Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering

ABEN 60 – AB STRUCTURES ENGINEERING

1st Semester A.Y. 2021-2022
Learning Task No. 5- Structural Design

Name: Rafael Tayo Section: BSABE 3-2

 1. Compression
2. Tension
3. Gravitational Force

Bridges must be able to withstand several types of forces. The two most common to model bridges are compression and tension, pushing and
pulling respectively. The other two are torsion (twisting) and shear.
Three kinds of forces operate on any bridge: the dead load, the live load, and the dynamic load. The first of these terms refers to the weight of
the bridge itself. Like any other structure, a bridge has a tendency to collapse simply because of the gravitational forces acting on the materials of which
the bridge is constructed (i.e., the wood, concrete, steel, or aluminum). The second term refers to traffic that moves across the bridge as well as normal
environmental factors such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and winds. The third factor refers to environmental factors that go beyond
normal weather conditions, factors such as sudden gusts of wind and earthquakes. All three factors must be taken into consideration in the design of a
bridge.
For example, suppose that it is necessary to build a bridge across a span that is 325 ft (100 m) wide. It would not be possible to build a beam
bridge, one that consists of a single slab of steel 325 ft (100 m) long, of that length. The weight of the material used to construct the bridge plus the
weight of the traffic on the bridge would be too great for the bridge to remain standing. An engineer would have to design some other kind of bridge-an
arch or suspension bridge, for example-that would be able to hold up that amount of weight.
 The following are the factors to be considered when designing a structure, the Structural engineers do is design structures so that they can
withstand external and internal forces or loads. The major (primary) loads to consider are, Dead Loads: The name of this load is different for different
codes of practice. The Eurocode for example refers to this type of load as permanent actions. However, they all refer to the same thing. Dead Loads are
loads that exist on a structure throughout the design life of that structure. Examples of dead loads includes the self-weight of the structural members such
as beams, walls, slabs and columns. Finishes e.g., plastering, tiling and other forms finishes are also dead loads. Partition loads are also sometimes
considered as dead loads but this is not always the case. Variable Loads: As the name implies, variable loads are loads that change with time. Variable
Loads can also be called imposed loads. Some examples of variable loads include occupancy loads (loads from occupants of that structure), equipment
loads, furniture and fittings and sometimes partition loads. Most codes of practice have standard values for imposed loads depending on the usage of
the structure. It's important to know also that wind loads could be considered as imposed loads in areas where they are not dominant or for low rise
structures. However, when wind forces are dominant, the are considered separately. Wind Loads: This type of load exists mainly due to the fact that
structures are exposed to the atmosphere. The effect of wind loads however is more pronounced on high rise structures than low rise ones. The effect
of wind is also considered structures on or close to the sea. The larger the surface area of a structure exposed to the wind, the larger the effect of wind
forces on that structure. Nowadays, engineers design aerodynamic structures! These type of structures prevent the formation of vortices[1] around the
structure and as a result keeps the structure standing tall in the face of huge winds. The burj khalifa (tallest building in the world) is a example of such a
structure. These loads described hitherto are major loads to be considered. However, there are other loads that could be considered when designing
structures. Thermal Loads, hydrostatic loads, seismic loads etc. The truth of the matter is that anything at all that can lead to the failure of a structure
is a load. However, structural engineers only consider loads that have significant effects on a structure (for economical and practical purposes) and use
those loads to design that structure. For example, you don't expect buildings in non-earthquake prone regions to be designed against seismic loads. On
the flip side, buildings or structures in earthquake prone regions have to be designed against seismic forces and so on and so forth.