column can be said
as vertical distance between two floors or
between two tie levels. According to
structural point of view.
• SLENDERNESS RATIO
It is defined as where is the effective
length of the column and is the least radius
of gyration.