VOCABULARY Compile: Hà Minh

1. Polar bear: Gấu bắc, nam cực

2. - Far-reaching: Có thể áp
dụng rộng rái, ảnh hưởng sâu
rộng
- Far-off: Xa xưa
- Far-gone: Quá mức, rất
nặng
- Far-flung: Xa, rộng, trải rộng
bao la (địa lý)
- Far-fetched: Gượng gạo,
không tự nhiên
- Far-famed: Nổi tiếng
3. Are uniquely adapted to:
Thích nghi riêng biệt với..
4. Underneath (adv): Dưới
5. - Comparative (a) = relative =
fair: Tương đối,...
- Comparable (a) =
analoguous = akin: Có thể so
Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of
sánh được climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching
6. Adipose tissue (n): Mô mỡ consequences. They are uniquely adapted to the extreme
7. - Obese (a) = fat = heavy = conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach -
overweight = stout: Béo, mập
40°C. One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimetres
- Obesity (n) = overweightness
= heaviness = chunkiness: Sự of fat underneath their skin. Humans with comparative levels of
béo phì adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to
8. Suffer from (v) = bear = suffer from diabetes and heart disease. Yet the polar bear
tolerate = endure = put up with:
experiences no such consequences.
Chịu đựng
9. Diabetes (n): Bệnh đái đường
10. Heart disease = heart attack: A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this
Bệnh tim mystery. They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with
11. Sheds light on (v): Làm sáng that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown
tỏ
12. - Mystery (n) = secrecy = bears. This allowed them to determine the genes that have
anonymity = obscurity = allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest
inscrutability: Điều huyền bí.. environments on Earth. Liu and his colleagues found the polar
- Mysterious (a) = strange = bears had a gene known as APOB, which reduces levels of low-
unexplained = inexplicable =
odd: Bí ẩn, khó giải thích density lipoproteins (LDLs) – a form of ‘bad’ cholesterol. In
13. Tough (a) = hard = harsh = humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased
difficult: Khó khăn risk of heart disease. Polar bears may therefore be an important
14. Reduce (v) = decrease = study model to understand heart disease in humans.
lessen = diminish = trim down =
condense = shrink = ease: Giảm,
cắt bớt lại The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for
15. Cholesterol (n): Chất béo another condition, one that particularly affects our older
gây xơ cứng động mạch generation: osteoporosis. This is a disease where bones show
reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced
16. Of low-density: Mật độ thấp
17. Lipoprotein (n): Li-pô-prô-tê-
in
18. Mutation (n) = change =
alteration = transformation =
modification: Sự đột biến
19. Genome (n): Bộ Gen
20. Osteoporosis (n): Chứng
loãng xương
21. Bone (n): Xương
22. - Density (n) = thickness =
compactness = mass: Mật độ
dày đặc
- Dense population: Dân cư
dày đặc
- Sparse (a): Thưa thớt, rải
rác
- Sparse population: Dân cư
thưa thớt
23. Calcium intake (n): Hấp thụ
Canxi
24. Insufficient (a) = inadequate
= deficient = lacking = in short:
Không đủ, thiếu
25. - Starvation (n) = hunger =
malnourishment = famishment =
famine: Đói, nạn đói
- Starve (v) = have nothing to
eat = famish = go short of food:
Cảm thấy đói
26. Intake (n) = consumption =
drinking = ingestion: Sự hấp thụ,
lấy vào
27. Remodel (v) = alter = change
= modify = adjust = adapt =
amend = repair = renovate: Sửa
đổi lại, tu sửa
28. Undergo (v) = experience =
go through: Trải qua....
29. Pregnancy (n) = gravidity =
gestation: Có thai, có chửa
30. Dig (v) = excavate: Đào, bới
31. Maternity dens (n): Hang sinh
đẻ
32. - Dens (n): Răng
- Dens serotinus: Răng khôn
33. Cubs (n): Đàn con
34. Deplete (v) = drain = exhaust
= use up = diminish = lessen =
rundown: Làm cạn kiệt..
35. Calcium
36. Calorie (n): Lượng calo
calcium intake or food starvation. Bone tissue is constantly
being remodeled, meaning that bone is added or removed,
depending on nutrient availability and the stress that the bone is
under. Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions
during every pregnancy. Once autumn comes around, these
females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there
throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their
cubs. This process results in about six months of fasting, where
the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive,
depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves. Despite this,
their bones remain strong and dense.
Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Allen Goodship found an
explanation for this paradox in 2008. They discovered that
pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones
before they started to build their dens. In addition, six months
later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs,
there was no evidence of significant loss of bone density.
Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must
therefore resort to major bone reformation in the following spring.
If the mechanism of bone remodeling in polar bears can be
understood, many bedridden humans, and even astronauts,
could potentially benefit.
The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have
their importance in our conservation efforts, but these should not
be the only factors taken into consideration. We tend to want to
protect animals we think are intelligent and possess emotions,
such as elephants and primates. Bears, on the other hand, seem
to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent. And yet
anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those assumptions,
suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-
solving abilities. A male bear called GoGo in Tennoji Zoo, Osaka,
has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his
environment. The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions
to dislodge a piece of meat hung out of his reach. Problem-
solving ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears,
although not as obviously as with GoGo. A calculated move by a
male bear involved running and jumping onto barrels in an
attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform four
metres high.
37. Reserve (v) = preserve =
store = retain: Giự trữ, để dành
38. Paradox (n): Ý kiến trái
ngược, nghịch lí
39. Be emerged from (v) = arise:
Dấy lên....
40. Hibernate (v) = overwinter =
hole up = take cover = dormant =
sleep: Ngủ đông
41. Capacity (n) = cage: Sức
chứa, chuồng
42. Mechanism (n) = device =
apparatus = machine =
machinery = appliance: Máy
móc, cơ cấu, cơ chế
43. Bedridden (a) = flat on one’s
back = dispabled = out of action:
Nằm liệt giường
44. Astronaut (n) = space travler
= cosmonaut = spaceman =
rocketeer: Phi hành gia
45. Primates (n): Linh trưởng
Tổng giám mục, Thành viên của
bộ động vật có vú phát triển cao
nhất ( người, khỉ không đuôi...)
46. Anecdotal (a) = subjective =
circumstantial = hearsay:
Chuyện vặt khó tin, thuộc giai
thoại
47. - Assumption (n) =
supposition = statement =
postulation = theory: Giả định,
giả thuyết...
- Assume (v) = take for
granted = suppose = presume =
think = imagine: Cho rằng, thừa
nhận rằng....
48. Making use of: Tận dung hết
mức cái gì...
49. - Manipulate (v): Thao túng,
nắn bóp, điều khiển bằng tay...
- Manilutaion (n): Sự lôi kéo,
sự vận động
50. Dislodge (v) = remove =
eliminate = get out = extricate =
dislocate: Đuổi ra khỏi, trục xuất
ra khỏi....
51. A piece of meat: Miếng thịt
52. Witness (v) = obseve = see:
Chứng kiến
53. Barrel (n): Thùng rượu, thùng
tròn
In other studies, such as one by Alison Ames in 2008, polar
bears showed deliberate and focused manipulation. For example,
Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking
them over in what appeared to be a game. The study
demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out
behaviours. These examples suggest bears have greater
creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.
As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal,
many bears have been seen to hit out at ice and snow –
seemingly out of frustration – when they have just missed out on
a kill. Moreover, polar bears can form unusual relationships with
other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds
in the Arctic. Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called
Agee has formed a close relationship with her owner Mark
Dumas to the point where they even swim together. This is even
more astonishing since polar bears are known to actively hunt
humans in the wild.
If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean
not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human medicine,
but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent,
majestic animal.
54. In an attempt to (..): Nỗ lực để...
55. Deliberate (a) = purposeful = premeditated = conscious =
intentional = planned: Thận trọng, có chủ í, có mục đích, cố tình
56. Manipulation
57. Agile (a) = nimble = supple = lithe = responsive = active =
dexterous: Nhanh nhẹn, hoạt bát
58. Frustration (n) = hindrance = foiling = defeat = obstruction =
irritation = disturbance: Sự thất bại, mất tác dụng, thất vọng
59. Sled: Xe trượt tuyết
60. - Astonish (v) = surprise = astound = dumbfound = overwhelm =
speechless: Làm ngạc nhiên
- Astonishing (a): Đáng ngạc nhiên
61. Breakthrough (n) = revolution = advance = development =
innovation: Đột phá, cái tiến
62. Majestic (a) = regal = grand = magnificent = superb = impressive:
Hùng vỹ, nguy nga...
1. Pyramid (n): Kim tự tháp ai
cập
2. Monument (n) = statue =
tribute: Tượng đài....
3. Tributes (n): Vật
4. Link with (v): Gắn với
5. Evolution (n) = development =
fruition = growth: Sự tiến triển,
tiến hóa
6. Reign (n) = period on office =
period of influence: Triều đại
7. Tomb (n) = shrine: Mộ
8. Rectangular (a): Hình chữ
nhật
9. Clay (n): Đất sét
10. Brick (n): Gạch
11. Decease (n) = death =
passing = demise = expiry: Sự A. The pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient
qua đời Egypt and still hold enormous interest for people in the present
12. Bury (v) = put in the ground =
day. These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the
lay to rest: Chôn cất, mai táng
13. Conceive (v): Hình thành suy Egyptian kings have become linked with the country even though
nghĩ,... other cultures, such as the Chinese and Mayan, also built
14. Stone slab (n): Tấm đá, pyramids. The evolution of the pyramid form has been written
phiến đá
and argued about for centuries. However, there is no question
15. Stack (v): Chất đống, xếp
thành đống that, as far as Egypt is concerned, it began with one monument
16. Investigate (v) = examine = to one king designed by one brilliant architect: the Step Pyramid
look into = explore = inspect: of Djoser at Saqqara.
Khám phá, điều tra...
17. Experimentation (n) =
B. Djoser was the first king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt and the
research = testing: Sự thí
nghiệm first to build in stone. Prior to Djoser’s reign, tombs were
18. In the center of: Trung tâm rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which covered
của.. underground passages where the deceased person was buried.
19. Inward (a) = inner = hidden =
For reasons which remain unclear, Djoser’s main official, whose
innermost: Hướng vào trong...
20. - Incline (n): Mặt nghiêng name was Imhotep, conceived of building a taller, more
- Incline (v): Cúi xuống impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of
21. Courtyard (n) = patio = yard one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the
= square: Sân nhỏ, sân trong...
shape now known as the Step Pyramid. Djoser is thought to have
22. Priest (n): Linh mục, thầy tu
23. Shrine reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a
24. Corner (n) = crook = bend: much longer time for his rule, owing to the number and size of the
Góc, xó của..... monuments he built.
25. Ringed (a): Có đeo vòng..
26. Trench (n): Cái mương
27. Incorporate (a): Có tính kết
C. The Step Pyramid has been thoroughly examined and
hợp chặt chẽ.... investigated over the last century, and it is now known that the
28. Carve (v) = engrave = building process went through many different stages.
inscribe = notch: Chạm, khắc
29. Chamber (n) = bedsit =
compartment = hollow = cavity:
Phòng ngủ, gian nhà của...
30. Dug (n): Núm vú, đầu vú
của..
31. Beneath (adv) = underneath
= under = below: Nằm ở dưới..
32. Base (n): Mặt đáy của....
33. A vast maze of: Một mớ....
34. Tunnel (n): Đường hầm
35. Vessel (n): Tàu nhỏ
36. Storeroom (n) = larder =
pantry: Buồng kho, kho chứa
37. Inscribe
38. Scholar (n) = researcher =
professor: Học giả....
39. - Archaeologist (n): Nhà khảo
cổ
- Archaeology (n): Khảo cổ
học
40. Suppose
41. Represent (v) = stand for =
speak for – correspond to: Đại
diện cho, tượng trưng cho
42. Excavate = dig
43. - Honor (n): Danh dự
- Honor (v): Ca ngợi, tán
dương ai đó
44. Predecessor (n) = precursor
= forerunner = ancestor: Người
đi trước, người tiền nhiệm
45. Historian (n): Sử gia, nhà sử
học
46. Dump into (v): Đổ vào, đổ
xuống
47. Grave (n) = tomb = shrine:
Mồ, mộ
48. Shaft (n): Ống thông
49. Precaution (n) = protection =
safety measure = preventive
measure = insurance =
safeguard: Sự phòng ngừa
50. Goods (n) = wares = stock =
commodities: Hàng hóa
51. Intricate (a) = complicate =
complex = sophisticated: Rắc rối,
phức tạp...
52. Exaggeration (n) =
overstatement = hyperbole =
embellishment = overestimation:
Phóng đại, nói quá
53. Milestone (n): Dấu ấn, cột
mốc
54. Constitute (v) = set up =
establish = create = institute:
Cấu thành, tạo thành...
Historian Marc Van de Mieroop comments on this, writing ‘Much
experimentation was involved, which is especially clear in the
construction of the pyramid in the center of the complex. It had
several plans … before it became the first Step Pyramid in
history, piling six levels on top of one another … The weight of
the enormous mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed
the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument
breaking up.’
D. When finally completed, the Step Pyramid rose 62 meters high
and was the tallest structure of its time. The complex in which it
was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a
temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests. It
covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall
10.5 meters high. The wall had 13 false doors cut into it with only
one true entrance cut into the south-east corner; the entire wall
was then ringed by a trench 750 meters long and 40 meters wide.
The false doors and the trench were incorporated into the
complex to discourage unwanted visitors. If someone wished to
enter, he or she would have needed to know in advance how to
find the location of the true opening in the wall. Djoser was so
proud of his accomplishment that he broke the tradition of having
only his own name on the monument and had Imhotep’s name
carved on it as well.
E. The burial chamber of the tomb, where the king’s body was
laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of the pyramid,
surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off
them to discourage robbers. One of the most mysterious
discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of
stone vessels. Over 40,000 of these vessels, of various forms
and shapes, were discovered in storerooms off the pyramid’s
underground passages. They are inscribed with the names of
rulers from the First and Second Dynasties of Egypt and made
from different kinds of stone. There is no agreement among
scholars and archaeologists on why the vessels were placed in
the tomb of Djoser or what they were supposed to represent. The
archaeologist Jean-Philippe Lauer, who excavated most of the
pyramid and complex, believes they were originally stored and
then give a ‘proper burial’ by Djoser in his pyramid to honor his
predecessors. There are other historians, however, who claim the
vessels were dumped into the shafts as yet another attempt to
prevent grave robbers from getting to the king’s burial chamber.
55. - Revolutionary (a) =
innovative = new = progressive:
Tính đổi mới, phát triển
- Revolution (n): Cuộc cách
mạng, sự phát triển
F. Unfortunately, all of the precautions and intricate design of the
underground network did not prevent ancient robbers from finding
a way in. Djoser’s grave goods, and even his body, were stolen
at some point in the past and all archaeologists found were a
small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves. There
was enough left throughout the pyramid and its complex,
however, to astonish and amaze the archaeologists who
excavated it.
G. Egyptologist Miroslav Verner writes, ‘Few monuments hold a
place in human history as significant as that of the Step Pyramid
in Saqqara … It can be said without exaggeration that this
pyramid complex constitutes a milestone in the evolution of
monumental stone architecture in Egypt and in the world as a
whole.’ The Step Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in
architecture and became the archetype which all the other great
pyramid builders of Egypt would follow.
1. Consultancy (n) = counsellor:
Sự cố vấn, sự tư vấn
2. Workforce (n) = employee: Lực
lượng lao động
3. Switch (v) = change = shirt =
modify: Thay đổi, biến đổi
4. Occupation (n) = job =
profession = work = career =
vocation: Nghề nghiệp, việc làm
5. Embody sthg in sthg (v) =
exemplify = symbolize = represent:
Hiện thân, tiêu biểu
6. Aspect (n) = feature = facet =
part = phase: Đặc điểm, khía
cạnh...
7. Disruptive (a) = troublesome =
unruly = disorderly = unsettling: According to a leading business consultancy, 3-14% of the global
Phá vỡ, gây rắc rối workforce will need to switch to a different occupation within the
8. - Algorithm (n): Thuật toán
next 10-15 years, and all workers will need to adapt as their
- Algorithmication (n): Thuật
toán occupations evolve alongside increasingly capable machines.
9. Fundamental (a) = basic = Automation – or ‘embodied artificial intelligence’ (AI) – is one
primary = essential = elemental = aspect of the disruptive effects of technology on the labour
important = vital = crucial: Chủ
market. ‘Disembodied AI’, like the algorithms running in our
yếu, thiết yếu
10. Algorithmication smartphones, is another.
11. Undertake: Đảm nhận
12. Judgement (n) = ruling = Dr Stella Pachidi from Cambridge Judge Business School
decision = verdict = decree: Sự believes that some of the most fundamental changes are
đánh giá
happening as a result of the ‘algorithmication’ of jobs that are
13. Analyse (v): Phân tích
14. Enhance (v) = boost = improve dependent on data rather than on production – the so-called
= increase = enrich = elevate = knowledge economy. Algorithms are capable of learning from
develop: Tăng cao, nâng cao.... data to undertake tasks that previously needed human
15. Cognitive (a) = mental =
judgement, such as reading legal contracts, analysing medical
intellectual = perceptive = though:
Liên quan đến nhận thức scans and gathering market intelligence.
16. Routine (n): Thói quen hằng
ngày ‘In many cases, they can outperform humans,’ says Pachidi.
17. Take over (v): Đảm nhận ‘Organisations are attracted to using algorithms because they
18. Professions
19. Legitimate (a) = lawful = want to make choices based on what they consider is “perfect
rightful = legal = valid: Hợp pháp information”, as well as to reduce costs and enhance
20. Peripheral (a) = outlying = productivity.’
unimportant = noessential: Không
thiết yếu, không quan trọng là bao ‘But these enhancements are not without consequences,’ says
21. Salespeople (n) = seller:
Người bán hàng Pachidi. ‘If routine cognitive tasks are taken over by AI, how do
22. Client (n) = customer = professions develop their future experts?’ she asks. ‘One way of
shopper = consumer = patron = learning about a job is “legitimate peripheral participation” – a
buyer = purchaser: Khách hàng, novice stands next to experts and learns by observation. If this
người mua hàng
isn’t happening, then you need to find new ways to learn.’
23. Algorithm
24. - Account (v): Coi như là, miêu
tả
- Account for (v) = explain
about: Giải thích cho...
- Account for (v) = make up:
chiếm (phần trăm)
25. Campaign (n) = movement =
crusade: Cuộc vận động, chiến
dịch
26. - External (a) = outside =
exterior = outdoor = peripheral =
outer: Bên ngòai
- Internal (a) = interior = inner
= inside: Bên trong
27. Short-sighted (a): Cận thị
28. Instruction (n) = teaching =
training = lesson = tutoring: Sự
dạy bảo, sự hướng dẫn
29. Creep into (v): Lẻn vào, rén
vào
30. - Exploration (n) = traveling =
journeying = adventure =
voyaging: Chuyến khám phá, sự
thám hiểm
- Explore (v) = travel =
discover = sightsee: Khám phá
31. Whereby (pr): Nhờ đó mà
32. Instinct (n) = nature =
character: Bản năng
33. Trustworthy (a) = reliable:
Đáng tin cậy
34. Occupational (a) = work-
related = professional = working:
Thuộc nghề nghiệp
35. Boundary (n) = border =
frontier = state line = edge =
margin: Ranh giới, biên giới
36. Retirement (n) = departure =
giving up work = superannuation:
Sự nghỉ hưu
37. Pension (n): Lương hưu
38. Retrain (v) = reeducate = reskil
= reorient: Đào tạo lại...
39. Multiple (a) = manifold =
numerous = several = compound:
Nhiều, phức tạp...
40. Fallacy (n) = misconception =
myth = error = mistake = delusion:
Ảo tưởng, sự sai lầm, lừa dối
41. Assume (v): Giả định
42. Restrict (v) = limit = confine =
curb = contain = control: Hạn chế,
giới hạn lại....
Another issue is the extent to which the technology influences or
even controls the workforce. For over two years, Pachidi
monitored a telecommunications company. ‘The way telecoms
salespeople work is through personal and frequent contact with
clients, using the benefit of experience to assess a situation and
reach a decision. However, the company had started using a(n)
… algorithm that defined when account managers should contact
certain customers about which kinds of campaigns and what to
offer them.’
The algorithm – usually build by external designers – often
becomes the keeper of knowledge, she explains. In cases like
this, Pachidi believes, a short-sighted view begins to creep into
working practices whereby workers learn through the ‘algorithm’s
eyes’ and become dependent on its instructions. Alternative
explorations – where experimentation and human instinct lead to
progress and new ideas – are effectively discouraged.
Pachidi and colleagues even observed people developing
strategies to make the algorithm work to their own advantage.
‘We are seeing cases where workers feed the algorithm with
false data to reach their targets,’ she reports.
It’s scenarios like these that many researchers are working to
avoid. Their objective is to make AI technologies more
trustworthy and transparent, so that organisations and individuals
understand how AI decisions are made. In the meantime, says
Pachidi, ‘We need to make sure we fully understand the
dilemmas that this new world raises regarding expertise,
occupational boundaries and control.’
Economist Professor Hamish Low believes that the future of work
will involve major transitions across the whole life course for
everyone: ‘The traditional trajectory of full-time education
followed by full-time work followed by a pensioned retirement is a
thing of the past,’ says Low. Instead, he envisages a multistage
employment life: one where retraining happens across the life
course, and where multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at
different stages.
On the subject of job losses, Low believes the predictions are
founded on a fallacy: ‘It assumes that the number of jobs is fixed.
If in 30 years, half of 100 jobs are being carried out by robots,
that don’t mean we are left with just 50 jobs for humans.
43. Misguide (v): Làm lạc hướng,
sai đường
44. The advent of (n): Sự ra đời,
sự có mặt...
45. Redundance (n): Sự dư
thừa,...
46. Seize/grasp the opportunity
(v): Nắm lấy thời cơ, cơ hội
47. Reprogramme (n): Lập trình lại
48. Pre-empt (v) = forestall =
anticipate = obstruct: Giành được
ưu tiên, đoán trươc, ngăn chặn
trước
49. Guarantee (v) = assure =
ensure = promise = pledge =
warrant: Cam đoan, chắc chắn...
50. Democracy (n): Nền dân chủ
51. Astound (v) = surprise
52. Deliver (v) = transport = send
= convey: Giao, chuyển...
53. Humankind (n) = race =
humanity = people = mortality:
Loài người, nhân loại
54. Subsistence (n): Kế sinh nhai,
sự sống tồn
55. Corporate (a) = shared =
communal = mutual: Hợp tác
The number of jobs will increase: we would expect there to be
150 jobs.’
Dr Ewan McGaughey, at Cambridge’s Centre for Business
Research and King’s College London, agrees that ‘apocalyptic’
views about the future of work are misguided. ‘It’s the laws that
restrict the supply of capital to the job market, not the advent of
new technologies that causes unemployment.’
His recently published research answers the question of whether
automation, AI and robotics will mean a ‘jobless future’ by looking
at the causes of unemployment. ‘History is clear that change can
mean redundancies. But social policies can tackle this through
retraining and redeployment.’
He adds: ‘If there is going to be change to jobs as a result of AI
and robotics then I’d like to see governments seizing the
opportunity to improve policy to enforce good job security. We
can “reprogramme” the law to prepare for a fairer future of work
and leisure.’ McGaughey’s findings are a call to arms to leaders
of organisations, governments and banks to pre-empt the coming
changes with bold new policies that guarantee full employment,
fair incomes and a thriving economic democracy.
‘The promises of these new technologies are astounding. They
deliver humankind the capacity to live in a way that nobody could
have once imagined,’ he adds. ‘Just as the industrial revolution
brought people past subsistence agriculture, and the corporate
revolution enabled mass production, a third revolution has been
pronounced. But it will not only be one of technology. The next
revolution will be social.’
1. Geoglyphs
2. Hillside (n): Sườn đồi
3. Scatter (v) = throw = strew =
fling = toss = disseminate: Tung,
rắc, gieo...
4. Chalk
5. Downland (n): Vùng đất thấp
6. - Giants (n) = colossus = titan
= hulk: Người khổng lồ
- Giant (a) = huge =
enormous: Khổng lồ
7. Regimental (a): Thuộc trung
đoàn
8. Badge (n) = clasp: Huy hiệu
9. Re-dated
10. Enigmatic (a) = mysterious =
unknowable = inscrutable: Bí ẩn,
khó hiểu
11. Convince (v) = persuade = The cutting of huge figures or ‘geoglyphs’ into the earth of
prove: Thuyết phục... English hillsides has taken place for more than 3,000 years.
12. Prehistoric (a): Tiền sử
13. Monk (n): Thầy tu, thầy tăng There are 56 hill figures scattered around England, with the vast
14. Priory (n): Tu viện majority on the chalk downlands of the country’s southern
15. Overly (adv) = excessively = counties. The figures include giants, horses, crosses and
too: Quá, quá mức regimental badges. Although the majority of these geoglyphs
16. - Reveal (v) = make known =
expose = show = bare: Tiết lộ date within the last 300 years or so, there are one or two that are
- Conceal (v) = hide = secret: much older.
Che giấu
17. Gleaming white (a): Sáng The most famous of these figures is perhaps also the most
bóng
mysterious – the Uffington White Horse in Oxfordshire. The White
18. Scour (v) = scrub = rub =
clean = wash = polish: Chà, cọ, Horse has recently been re-dated and shown to be even older
làm sáng than its previously assigned ancient pre-Roman Iron Age* date.
19. Faded (a): Làm bạc màu, xỉn More controversial is the date of the enigmatic Long Man of
màu
Wilmington in Sussex. While many historians are convinced the
20. Bother (v) =take the trouble =
worry = disturb = upset: Buồn figure is prehistoric, others believe that it was the work of an
bực, rắc rối artistic monk from a nearby priory and was created between the
21. Expose 11th and 15th centuries.
22. Testament (n): Di chúc
23. Continuity (n) = steadiness =
The method of cutting these huge figures was simply to remove
endurance = continuousness: Sự
liên tục, cứ kéo dài dai dẳng the overlying grass to reveal the gleaming white chalk below.
24. Millennia (n): Thiên niên kỉ, However, the grass would soon grow over the geoglyph again
số nhiều của từ “milennium” unless it was regularly cleaned or scoured by a fairly large team
25. Sleek (a) = smooth = shiny =
of people. One reason that the vast majority of hill figures have
glossy = silky = lustrous: Bóng,
mượt, sáng disappeared is that when the traditions associated with the
26. Disjoint (v) = spit = seperate figures faded, people no longer bothered or remembered to clear
= divide: Tháo rời, tách rời away the grass to expose the chalk outline.
27. Elegant (a) = sophisticated =
stylish = neat: Tao nhã, thanh
lịch
28. Bird-like (a) = slight = dainty
= petite = delicate
29. Beaked (a) = hooked =
curved: Có mõ, như mõ chim
30. Melt into (v): Tan vào, hòa
vào
31. Situate (v) = locate: Nằm ở...
32. Steep (n): Sườn dốc
33. Hillfort (n): Đỉnh đồi có hào
luu=ý bao quanh
34. Mound (n): Núi nhỏ
35. Well-preserved (a): Được
bảo quản, giữ gìn cẩn thận
36. Quarter (n): Phương hướng
37. Nevertheless (adv) =
however = but = nonetheless =
on the other hand: Tuy nhiên, thế
mà
38. Valley (n): Thung lũng
39. Enigmatic
40. Adequate (a) = sufficient =
ample = passable = acceptable =
tolerable = suitable: Đầy đủ,
tương xứng, xứng đáng
41. Depiction (n) = description =
illustration = picture: Sự miêu tả,
thuật vẽ
42. Layer (n): Lớp, từng lớp
43. Construction
44. - Tribal (a): Thuộc bộ tộc
- Tribe (n): Bộ tộc
45. Emblem (n) = logo = symbol
=badge: nhãn hàng, biểu tượng,
huy hiệu
46. Inhabitant (n) = dweller =
citizen = resident = occupant:
Dân cư, người dân
47. Worshipped
48. Fertility (n) = fruitfulness =
richness = lushness: Sự màu mỡ
49. - Import (v): Nhập khẩu
- Export (v): Xuất khẩu
50. Cult of sb/sthg: Sùng bái,
ngưỡng mộ ai đó hay cái gì đó
51. Ritual (n): Lễ nghi, nghi thức
tôn giáo
52. Attest (v) = confirm = prove =
bear out = verify: Chứng nhận,
bắt thề, làm chứng
53. Jewellery (n): Đồ châu báu
Furthermore, over hundreds of years the outlines would
sometimes change due to people not always cutting in exactly
the same place, thus creating a different shape to the original
geoglyph. That fact that any ancient hill figures survive at all in
England today is testament to the strength and continuity of local
customs and beliefs which, in one case at least, must stretch
back over millennia. The Uffington White Horse is a unique,
stylised representation of a horse consisting of a long, sleek
back, thin disjointed legs, a streaming tail, and a bird-like beaked
head. The elegant creature almost melts into the landscape. The
horse is situated 2.5 km from Uffington village on a steep close to
the Late Bronze Age* (c. 7th century BCE) hillfort of Uffington
Castle and below the Ridgeway, a long-distance Neolithic** track.
The Uffington Horse is also surrounded by Bronze Age burial
mounds. It is not far from the Bronze Age cemetery of Lambourn
Seven Barrows, which consists of more than 30 well-preserved
burial mounds. The carving has been placed in such a way as to
make it extremely difficult to see from close quarters, and like
many geoglyphs is best appreciated from the air. Nevertheless,
there are certain areas of the Vale of the White Horse, the valley
containing and named after the enigmatic creature, from which
an adequate impression may be gained. Indeed on a clear day
the carving can be seen from up to 30 km away.
The earliest evidence of a horse at Uffington is from the 1070s
CE when ‘White Horse Hill’ is mentioned in documents from the
nearby Abbey of Abingdon, and the first reference to the horse
itself is soon after, in 1190 CE. However, the carving is believed
to date back much further than that. Due to the similarity of the
Uffington White Horse to the stylised depictions of horses on 1st
century BCE coins, it had been thought that the creature must
also date to that period.
However, in 1995 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)
testing was carried out by the Oxford Archaeological Unit on soil
from two of the lower layers of the horse’s body, and from
another cut near the base. The result was a date for the horse’s
construction somewhere between 1400 and 600 BCE – in other
words, it had a Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age origin.
55. Goddess (n) = deity = divinty:
Nữ thần
56. Mythology (n) = myths =
legends = folklore: Thần thoại
57. Were never intended to (v):
Bị tác động
58. Temporary (a) = short-term:
Tạm thời
59. Gesture (n) = action = deed =
intimation: Cử chỉ, điệu bộ
60. Lessen = decrease
61. Glimpse (v) = catch sight of =
see = peek at = look at: Nhìn
thoáng qua
The latter end of this date range would tie the carving of the
horse in with occupation of the nearby Uffington hillfort, indicating
that it may represent a tribal emblem making the land of the
inhabitants of the hillfort. Alternatively, the carving may have
been carried out during a Bronze or Iron Age ritual. Some
researchers see the horse as representing the Celtic*** horse
goddess Epona, who was worshipped as a protector of horses,
and for her associations with fertility. However, the cult of Epona
was not imported from Gaul (France) until around the first century
CE. This date is at least six centuries after the Uffington Horse
was probably carved. Nevertheless, the horse had great ritual
and economic significance during the Bronze and Iron Ages, as
attested by its depictions on jewellery and other metal objects. It
is possible that the carving represents a goddess in native
mythology, such as Rhiannon, described in later Welsh
mythology as a beautiful woman dressed in gold and riding a
white horse.
The fact that geoglyphs can disappear easily, along with their
associated rituals and meaning, indicates that they were never
intended to be anything more than temporary gestures. But this
does not lessen their importance. These giant carving are a
fascinating glimpse into the minds of their creators and how they
viewed the landscape in which they lived.
1. Multitude (n): Vô số, đám đông,
quần chúng
2. Microbe (n) = germ = bacteria:
Vi khuẩn
3. Bacteria
4. Outlive (v) = outlast = survive =
endure: Sống sót, vượt qua được
5. Invisible (a) = obscure =
unseeable: Vô hình
6. Naked eye (n): Mắt thường
7. Ubiquitous
8. Seaweed (n): Tảo biển
9. Inhabit (v) = live = dwell =
reside = squat: Sống, định cư ở
10. - Coral (n): San hô
- Coral reef: Rặng san hô
11. Utterly absorbing (a): Hoàn
toàn bị thu hút, hấp hẫn
12. Peril (a) = dangerous = risk = Wendy Moore reviews Ed Yong’s book about microbes
hazard = toxic: Hiểm họa, nguy
hiểm Microbes, most of them bacteria, have populated this planet
13. Mess with (v): Ăn chung với.... since long before animal life developed and they will outlive us.
14. Individual (n) = person =
human being: Cá nhâ...
Invisible to the naked eye, they are ubiquitous. They inhabit the
15. Cell (n): Tế bào soil, air, rocks and water and are present within every form of life,
16. Average (a): Trung bình from seaweed and coral to dogs and humans. And, as Yong
17. Inform (v) = notify = let know = explains in his utterly absorbing and hugely important book we
apprise: Tiết lộ, thông báo
mess with them at our peril.
18. Indeed (adv) =reality = in
actual fact: Thực ra thì, quả thực
19. Dub (v): Được gán cho cái tên Every species has its own colony of microbes, called a
là... ‘microbiome’, and these microbes vary not only between species
20. Holobiont’ but also between individuals and within different parts of each
21. Stomach (n): Bao tử
22. Armpit (n): Nách individual. What is amazing is that while the number of human
23. Contented (a) = satisfied = cells in the average person is about 30 trillion, the number of
pleased = comfortable: Thỏa microbial ones is higher – about 39 trillion. At best, Yong informs
mãn... us, we are only 50 per cent human. Indeed, some scientists even
24. Out of context :Tách ra khỏi
ngữ cảnh suggest we should think of each species and its microbes as a
25. Galaxy (n): Ngân hà, thiên hà single unit, dubbed a ‘holobiont’.
26. Gut (n): Ruột
27. Bloodstream (n): Dòng máu In each human there are microbes that live only in the stomach,
trong cơ thể the mouth or the armpit and by and large they do so peacefully.
28. Swallow (v): Nuốt
29. Swap (v) = exchange = So ‘bad’ microbes are just microbes out of context. Microbes that
transfer: Trao đổi sit contentedly in the human gut (where there are more microbes
30. Exraordinariy (a) = strange = than there are stars in the galaxy) can become deadly if they find
odd = peculiar = special = their way into the bloodstream. These communities are
exceptional: Phi thường, khác lạ,
đặc biệt constantly changing too. The right hand shares just one sixth of
31. Have a knack of: Có sự khéo
léo, có tài...
32. Panache (n): Sự phô trương
33. Complex
34. Enthral (v): Mê hoặc, làm mê
mệt...
35. Bizarre (a) = curious =
inexplicable = out of ordinary: Kỳ
quái, khác thường
36. In a bid to : Nỗ lực để
37. Alien planet (n): Người ngoài
hành tinh
38. Persuade (v) = convince
39. Potent (a) = effective =
powerful = vigorous: Có hiệu lực,
có sức thuyết phục lớn
40. Lens-maker: Người làm lens
41. Magnify (v) = enlarge =
expand: Khuếch đại, phóng to lên
42.Examinee (v) = test: Kiểm tra
43. Teeming
44. Tiny (a) = extremely small:
Nhỏ bé, tí hon
45. Animalcule (n): Vi sinh vật
46. Endure (v) = bear = tolerate =
undergo = put up with: Chịu đựng,
trải qua...
47. A plea for (n): Lời yêu cầu
khẩn thiết, lời cầu xin, nài nỉ
48. Tolerance (n): Lòng khoan
dung
49. Play a vital role in (v): Đóng
vai trò quan trọng trong......
50. Acknowledge (v) = admit =
accept = confess: Thừa nhận cái
gì....
51.Pose a danger: Đưa ra nguy
cơ đe dọa
52. Nurture (v) = foster = take
care of = bring up: Nuôi dưỡng,
chăm sóc
53. Foe (n) = rival: Kẻ thù, kẻ địch
54. Villain (n): Nhân vật phản diện
55. Symbiotic (a): Cộng sinh
56. Unravel (v) = prove =
demonstate: Làm sáng tỏ
57. Digestion (n): Hệ tiêu hóa
58. Immune systems (n): Hệ miễn
dịch
59. Eliminate (v) = remove = wipe
out = eradicate = abolish = get rid
of: Xóa bỏ, loại bỏ
60. Combat (n): Trận đánh
61. Obesity
62. Low-fibre diets (n): Chế độ ăn
ít chất xơ
its microbes with the left hand. And, of course, we are
surrounded by microbes. Every time we eat, we swallow a million
microbes in each gram of food; we are continually swapping
microbes with other humans, pets and the world at large.
It’s a fascinating topic and Yong, a young British science
journalist, is an extraordinarily adept guide. Writing with lightness
and panache, he has a knack of explaining complex science in
terms that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling.
Yong is on a mission. Leading us gently by the hand, he takes us
into the world of microbes – a bizarre, alien planet – in a bid to
persuade us to love them as much as he does. By the end, we
do.
For most of human history we had no idea that microbes existed.
The first man to see these extraordinarily potent creatures was a
Dutch lens-maker called Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s.
Using microscopes of his own design that could magnify up to
270 times, he examined a drop of water from a nearby lake and
found it teeming with tiny creatures he called ‘animalcules’. It
wasn’t until nearly two hundred years later that the research of
French biologist Louis Pasteur indicated that some microbes
caused disease. It was Pasteur’s ‘germ theory’ that gave bacteria
the poor image that endures today.
Yong’s book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance,
pointing out that while fewer than one hundred species of
bacteria bring disease, many thousands more play a vital role in
maintaining our health. The book also acknowledges that our
attitude towards bacteria is not a simple one. We tend to see the
dangers posed by bacteria, yet at the same time we are sold
yoghurts and drinks that supposedly nurture ‘friendly’ bacteria. In
reality, says Yong, bacteria should not be viewed as either
friends or foes, villains or heroes. Instead we should realise we
have a symbiotic relationship, that can be mutually beneficial or
mutually destructive.
What then do these millions of organisms do? The answer is
pretty much everything. New research is now unravelling the
ways in which bacteria aid digestion, regulate our immune
systems, eliminate toxins, produce vitamins, affect our behaviour
and even combat obesity. ‘They actually help us become who we
are,’ says Yong. But we are facing a growing problem. Our
obsession with hygiene, our overuse of antibiotics and our
unhealthy, low-fibre diets are disrupting the bacterial balance and
63. Disrupting
64.Allergiy (n): Sự dị ứng với may be responsible for soaring rates of allergies and immune
thuốc men hoặc thức ăn problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
65. Soar (v) = ascend = climb =
rise = rocket: Tăng lên mạnh mẽ
66. Inflammatory bowel disease The most recent research actually turns accepted norms upside
(n): Bệnh viêm ruột down. For example, there are studies indicating that the
67. Excessive (a): quá mức, thừa excessive use of household detergents and antibacterial products
68. Detergent (n): Chất tẩy
actually destroys the microbes that normally keep the more
69. Germ (n): Mầm bệnh
70. Bay (n): Vũng, vịnh dangerous germs at bay. Other studies show that keeping a dog
71. Unglamorous (a): Không as a pet gives children early exposure to a diverse range of
quyến rũ, không đẹp bacteria, which may help protect them against allergies later.
72. Appeal to sb for sthg (v): Khẩn
khoản yêu cầu
Appeal (v) = attract: Hấp dẫn ,
The readers of Yong’s book must be prepared for a decidedly
lôi cuốn unglamorous world. Among the less appealing case studies is
73. Fungus (n): Nấm mốc one about a fungus that is wiping out entire populations of frogs
74.Wipe out (v): quét sạch, diệt and that can be halted by a rare microbial bacterium. Another is
sạch
75. Entire (a) = complete= whole =
about squid that carry luminescent bacteria that protect them
total = perfect: Hoàn toàn, , toàn against predators. However, if you can overcome your distaste
bộ for some of the investigations, the reasons for Yong’s enthusiasm
76. Halt (v) = stop = pause = become clear. The microbial world is a place of wonder. Already,
cease: Dừng lại, lưỡng lự, ngập
in an attempt to stop mosquitoes spreading dengue fever – a
ngừng
77. Squid (n): Mực ống disease that infects 400 million people a year – mosquitoes are
78. - Luminescent (a): Phát sáng, being loaded with a bacterium to block the disease. In the future,
phát quang our ability to manipulate microbes means we could construct
- Luminescence (n): Sự phát
buildings with useful microbes built into their walls to fight off
quang, phát sáng
79. Predator (n) = marauder = infections. Just imagine a neonatal hospital ward coated in a
killer = hunter = pillager: Động vật specially mixed cocktail of microbes so that babies get the best
ăn thịt start in life.
80. Distaste (n) = dislike =
disfavor: Không thích, không ưa
81. A place of wonder (n): Một địa
điểm của kì quan
82. Mosquito (n): Con muỗi
83. Spread (v) = increase =
exetend = broaden = stretch:
Tăng, kéo căng, mở rộng ra...
84. Dengue fever (n): Bệnh sốt
xuất huyết
85. Load with (v): gánh vác, chịu
đựng
86. Fight off infections (v): Đấu
tranh lại sự lây nhiễm
87. Neonatal (a) = new = new-born
88. Ward
89. Coat (v) = cover = paint =
smother: Bao phủ, bao bọc
90. A cocktail of: Một hợp chất
của...
1. Wisdom (n): Sự khôn ngoan
2. Revered (a) = admirable =
regardful: Tôn sùng, đáng ngưỡng
mộ
3. Empirical (a) = experiential =
practical = realistic: Thực thế....
4. Exceptional = fundamental
5. - A handful of: Một ít người
- A handful of paper: Một nắm
giấy
6. Possess (v) = own = have =
hold: Chiếm hữu, sở hữu
7. Beard (v) = challenge = confront
= accost = face up to = oppose:
Đương đầu với, chống đối
Beard the lion in his den (idiom):
Vào hang hùm bắt cọp Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most
8. Philosopher (n) = theorist: Nhà revered human qualities. Although the truly wise may seem few
triết học and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests
9. - Cumulative (a) = collective =
that it isn’t an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of
accumulative = amassed: Tích lũy,
dồn lại bearded philosophers after all – in fact, the latest studies suggest
- Cumulation (n): Sự chất chứa, that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the
sự tích lũy right context.
10. Contextual (a) = background =
related = circumstantial: Theo ngữ
cảnh... ‘It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are
11. Insight (n): Sự sáng suốt, hiểu even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously
biết sâu sắc imagined,’ says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the
12. - Lack (v): Thiếu thốn University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. ‘Recent empirical
- Lack of (n) = deprivation =
deficiency = withdrawal: Sự thiếu findings from cognitive, developmental, social, and personality
thốn về psychology cumulatively suggest that people’s ability to reason
13. Unfold (v) = open: Mở ra wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational
14. Intellectual (a) = intelligent = contexts. Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers
knowledgeable = logical: Thông
minh, trí tuệ
unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as
15. Perspective (n) = viewpoint = how it can be enhanced and taught.’
outlook: Quan điểm, viễn cảnh
16. Humility (n) = humbleness = It seems that it’s not so much that some people simply possess
modesty = meekness: Sự khiêm wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely
tốn, nhún nhường
17. - Sensitivity (n) = compassion depends on a variety of external factors. ‘It is impossible to
= feeling: Tính dễ nhạy cảm characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without
- Sensibility (n) = deep feeling considering the role of contextual factors,’ explains Grossmann.
= emotional resonse: Cảm giác ‘In other words, wisdom is not solely an “inner quality” but rather
- Sensible (n) = rational =
reasonable: Hợp lí unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in. Some
- Sensitive (a) = receptive = situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.’
susceptible = responsive: Nhạy
cảm
18. Compromise (v) = bargain =
cooperate: Dàn xếp, thỏa hiệp
20. Day-to-day (a) = everyday =
commonplace = daily = routine =
usual: Hằng ngày
21. Scenario (n): Kịch bản, viễn
cảnh
22. Viewpoint
23. Focus on (v) = concentrate on:
tập trung vào
24. Focal (a) = pivotal = central =
important = crucial: trọng tâm,
trung tâm, quan trọng
25. Broad (a) = spacious = wide =
large = extensive: Rộng rãi, bao la
26. - Interpersonal (a) = personal =
interactive: Cá nhân, tương tác
- Interpersonal skill: Kỹ năng
giao tiếp
27. Moral (a) = ethical = right:
Thuộc về đạo đức
28. - Impartiality (n) = neutrality =
detachment = evenhandedness:
Tính công bằng
- Impartial (a) = neutral =
unbiased = fair = nonaligned:
Công bằng..
- Impartable (a): Có thể truyền
đạt được
- Impartation (n): Sự truyền đạt
29. Foster = take care of
30. Negotiate with sb (v) = talk =
discuss: Thương lượng, đàm phán
với ai...
31. Spouse (n) = wife = husband =
next of kin: Chồng, vợ
32. Contract (n): Hợp đồng, khế
ước
33. - Stake (n): cọc, tiền đặt cọc
- Play for high stakes: Đánh
cược lớn
34. Evaluate (v) = assess =
appraise = gauge = estimate:
Đánh giá, định giá
35. Peak of a recent economic
recession
36. Reflect on (v): Phản chiếu vào
37. Prospect (n) = outlook: Triển
vọng
38. Long-term (a) = longlasting: dài
hạn
39. Visualize (v): Hình dung ra
40. Unresolved (a): Chưa giải
quyết được
Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but
Grossmann and his colleagues have identified four key
characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning. One is
intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own
knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider
than the issue at hand. Sensitivity to the possibility of change in
social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration
of different attitudes and beliefs.
Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the
most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day
decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as
though giving advice to a friend. Research suggests that when
adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on ‘the focal features
of the environment’ and when we adopt a third-person, ‘observer’
viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on
interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality.
Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears
to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.
What are we to do, then, when confronted with situations like a
disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work,
that require us to take a personal stake? Grossmann argues that
even when we aren’t able to change the situation, we can still
evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.
For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak
of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were
asked to reflect on their job prospects. The students were
instructed to imagine their career either ‘as if you were a distant
observer’ or ‘before your own eyes as if you were right there’.
Participants in the group assigned to the ‘distant observer’ role
displayed more wisdom-related reasoning (intellectual humility
and recognition of change) than did participants in the control
group.
In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships
were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict
either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own
perspective. Participants then discussed the incident with their
partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their
thoughts about it. Couples in the ‘other’s eyes’ condition were
significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning – recognizing
others’ perspectives and searching for a compromise – compared
to the couples in the egocentric condition.
41. Egocentric (a) = selfish =
egoistiacal = vain: Tự xem mình là
trung tâm, hẹp hòi, ích kỷ
42. Ego-decentering (a): Cởi mở,
không hẹp hòi
43. - Conceptual (a): Dựa trên
khái niệm
- Conceptive (a): Có thể nhận
thức được
44. Crystallize (v) = form = take
shape: Kết tinh...
45. - Openness (n) = honesty =
directness = frankness =
candidness: Sự cởi mở, thẳng
thắn
- Open-minded: Tính cởi mở
46. Forgive (v) = pardon = excuse
= let off: Tha thứ
47. Retaliate (v) = strike back =
get even = get revenge = give tit
for tat: Trả đũa, trả thù
‘Ego-decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables
a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording
recognition of intellectual humility and change,’ says Grossmann.
We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular
personality traits, but research shows only a small positive
relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence
and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. ‘It is
remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one
situation to the next, and how much stronger such contextual
effects are for understanding the relationship between wise
judgment and its social and affective outcomes as compared to
the generalized “traits”,’ Grossmann explains. ‘That is, knowing
how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more
informative for understanding their emotions or likelihood to
forgive [or] retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person
may be wise “in general”.’