DEVI MAHALAXMI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,

TITWALA
Academic Year 2021 – 2022
A Project Report On

SOLAR AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Submitted by

Vijay S. Ahirrao
Nikhilesh S. Surve
Ashutosh P. Gudekar
Suraj S. Kadam
Deepali P. Torane

SUBMITTED TO

Department of Electrical Engineering

DMPOLY
DEVI MAHALAXMI POLYTECHNIC
TITWALA (E)

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 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students:

Names Enrollment no.s

Vijay S. Ahirrao 2016800055
Nikhilesh S. Surve 2016800065
Ashutosh P. Gudekar 2016800066
Suraj S. Kadam 2016800069
Deepali P. Torane 2016800103

From Devi Mahalaxmi Polytechnic College Titwala (Electrical Department)

has completed the Final Year Project report on SOLAR AUTOMATIC
IRRIGATION SYSTEM under the guidance of Prof. Sneha Ghodvinde.
In partial fulfilment of Diploma in Electrical Engineering.
Recognized by Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
for the academic year 2021-2022.

External Examiner Prof. Sneha Ghodvinde

Prof. Sneha Ghodvinde Dr. M. B. Asre

(Head of Department) (Principal)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly

or indirectly contributed to the development of this work and who
influenced our thinking, behaviour, and acts during the course of study.
We express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Sneha Ghodvinde
for providing us her valuable & constant encouragement during this
project.
We are thankful & express our gratitude to Dr. M. B. Asre,
Principal of Devi Mahalaxmi Polytechnic and Prof. Sneha
Ghodvinde, HOD Electrical Engineering Department for all the
support rendered to us.
We take this opportunity to thank all our classmates for their
company during the course work and for useful discussion we had with
them.
We would be failing in our duties if we do not make a mention
of our family members including our parents for providing moral
support. Without them this work would not have been completed.

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 INDEX

Sr. Contents Page

No. No.
1 ABSTRACTS 5

2 INTRODUCTION 6

3 COMPONENTS 8

4 ARDUINO UNO MICROCONTROLLER 9

5 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (7805) 14

6 SOLAR PANEL 17

7 SOIL SENSOR 19

8 MOISTURE SENSOR 21

9 WATER PUMP 23

10 SINGLE RELAY 24

11 LCD MODEL 26

12 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY 29

13 POTENTIOMETER 30

14 PIPE 31

15 WORKING & DIAGRAMS 32

16 BENEFIT 34

17 CONCLUSION 35

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 ABSTRACT

A proper usage of irrigation system is very necessary because the main reason is the shortage
of land reserved water due to lack of rain, spontaneous use of water as a result large amounts
of water goes waste. And also, sometimes due to many reasons crops don’t get proper sunlight
which results in improper growth. Hence the project aims at making agriculture smart using
automation. The highlighting feature of this project includes smart irrigation with smart control
and intelligent decision making based on accurate real-time field data.

In this project an automation of farm irrigation and soil moisture control by Arduino using soil
moisture sensor. This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and
automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is
very necessary because the main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of
rain, spontaneous use of water as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason,
we use this automatic plant watering and soil moisture monitoring system and this system is
very useful in all climatic conditions. India is the agriculture-based country. Our most of
peoples are completely depended on the agricultural harvesting. Agriculture is a source of
employment of majority Indians and has great impact on the economy of the country. In dry
areas or in case of lacking rainfall, irrigation becomes difficult. So, it needs to be automated
for proper watering a plant and handled remotely by farmer. When soil goes dry pump will
start watering. The aim of the implementation is to reduce water use and automatic irrigation
can be used for save time and low power monitor device.

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 INTRODUCTION

The main aim of this project is to automate the agriculture system using a multi-modal
technique and real-time monitoring of the field. The project will make sure that there is enough
water and sunlight in the field all the time. The automated irrigation system is feasible and cost-
effective for optimizing water resources for agricultural production. Using the automated
irrigation system, we can prove that the use of water can be reduced for different agricultural
usage.
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian Economy. In today’s world, as we see rapid growth
in the global population, agriculture becomes more important to meet the needs of the human
race. However, agriculture requires irrigation and with every year we have more water
consumption than rainfall, it becomes critical for growers to find ways to conserve water while
still achieving the highest yield. But in the present era, the farmers have been using irrigation
techniques through the manual control in which they irrigate the land at the regular interval.
This proposed system is Arduino based remote irrigation system developed for the agricultural
plantation, which is placed at the remote location and required water provides for plantation
when the humidity of the soil goes below the set-point value. The main aim of this project was
to provide water to the plants or gardening automatically using microcontroller (Arduino Uno).
We can automatically water the plants when we are going on vacation or don’t, we have to
bother my neighbors, Sometimes the neighbors do too much of watering and the plants end up
dying anyway. There are timer-based devices available in India which waters the soil on set
interval. They do not sense the soil moisture and the ambient temperature to know if the soil
actually needs watering or not. Assimilation is that the artificial application of water to the land
or soil It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and
re vegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. When a
zone comes on, the water flows through the lateral lines and ultimately finally ends up at the
irrigation electrode (drip) or mechanical device heads. Several sprinklers have pipe thread
inlets on the lowest of them that permits a fitting and also the pipe to be connected to them.
The sprinklers are usually used in the top of the head flush with the ground surface. As the
method of dripping will reduce huge water losses it became a popular method by reducing the
labor cost and increasing the yields. When the components are activated, all the components
will read and gives the output signal to the controller, and the information will be displayed to
the user (farmer). The sensor readings are analog in nature so the ADC pin in the controller
will convert the analog signals into digital format. Then the controller will access information
and when the motors are turned On/Off it will be displayed on the LCD Panel, and serial
monitor windows. There are many systems are available to water savings in various crops,
from basic ones to more technologically advanced ones. For instance, in one system plant
watering status was monitored and irrigation scheduled based on temperature presents in soil
content of the plant.

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The complete system will be solar powered which will ensure renewable energy source. Solar
power is completely clean, it produces no air pollution, no water pollution, and no greenhouse
gas effects. It is also carbon-free, no harmful emissions are released when electricity is being
produced by solar panels. It also reduces the need for finite resources. Solar panel systems are
extremely durable and require little to no maintenance over their productive lifetime, which
can span 25 years or more. Solar systems are also extremely easy to maintain. The main
maintenance that these panels require is an occasional dusting to remove dirt, leaves, or any
other fragments. One can always call a professional, to clean these panels once in a while.
The main objective of this project is to provide an automatic irrigation system thereby saving
time, money & power of the farmer. The traditional farm-land irrigation techniques require
manual intervention. With the automated technology of irrigation, the human intervention can
be minimized. Nowadays water scarcity is a big concern for farming. This project helps the
farmers to irrigate the farmland in an efficient manner with automated irrigation system.

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 COMPONENTS

1. Arduino Uno Microcontroller

2. Voltage Regulator (7805)

3. Solar Panel

4. Sensor

5. Sensor Module (LM393 module)

6. DC Water Pump (9V -12V)

7. Single Relay Module (5V)

8. LCD Module (16×2)

9. Rechargeable Battery (9V -12V)

10. Potentiometer

11. Pipe

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ARDUINO UNO:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analogue inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers.
The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analogue input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards
feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some
models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers.
The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the
programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains the
Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the
Processing language project.
Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (Atmega8, Atmega168,
Atmega328, Atmega1280, Atmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and
features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The
boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for
programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules
termed shields.
Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus.
Most boards include a 5V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator.
Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the on-board voltage
regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the
optiboot bootloader Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer.
Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic
levels and transistor-transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips
such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI
chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable
via its own ICSP header.
Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-
to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth, or other methods. When used with traditional
microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP)
programming is used.

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 Diagram of Arduino Uno

PIN Layout of Arduino Uno

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Vin: The input voltage or Vin to the Arduino while it is using an exterior power supply opposite
to volts from the connection of USB or else RPS (regulated power supply). By using this pin,
one can supply the voltage.

5Volts: The RPS can be used to give the power supply to the microcontroller as well as
components which are used on the Arduino board. This can approach from the input voltage
through a regulator.

3V3: A 3.3 supply voltage can be generated with the on-board regulator, and the highest draw
current will be 50 mA.

GND: GND (ground) pins

Memory:
The memory of an ATmega328 microcontroller includes 32 KB and 0.5 KB memory is utilized
for the Boot loader), and also it includes SRAM-2 KB as well as EEPROM-1KB.

Input and Output:

We know that an arguing Uno R3 includes 14-digital pins which can be used as an input
otherwise output by using the functions like pinMode(), digitalRead(), and digitalWrite().
These pins can operate with 5V, and every digital pin can give or receive 20mA, & includes a
20k to 50k ohm pull up resistor. The maximum current on any pin is 40mA which cannot
surpass for avoiding the microcontroller from the damage. Additionally, some of the pins of an
Arduino include specific functions.

Serial Pins:
The serial pins of an Arduino board are TX (1) and RX (0) pins and these pins can be used to
transfer the TTL serial data. The connection of these pins can be done with the equivalent pins
of the ATmega8 U2 USB to TTL chip.

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External Interrupt Pins:
The external interrupt pins of the board are 2 & 3, and these pins can be arranged to activate
an interrupt on a rising otherwise falling edge, a low-value otherwise a modify in value.

PWM Pins:
The PWM pins of an Arduino are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, & 11, and gives an output of an 8-bit PWM
with the function analog Write ().

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Pins:

The SPI pins are 10, 11, 12, 13 namely SS, MOSI, MISO, SCK, and these will maintain the
SPI communication with the help of the SPI library.

LED Pin:
An arguing board is inbuilt with a LED using digital pin-13. Whenever the digital pin is high,
the LED will glow otherwise it will not glow.

TWI (2-Wire Interface) Pins:

The TWI pins are SDA or A4, & SCL or A5, which can support the communication of TWI
with the help of Wire library.

AREF (Analog Reference) Pin:

An analog reference pin is the reference voltage to the inputs of an analog i/ps using the
function like analog Reference().

Reset (RST) Pin:

This pin brings a low line for resetting the microcontroller, and it is very useful for using an
RST button toward shields which can block the one over the Arduino R3 board.

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Communication:
The communication protocols of an Arduino Uno include SPI, I2C, and UART serial
communication.

UART:
An Arduino Uno uses the two functions like the transmitter digital pin1 and the receiver digital
pin0. These pins are mainly used in UART TTL serial communication.

I2C:
An Arduino UNO board employs SDA pin otherwise A4 pin & A5 pin otherwise SCL pin is
used for I2C communication with wire library. In this, both the SCL and SDA are CLK signal
and data signal.

SPI Pins:
The SPI communication includes MOSI, MISO, and SCK.

MOSI (Pin11):
This is the master out slave in the pin, used to transmit the data to the devices

MISO (Pin12):
This pin is a serial CLK, and the CLK pulse will synchronize the transmission of which is
produced by the master.

SCK (Pin13):
The CLK pulse synchronizes data transmission that is generated by the master. Equivalent pins
with the SPI library is employed for the communication of SPI. ICSP (in-circuit serial
programming) headers can be utilized for programming ATmega microcontroller directly with
the boot loader.

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7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC, a member of
78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a popular
voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 78xx indicates the output voltage it provides.
7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated power supply with provisions to add a heat sink. A 7805
IC’s input voltage range can vary from 7 Volts to 35 Volts.

1 INPUT Input voltage (7V-35V) In this pin of the IC positive

unregulated voltage is given in
regulation.

2 GROUND Ground (0V) In this pin where the ground is given.

This pin is neutral for equally the
input and output.

3 OUTPUT Regulated output; 5V The output of the regulated 5V volt is

(4.8V-5.2V) taken out at this pin of the IC
regulator.

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 As you may have noticed, there is a significant difference between the input voltage & the
output voltage of the voltage regulator. This difference between the input and output voltage
is released as heat. The greater the difference between the input and output voltage, the more
the heat generated. If the regulator does not have a heat sink to dissipate this heat, it can get
destroyed and malfunction. Hence, it is advisable to limit the voltage to a maximum of 2-3
volts above the output voltage. So, we now have 2 options. Either design your circuit so that
the input voltage going into the regulator is limited to 2-3 volts above the output regulated
voltage or place an appropriate heatsink, that can efficiently dissipate heat.

LM7805 is applied in a wide range of circuits:

• Fixed-Output Regulator

• Positive Regulator in Negative Configuration

• Adjustable Output Regulator

• Current Regulator

• Regulated Dual-Supply

• Output Polarity-Reversal-Protection Circuit

• Reverse bias projection Circuit

If differences between the input and output voltages are not well managed, LM7805 can
overheat, which may result in malfunctioning. Solutions Include:
• Limiting input voltage to 2-3 volts above the output regulated voltage

• Placing a heat sink in the circuit to dissipate heat solutions

If your voltage regulator is situated more than 25cm (10 inches) from the power supply,
capacitors are needed to filter residual AC noise. Voltage regulators work efficiently on a clean
DC signal being fed. The bypass capacitors help reduce AC ripple. Essentially, they short AC
noise from the voltage signal and allow only DC voltage into the regulator. The two capacitors
are not necessarily required and can be omitted if you are not concerned about line noise.
However, for a mobile phone charger or logic assessment, you require a nice clean DC line.
Capacitors will be beneficial in this case as they are good at maximizing voltage regulation.
The values of capacitors can also be changed slightly.
The 7805’s scaled output provides the input voltage (Vin) to the bandgap reference and the
bandgap provides an error signal as the output. The 7805’s bandgap circuit removes the
feedback loop that exists inside a traditional bandgap reference. Instead, the entire chip
becomes the feedback loop.

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If the output voltage is correct (5V), then the voltage divider provides 3.75V at Vin. Any
change in output voltage propagates through Q6 and R7, causing the voltage at the base of
Q7 to rise or fall accordingly. This change is amplified by Q7 and Q8, generating the error
output. The error output, in turn, decreases or increases the current through the output
transistor. The negative feedback loop adjusts the output voltage until it is correct.
7805 IC also finds usage in building circuits for inductance meter, phone charger, portable CD
player, infrared remote-control extension and UPS power supply circuits. LM7805 is applied
in a wide range of circuits like Fixed-Output Regulator, Positive Regulator in Negative
Configuration, Adjustable Output Regulator, Current Regulator, Regulated Dual-Supply,
Output Polarity-Reversal-Protection Circuit, Reverse bias projection Circuit.

Conversion of Voltage generating from solar panel to 5V using LM7805

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SOLAR PANEL:
Solar panels are devices that convert light into electricity. A solar panel is a collection of solar
cells. Lots of small solar cells spread over a large area can work together to provide enough
power to be useful. The more light that hits a cell, the more electricity it produces.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) is a technology that converts sunlight (solar radiation) into direct
current electricity by using semiconductors. When the sun hits the semiconductor within the
PV cell, electrons are freed and form an electric current.
Solar PV technology is generally employed on a panel (hence solar panels). PV cells are
typically found connected and mounted on a frame called a module. Multiple modules can be
wired together to form an array, which can be scaled up or down to produce the amount of
power needed. PV cells can be made from various semiconductor materials. The most
commonly used material today is silicon.

Electricity generating from a single solar photovoltaic cell

A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connect assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar

cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that
generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.

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Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically
ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module
given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the area of a 16%
efficient 230 W module.
There are a few commercially available solar modules that exceed the efficiency of 22% and
reportedly also exceeding 24%. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of
power; most installations contain multiple modules.
A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, a
battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring, and optionally a solar tracking mechanism.
The most common application of solar panels is solar water heating systems.

A Solar Panel

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SOIL SENSOR:
The Soil Moisture Sensor Module determines the amount of soil moisture by
measuring the resistance between two metallic probes that is inserted into the soil
to be monitored. This can be used in an automatic plant watering system or to
signal an alert of some type when a plant needs watering.
These sensors work by measuring the resistance between the two probes of the
fork that is inserted into the soil. That resistance will depend mostly on the
moisture content of the soil. The resistance affects a voltage divider and so an
analogue voltage output is available which can be read by an analogue input on a
uC that roughly corresponds to the moisture content of the soil.
The more moisture in the soil, the lower the resistance. A low resistance gives a
low analogue voltage reading. As the soil dries out, the resistance increases. The
higher the resistance (drier the soil), the higher the voltage will be.
Besides the analogue output, there is also a LM393 comparator IC that provides
a HIGH output when that analogue voltage goes above a certain level. A
potentiometer on the module allows the set-point of this digital output to be
adjusted. This output could be used to drive a relay to activate a small water
pump to water the plant without necessarily having a uC in the loop. An LED
lights when this output goes HIGH.
Besides moisture, there are other factors that can affect the resistance including
minerals that are dissolved in the water which can come from fertilizers and other
sources. The full length of the forks should be inserted into the soil, but the upper
part with the electrical connections should remain dry to minimize corrosion. The
depth that the forks are inserted will affect the readings and therefore should be
kept reasonably constant.
It is not possible to directly define an actual percentage of moisture in the soil
from the measurements taken, but it is fairly straightforward to define basic
ranges for what would be considered ‘too dry’, ‘too wet’ and ‘just right’.
To do that, measure the soil under 3 basic conditions:
• When dry enough so that the plant should be watered

• When watered so it has the desired amount of moisture that would be ideal for the plant

• When watered so the soil is too wet and not ideal for the plant.

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From those 3 measurements, ranges for each of the 3 conditions can be initially
determined and then honed in on once the setup goes into operation.
On most microcontrollers like Arduino, the ADC is 10-bit, so the measurement
has a range of 0-1023. When the sensor is dry in open air, the ADC will read close
to the upper limit of 1023. From a test, that reading was 985-1000. When the
sensor was inserted into a cup of clean water, the reading dropped to about 445.
Adding a little salt to increase conductivity as you might have from minerals
dissolved in the water in the soil lowered the reading to about 300. This is with
a 5V microcontroller.

Soil Sensor

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MOISTURE SENSOR MODULE (LM393):
The module produces an output voltage according to the resistance of the probe and is made
available at an Analog Output (AO) pin. The same signal is fed to a LM393 High Precision
Comparator to digitize it and is made available at a Digital Output (DO) pin.
This Moisture sensor module consists of a Moisture sensor, Resistors, Capacitor,
Potentiometer, Comparator LM393 IC, Power and Status LED in an integrated circuit.

Moisture Sensor Module

The module has a built-in potentiometer for sensitivity adjustment of the digital output (DO).
You can set a threshold by using a potentiometer; So that when the moisture level exceeds the
threshold value, the module will output LOW otherwise HIGH.
This setup is very useful when you want to trigger an action when certain threshold is reached.
For example, when the moisture level in the soil crosses a threshold, you can activate a relay
to start pumping water. You got the idea!
Apart from this, the module has two LEDs. The Power LED will light up when the module is
powered. The Status LED will light up when the digital output goes LOW.

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Pin Layout for the module:
• AO (Analog Output) pin gives us an analog signal between the supply value to 0V and
will be connected to one of the analog inputs on your Arduino.

• DO (Digital Output) pin gives Digital output of internal comparator circuit. You can
connect it to any digital pin on an Arduino or directly to a 5V relay or similar device.

• VCC pin supplies power for the sensor. It is recommended to power the sensor with
between 3.3V – 5V. Please note that the analog output will vary depending on what
voltage is provided for the sensor.

• GND is a ground connection.

PIN Layout of the moisture sensor module

LM393 Comparator IC is used as a voltage comparator in this Moisture sensor module. Pin 2
of LM393 is connected to Preset (10KΩ Pot) while pin 3 is connected to Moisture sensor pin.
The comparator IC will compare the threshold voltage set using the preset (pin2) and the sensor
pin (pin3).

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WATER PUMP:
Water pump is a machine that delivers or pressurizes a liquid. It transfers the mechanical energy
of the prime mover or other external energy to the liquid, increasing the energy of the liquid.
While mini water motor pump is mini type to transfer water from lower place to higher place
or too far place.
DC powered pumps use direct current from motor, battery, or solar power to move fluid in a
variety of ways. Motorized pumps typically operate on 6, 12, 24, or 32 volts of DC power.
Solar-powered DC pumps use photovoltaic (PV) panels with solar cells that produce direct
current when exposed to sunlight.
The main advantage of DC (direct current) pumps over AC (alternating current) pumps is that
they can operate directly from a battery, making them more convenient and portable. They are
easier to operate and control, since AC systems typically require a controller to manage speed.
DC pumps also tend to be more efficient.

DC Water Pump

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SINGLE RELAY MODULE:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
A relay is an electrically operated device. It has a control system and (also called input circuit
or input contactor) and controlled system (also called output circuit or output cont. actor). It is
frequently used in automatic control circuit. To put it simply, it is an automatic switch to
controlling a high-current circuit with a low-current signal.
Relays are used to protect the electrical system and to minimize the damage to the equipment
connected in the system due to over currents/voltages. The relay is used for the purpose of
protection of the equipment connected with it. These are also used to control the high voltage
circuit with low voltage signal in applications audio amplifiers and some types of modems.
These are used to control a high current circuit by a low current signal in the applications like
starter solenoid in automobile. These can detect and isolate the faults that occurred in power
transmission and distribution system. Typical application areas of the relays include:
• Lighting control systems

• Telecommunication

• Industrial process controllers

• Traffic control

• Motor drives control

• Protection systems of electrical power system

• Computer interfaces

• Automotive

• Home appliances

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 5V Single Relay Module

INPUT:
GND – Connect 0V to this pin.
SIG – Controls this relay, active Low! Relay will turn on when this input goes below about
2.0V
VCC – Connect 5V to this pin. Is used to power the opto couplers
OUTPUT:
COM- Common pin
NC- Normally Closed, in which case NC is connected with COM when INT1 is set low and
disconnected when INT1 is high
NO- Normally Open, in which case NO is disconnected with COM1 when INT1 is set low
and connected when INT1 is high

The maximum DC load is 10A, the maximum DC load voltage is 30V the maximum AC load
is 10A, the maximum AC load voltage is 250V.

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16×2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):
LCD modules are very commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason being its cheap
price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come across these displays
in our day-to-day life, either at PCO’s or calculators. The appearance and the pinouts have
already been visualized above now let us get a bit technical.
16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of combinations
available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is the 16×2 LCD. So, it will
have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character will be made of 5×8 Pixel Dots. A
Single character with all its Pixels is shown in the below picture.
Now, we know that each character has (5×8=40) 40 Pixels and for 32 Characters we will have
(32×40) 1280 Pixels. Further, the LCD should also be instructed about the Position of the
Pixels. Hence it will be a hectic task to handle everything with the help of MCU, hence an
Interface IC like HD44780is used, which is mounted on the backside of the LCD Module itself.
The function of this IC is to get the Commands and Data from the MCU and process them to
display meaningful information onto our LCD Screen. If you are an advanced programmer and
would like to create your own library for interfacing your Microcontroller with this LCD
module then you have to understand the HD44780 IC is working and commands which can be
found its datasheet.

16x2 LCD Pin diagram

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Pin No. Pin Names Description

1 Vss (Ground) Ground pin connected to system ground

2 Vdd (+5 Volt) Powers the LCD with +5V (4.7V – 5.3V)

3 VE (Contrast V) Decides the contrast level of display. Grounded to get maximum

contrast.

4 Register Select Connected to Microcontroller to shift between command/data register

5 Read/Write Used to read or write data. Normally grounded to write data to LCD

6 Enable Connected to Microcontroller Pin and toggled between 1 and 0 for

data acknowledgement

7 Data Pin 0 Data pins 0 to 7 forms a 8-bit data line. They can be connected to
Microcontroller to send 8-bit data.
These LCD’s can also operate on 4-bit mode in such case Data pin
4,5,6 and 7 will be left free.

8 Data Pin 1

9 Data Pin 2

10 Data Pin 3

11 Data Pin 4

12 Data Pin 5

13 Data Pin 6

14 Data Pin 7

15 LED Positive Backlight LED pin positive terminal

16 LED Negative Backlight LED pin negative terminal

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An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and has a wide range
of applications. A 16×2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. A 16×2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there
are 2 such lines.
16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows.

Features of 16×2 LCD module

• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
• Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
• Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
• Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
• Each character is built by a 5×8-pixel box
• Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode

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RECHARGEABLE BATTERY:
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, and electric cars. When a
battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal
is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an
external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external
electric load, it supplies power to the load and any device connected as the load will power up
for a limited period of time but in our case, it will be charging by solar panel continuously to
keep the system running without any interruptions.

Powering the microcontroller using Rechargeable battery and charging the battery by solar panel
simultaneously

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POTENTIOMETER:
A Potentiometer is a three terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an
adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a
variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same
principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on
audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers,
for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power
(more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the
power in the controlled load.

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PIPE:
A pipe is either metal or plastic, it is an electrical conduit through which electrical wires are
run. Either rigid or flexible, conduit protects the wires and is used in exposed locations such as
along the exterior surface of a wall.
The electrical conduit provides an enclosure to avoid damages in wiring due to external factors.
The conductors of the electrical network are tubed using conduit for a long-lasting, protective
operation. The conduits that are used in conduit wiring may be metallic and non-metallic.

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 WORKING

This system provides uniform and required level of water for the agricultural farm and it avoids
water wastage. When the moisture level in the soil reaches below threshold value then system
automatically switch ON the motor. When the water level reaches normal level, the motor
automatically switches OFF. The sensed parameters and current status of the motor will be
displayed on the LCD screen in real time.

Block diagram

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 Circuit Diagram

The moisture sensors measure the moisture level (water content) of the different plants. If the
moisture level is going to be below the desired and limited level, the moisture sensor sends the
signal to the Arduino board which triggers the Water Pump to turn ON and supply the water to
respective plant using the Rotating Platform/Sprinkler. When the desired moisture level is
reached, the system halts on its own and the water Pump is turned OFF.

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 BENEFITS
Irrigation and watering play a substantial role in determining the quality and yields of farming.
More appropriate is the process of watering of the fields, more favourable are the end results.
As an agriculture farmer, one needs to be very precise with these tows above-said process.
• Time saving.

• No need Extra work Hard.

• Save Water, accordingly our requirement of water, depends upon water level quantity, soil
and crops.

• Money Saving (Electricity bill + Water).

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 CONCLUSION

Thus the “Automated Agriculture monitoring system based on Arduino” has been designed
and tested successfully. It has been developed by integrated features of all the hardware
components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus
contributing to the best working of the unit. Thus, the Arduino Based Automatic Plant Watering
System has been designed and tested successfully.

The application of agriculture networking technology is need of the modern agricultural

development, but also an important symbol of the future level of agricultural development; it
will be the future direction of agricultural development. After building the agricultural water
irrigation system hardware and analyzing and researching the network hierarchy features,
functionality and the corresponding software architecture of precision agriculture water
irrigation systems, actually applying the internet of things to the highly effective and safe
agricultural production has a significant impact on ensuring the efficient use of water resources
as well as ensuring the efficiency and stability of the agricultural production.

Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus contributing to the
best working of the unit. Thus, the Arduino Based Automatic Plant Watering System has been
designed and tested successfully. The system has been tested to function automatically. Thus,
the functionality of the entire system has been tested thoroughly and it is said to function
successfully.

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