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Review On Smart Practices and Technologies For Climate Resilient Agriculture
Review On Smart Practices and Technologies For Climate Resilient Agriculture
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1
Department of Agronomy, UAHS, Shivamogga – 577204, Karnataka, India
2
College of Horticulture, Mudigere, Karnataka, India
3
Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Climate change has become an important area of concern to ensure food and nutritional
security for growing population. In India, significant negative impacts have been implied
with medium-term (2010-2039) climate change, predicted to reduce yields by 4.5 to 9 %,
Keywords depending on the magnitude and distribution of warming. In the context of climate change
and variability, farmers need to adapt quickly to enhance their resilience to increasing
Technologies,
threats of climatic variability such as droughts, floods and other extreme climatic events.
Climate Resilient
Agriculture,
Concentrated efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability
Climate change of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient. As
most of our farmers are marginal their adaptive capacity is limited, and hence,
Article Info economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation techniques need to be developed
and implemented. Over the years, an array of practices and technologies have been
Accepted:
22 May 2018
developed by researchers towards fostering stability in agricultural production against the
Available Online: onslaught of seasonal variations. Adoption of such resilient practices and technologies by
10 June 2018 farmers appears to be more a necessity than an option. Practices revolving around efficient
resource-use, safeguards environment, and sustaining long-term development of
agriculture assume greater importance. On-farm demonstration of site-specific
technologies will go a long way in enabling farmers cope with current climate variability.
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(cultivating 1-2 hectares land) and marginal combination of higher average annual
(cultivating up to 1 hectares land) with poor temperatures and water stress (excess or
coping capacity. The farms are diverse, deficit) can have serious implications for crop
heterogeneous and unorganized. Indian production in the tropics. The frequency of
agriculture, almost 60% of its net cultivated occurrence of extreme weather events such as
area as rainfed, is exposed to stresses arising tropical cyclones and heat waves is on the rise
from climatic variability and climate change. (NATCOM, 2004; IPCC, 2007) and
India has the unenviable problem of ensuring compounds the adverse effects on agriculture.
food security for the projected most populous
country in 2050 with one of the largest Climate change threats to Indian
malnourished populations. Agriculture
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change impacts, and in many cases the cumulative
defines adaptation as an adjustment in natural effect of impacts is unknown, the process of
or human systems in response to actual or planning brings learning, builds skills, and
expected climatic stimuli or their effects, an helps to create resilience.
adjustment that moderates harm or exploits
beneficial opportunities. We believe that Diversity and decentralization of planning,
resilience is a more accurate, positive, and response, and recovery activities. A diversity
comprehensive term, describing the dynamic, of options has greater potential to match the
systemic transformation that is needed to particular scenario of impacts that occurs,
respond to the consequences of climate while decentralization allows for parts of the
change, especially future impacts that are system to continue operations even if other
difficult to predict. parts of the system are down.
Planning and foresight to prepare for Farm machinery (custom hiring) centers
identified impacts and risks. While it is
impossible to plan for every possible set of Crop contingency plans
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Mandatory soil testing is done in all villages to Tillage without adequate crop residue
ensure balanced use of chemical fertilizers. retention on the soil surface can lead to soil
Improved methods of fertilizer application, erosion by both wind and water leading to soil
matching with crop requirement to reduce degradation. So go for reduced tillage i.e.,
nitrous oxide emission. conservation agriculture.
Even there is more sources like organic Fertilizer application should be done after
manure addition, green manuring, brown mandatory soil testing. Some of the recent
manuring, crop rotation or intercropping with development is fertilizer application includes
legume sequester carbon, biochar has a unique
property to sequester more carbon which is SSNM and Leaf color chart for rice
highlighted below. Slow release fertilizer (coated urea)
Deep placement of urea
Biochar is a fine-grained, carbon-rich, porous Fertigation
product remaining after plant biomass has INM
been subjected to thermo-chemical conversion
process (pyrolysis) at low temperatures Adapted cultivars and cropping systems
(~350–600°C) in an environment with little or
no oxygen (Amonette and Joseph, 2009). Farmers in the villages traditionally grow local
varieties of different crops resulting in poor
Avoid bare soil crop productivity due to heat, droughts or
floods. Hence, improved, early duration
Removal of soil particles from the parent body drought, heat and flood tolerant varieties are
and its transportation should be avoided, as it introduced for achieving optimum yields
conserves soil fertility of that locality. So despite climatic stresses. This varietal shift
practice the following measures to conserve was carefully promoted by encouraging
land degradation. village level seed production and linking
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Avoid burning of crop residue in field, go for The water store in the farm ponds are recycled
sowing using residual moisture. and used for raising second crop in dry spells.
The field is watered using rain guns, sprinkler,
Crop diversification drips etc. as the water use efficiency is high
among them.
A farm with continuous monocropping will
check the potential of that farm. So to make a Water saving technologies
farm dynamic and healthy, it has high
diversity of plants and animals (above and Since climate variability manifests in terms of
below ground). deficit or excess water, major emphasis was
laid on introduction of water saving
Rainwater harvesting and recycling technologies like direct seeded rice, zero
tillage and other resource conservation
Rainwater harvesting and recycling through practices, which also reduce GHG emissions
farm ponds, restoration of old rainwater besides saving of water.
harvesting structures in dryland / rainfed
areas, percolation ponds for recharging of Direct seeded rice
open wells, bore wells and injection wells for Drum seeded rice
recharging ground water are taken up for
enhancing farm level water storage. Zero tillage
The crop sown in narrow strips between wide Improved planting measure like BBF, FIRB,
intervals that are ridged as artificial miniature etc.
watersheds. Usage of crop residues as mulch,
application of coir pith enhance the water Land configuration like tied ridges, tied
holding capacity of the soil. furrows which arrest water.
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Challenges before us
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Direct seeder and drum seeder help in sowing In Pudukottai under MSSRF, the farmers of
at labour scarce time. one panchayat clubbed together to form a
federation with the aim to combat protein
To use immediate rain we can opt for hunger and adapting to drought. They took
transplanters resolution to maximum area under pulse. This
aided in pulse sufficiency of that panchayat.
Harvesters help in quick harvest of crop
because of forecast of rain at maturity of crop. Livestock and fishery interventions
Intercultivators give hands in labour shortage Use of community lands for fodder
time production during droughts/floods, improved
fodder/feed storage methods, feed
Crop contingency plans supplements, micronutrient use to enhance
adaptation to heat stress, preventive
To cope with climate variability, vaccination, improved shelters for reducing
ICAR/CRIDA has developed district level heat/cold stress in livestock, management of
contingency plans for our country at district fish ponds/tanks during water scarcity and
level. Operationalization of these plans during excess water are some key interventions in
aberrant monsoon years through the district/ livestock/fishery sector.
block level extension staff helps farmers cope
with climate variability. Weather based agro advisories
Some of the plans include
Automatic weather stations at KVK
Seed village & Community nursery experimental farms and mini-weather
observatories in project villages are
All the inputs needed for raising crop from established to record real time weather
seed to seed production in a selected village / parameters such as rainfall, temperature and
panchayat is given. With the help of extension wind speed etc. both to issue customized agro
staffs agro advisories, package of practices advisories and improve weather literacy
are given. After seed production, that seed is among farmers.
collected and distributed to the farmers at the
time of seed crisis. Institutional interventions
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collective marketing, introduction of weather liaison with gram panchayat and local elected
index based insurance and climate literacy representatives and maintain all financial
through a village level weather station are transactions under the project. Millions of
introduced to ensure effective adoption of all hungry and starving individuals hill have
other interventions and promote community hope. We have their hopes vested in us.
ownership of the entire programme. Despite our serious challenges, we still have
hope. We need all support to elevate
Advantages of custom hiring centers include: agriculture to achieve global climate change
goals and the triple win of enhanced
Provides access to small and marginal farmers agricultural productivity and incomes, climate
to costly farm machinery resilience and carbon sequestration. It is vital
to include agriculture, food security and land
Facilitates timeliness in farm operations and in the climate change negotiation.
efficient use of inputs
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(06): 3021-3031. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.355
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