Format: 80 Multiple Choice from chapters 8-16 and 18, and 1 DBQ 1.

Define strict and loose construction of the Constitution and describe how Jeffersons views affected his decision making process regarding the Louisiana Purchase. Strict is if the constitution doesnt state it, you cant do it. Loose is if it doesnt object it, you can do it. Jefferson believed in strict constitution, but panicked because Napoleon was in a rush to sell the land. The constitution didnt say anything about adding land.

2. What was the Embargo Act? What were the goals of the non-importation, non-intercourse, and embargo acts? How did they affect the countrys economy? Why was this the most unpopular and least successful act of Jeffersons presidency? Law passed by Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807. This law stopped all trade between America and any other country. The goal was to get Britain and France, who were fighting each other at the time, to stop restricting American trade. The Act backfired, and the American people suffered because they just ended up attacking us and we didnt trade, so no money was made. The Act was ended in 1809.

3. What was Jeffersons economic vision for the United States? Why did he think this would this economic system secures the economic well-being of the country? Jefferson was more of an agricultural person and supported small business and families. He felt the people could do anything if given the proper education to decide.

4. Identify the causes and consequences of the War of 1812. The basic causes of the War of 1812 were economic, commercial, territorial, and part bluff. A group in Congress lead by Henry Clay, known as the War Hawks wanted to invade Canada and make it part of the United States. The War Hawks were supported in the West and South. Because of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, our commercial rights as a neutral on the high seas were being infringed upon by France and England. Great Britain also practiced the policy of impressment, stopping American ships and claiming that some sailors were British deserters from the British navy and forcing them to serve on British war ships. Impressment had been a policy of Great Britain for a long time. The Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812, restored British and American relations to what they had been before the war began. While not solving any of the problems that caused the war, the Battle of New Orleans victory, followed by news of the Treaty of Ghent, caused the Americans increased pride and led to a developing nationalism

5. Define the Era of Good Feeling. What was the national focus during this time period? What events could be seen as disruptions to the overall national sentiment? Despite its name, the Era of Good Feelings was not all cooperation and goodwill. The period also saw political controversy between the North and South. Westward expansion spawned sectional conflict, as the North and South feuded about whether western territories should be slaveholding or free.

6. Describe the three components of Henry Clays American System. How was it supposed to promote nationalism? Supplemented the Bank with protective tariffs that raised prices on imported goods in order to benefit native manufacturers and it authorized federal funding for internal improvement projects such as canals and turnpikes

7. Identify some significant features of the political careers of each of the following politicians: a. John Quincy Adams: was the sixth President of the United States (18251829). He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties b. Henry Clay: was a 19th-century American planter, statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, where he served as Speaker. He also served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.He was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. As a leading war hawk, he favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation to war in 1812. He was the foremost proponent of the American System, fighting for an increase in tariffs to foster industry in the United States, the use of federal funding to build and maintain infrastructure, and a strong national bank. He opposed the annexation of Texas, fearing it would inject the slavery issue into politics. Clay also opposed the Mexican-American War and the "Manifest Destiny" policy of Democrats, which cost him votes in the close 1844 election. c. John C. Calhoun: held every major post except president, serving in the House, Senate and vice presidency, as well as secretary of war and state. He usually affiliated with the Democrats, but flirted with the Whig Party and considered running for the presidency in 1824 and 1844. As a "war hawk" he agitated in Congress for the War of 1812 to defend American honor against Britain. As Secretary of War under President James Monroe he reorganized and modernized the War Department, building powerful permanent bureaucracies that ran the department, as opposed to patronage appointees. d. Andrew Jackson: was the seventh President of the United States (18291837). Based in frontier Tennessee, Jackson was a politician and army general who defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans (1815) and the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814). A polarizing figure who dominated the Second Party System in the 1820s and 1830s, he destroyed the national bank and relocated most Indian tribes to the west. His enthusiastic followers created the modern Democratic Party, and the 1830-1850 period later became known as the era of Jacksonian democracy.

8. How did John Marshall use the Supreme Court to promote nationalism? What did the Supreme Court rule in each of the following cases: a. Marbury v. Madison: is a landmark case in United States law and in the history of law worldwide. It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. It was also the first time in Western history a court invalidated a law by declaring it "unconstitutional", a process called judicial review. b. McCulloch v. Maryland: was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the

Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the U.S. Bank. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution. This fundamental case established the following two principles: the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government and state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government. The opinion was written by Chief Justice John Marshall. c. Worcester v. Georgia: was a case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester, holding that the Georgia criminal statute, prohibiting non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state, was unconstitutional. 9. What was the Missouri Compromise? Did it actually reduce sectionalism? Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, Slavery was forbidden north of the 36 degree latitude mark, the southern boundary of Missouri. People in the North were encouraged to return runaway slaves to their masters. Slavery was not prohibited anywhere, not even in the free territories.

10.What was the controversy during the presidential election of 1824? What was the term used to describe the election of John Quincy Adams and why was this term used? The Corrupt Bargain This election is notable for being the only time since the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in which the presidential election was thrown into the House of Representatives, as no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote. This presidential election was also the only one in which the candidate receiving the most electoral votes did not become president (because a majority, not just a plurality, is required to win). It is also often said to be the first election in which the president did not win the popular vote, although the popular vote was not measured nationwide. At that time, several states did not conduct a popular vote, allowing their state legislature to choose their electors.

11.What were the main features of Jacksonian Democracy? How was Jackson portrayed in the 1828 election? Which groups formed Jacksons base of support? What did Jacksons election signify about the American political system? Personally, Jackson was a repulsive man. He supported slavery. He was in favor of, and initiated, forcible Indian removal, regardless of the hardship and casualties the Indians thereby suffered. His irrational economic policies caused a severe economic depression. While he did pay down the national debt, his depression then multiplied it ten-fold. Jackson fought 13 duels, mostly over his wife's lack of honor. He killed a man in one of these childish displays. Not a nice fellow.

12.What was the Tariff of Abominations? How did each region feel about the Tariff? How did it lead to the Nullification Crisis? How did Jackson respond?

The Tariff of 1828 was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States. It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy. One state decided to nullify it and state do not have the power to nullify anything, so Jackson threatened to use military power, so the state back downed and Jackson lowered the tariff.

13.What was the Specie Circular? The Act was a reaction to the growing concerns about excessive speculations of land after the Indian removal, which was mostly done with soft currency. The sale of public lands increased five times between 1834 and 1836. Speculators paid for these purchases with depreciating paper money.[2] While government law already demanded that land purchases be completed with specie or paper notes from specie-backed banks, a large portion of buyers used paper money from state banks not backed by hard money.

14.Why did Jackson dislike the Bank of the United States? What did he do when the BUS had to be re-chartered? What effect did this have on the countrys economy? Jackson opposed the national bank concept on ideological grounds. In Jackson's veto message (written by George Bancroft), the bank needed to be abolished because: He thought it was unconstitutional because he was a "strict Constitutionalist" (its charter rested on the elastic clause), it concentrated an excessive amount of the nation's financial strength into a single institution,it exposed the government to control by "foreign interests", it exercised too much control over members of the Congress, it favored Northeastern states over Southern and Western states After a titanic struggle, Jackson succeeded in destroying the bank by vetoing its 1832 re-charter by Congress and by withdrawing U.S. funds in 1833. The bank's money-lending functions were taken over by the legions of local and state banks that sprang up feeding an expansion of credit and speculation; the commercial progress of the nation's economy was noticeably dented by the resulting failures.

15.Define pet banks. What effect did Jacksons use of pet banks have on the banking system? Pet Banks were the banks created by Andrew Jackson within the states. When he eliminated the national bank, he called for the Federal funds to go to state banks, which caused an issue to the supporters of the National Bank.

16.Describe Jacksons policy on Native Americans? What was the controversy surrounding his decisions regarding the tribes residing in the eastern United States? How did Jacksons policies differ from previous presidents? They are wild, savages. He did not care if they were civilized, he wanted them out. He did not use constitutional action; he only used his own authority to get things done.

17.What was the canal age and what were the effects of these internal improvements? Describe the stages of the transportation revolution and their time periods.

Roads, canals, trains. The Canal Age helped the US improve on transportation and expanding. Roads allowed you to travel short distances for a cheap amount, canals allowed you to carry heavy things for more money, and railroad allowed you to carry anything, but not as expensive.

18.How did railroads significantly impact the economy during the first half of the 19th century? Railroads allowed people to travel east, west, south, north, to anywhere, in packs. People invested in them because they could help carry products and crops to other places so they could be sold.

19.Why were the Mormons persecuted? Mormons were persecuted because they were polygamists.

20.Describe the reform movements led by the following reformers: a. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton: female suffrage when only voting rights of freed males were addressed in Reconstruction. They founded the National Woman Suffrage Association and Stanton served as president. b. Lucy Stone: a prominent American abolitionist and suffragist, and a vocal advocate and organizer promoting rights for women. In 1847, Stone was the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree. She spoke out for women's rights and against slavery at a time when women were discouraged and prevented from public speaking. c. Frederick Douglass: was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. d. Horace Mann: was an American education reformer, and a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1827 to 1833. He served in the Massachusetts Senate from 1834 to 1837. In 1848, after serving as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education since its creation, he was elected to the US House of Representatives. e. Joseph Smith: was an American religious leader and the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Regarded as a prophet by his followers, Smith was also a military leader, city planner, and polygamist. f. William Lloyd Garrison: was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement.

21.What views characterized American transcendentalism?

Views such as: emphasized living a simple life, close relationship to nature, celebrated emotions and imagination, individualism and self-reliance, intuition can lead to knowledge, inherent goodness of people, and spiritual well-being vs. financial well-being

22.What invention had the greatest impact on the institution of slavery in the early 19th century? Why? The cotton gin made it easier to collect more cotton, causing a greater need for slaves to clean the cotton, therefor increasing productivity. Cotton soon became their cash crop.

23.What was the ultimate result of the slave revolts led by Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner? Slave owners became afraid and stopped their slave from going to their churches and out. They became stricter and did not trust them.

24.Describe the key elements in the development of African-American culture during slavery. African Americans made their own songs and had their own church, Baptists. They song these songs while they worked, often carrying secret messages.

25.Describe some key features of the institution of slavery. How did life on large plantations differ from slavery in small farms? Slaves on small farms could work inside the homes and help the farmer, not necessarily doing all the work. On a plantation, they had positions and had someone watching over them, constantly making sure they were working, endlessly.

26.What were some of the arguments and proposals presented by Northern abolitionists to end slavery? Northerners believed it was immoral and cruel. They felt that slaves should be free, but not equal. They were pretty much jealous of the Southern success, but at the same time felt that slaves were people.

27.What were some of the justifications presented by southerners in support of slavery? Slaves werent humans. They were like dogs, made to work and that God wanted it this way. Without slaves, they would not have such a successful economy and thought the North was just jealous. Slaves were an easy and cheap alternative for hard work.

28. What were the characteristics of the majority of white families in the south in relation to slave-owning? White society was divided by class and by region both were important for determining a white southerners relationship to slavery. The large planters were the dominant class and the non-slaveholders were of the lower social rank.

Planters (owning 20 or more slaves) tended to live in the cotton Belt. Yeomen farmers owned a few to 0 slaves and lived in the frontier areas. 29.What is Manifest Destiny and how did it affect American foreign policy during the first half of the 19th century? Coined in 1845, this term referred to a doctrine in support of territorial expansion based on the beliefs that population growth demanded territorial expansion, that God supported expansion, and that national expansion equaled the expansion of freedom . It led to diplomatic confrontation with Great Britain and a war with Mexico.

30.

What was the most significant domestic effect of the war with Mexico?

The Mexican war divided the American public and provoked political dissension. Whig party opposed the war, voted for military appropriations but criticized the president. More ominous was the charge of some northerners from both parties that the real purpose of the war was to spread the institution of slavery and increase political powers of the Southern States.

31. What did the Wilmot Proviso say and which political group supported it most? The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal to prohibit slavery in any territories that might be acquired from Mexico. Wilmot spoke for the large number of northern Democrats who felt neglected and betrayed by the choice of Polk over Van Buren in 1844.

32.What did the Free Soil Party want? Why did they want to stop slavery? Organized in 1848, this third party proposed to exclude slavery from federal territories and nominated President Van Buren in the presidential election of that year. Most free soilers became Republicans.

33.What was Stephan Douglass plan for resolving the slavery issue in the KansasNebraska Territory? Douglas disregarded the compromise line and sought to set up the territorial government in Kansas and Nebraska on the basis of popular sovereignty, relying on the alleged precedent set in the Compromise of 1850

34. What did the Compromise of 1850 say? What aspect infuriated the North the most? This series of 5 congressional statutes temporarily calmed the sectional crisis. Among other things the Compromise made California a free state, ended slave trade in the district of Colombia, and strengthened the fugitive slave law. The strengthening of the fugitive slave law angered the north.

35.Be sure you can identify the significant regions on a map: Missouri compromise line, Kansas-Nebraska territory, Louisiana Purchase, Mexican Cession. 36.How did most northerners and southerners feel about free blacks before the Civil War? Why?

37.

What were the key characteristics of antebellum slavery?

African American religion: religion was the corner stone of the African American Culture. African Methodist Episcopal Church. Slavery in the antebellum South was not a monolithic system; its nature varied widely across the region. At one extreme one white family in thirty owned slaves in Delaware; in contrast, half of all white families in South Carolina did so. Overall, 26 percent of Southern white families owned slaves. In 1860, families owning more than fifty slaves numbered less than 10,000; those owning more than a hundred numbered less than 3,000 in the whole South. The typical Southern slave owner possessed one or two slaves, and the typical white Southern male owned none. He was an artisan, mechanic, or more frequently, a small farmer. This reality is vital in understanding why white Southerners went to war to defend slavery in 1861. Most of them did not have a direct financial investment in the system. Their willingness to fight in its defense was more complicated and subtle than simple fear of monetary loss. They deeply believed in the Southern way of life, of which slavery was an inextricable part. They also were convinced that Northern threats to undermine slavery would unleash the pentup hostilities of 4 million African American slaves who had been subjugated for centuries. 38.Why did John Brown raid Harpers Ferry? How did John Browns raid and trial affect the views of Southerners and Northerners on the issue of slavery? Brown thought of himself as Gods chosen instrument to purge this land with blood and to eradicate the sin of slaveholding. The south was stunned by the Norths sympathy and admiration of Brown. South looked at the Norths admiration as an expression of the majority opinion and Republicans real attitude. 39. Why was Lincoln able to win the presidency? What effect did this have on the South? Lincoln had a majority of all northern states voting for him. He won mainly because of his strong support from the North and the Southern States failure to pick a candidate. 40. What groups came together to form the Republican Party in the 1850s? What key beliefs held this disparate group together? 41. What were the issues surrounding territorial expansion in the years 18001860? Describe the arguments made by supporters and opponents of expansion, especially in relation to the debate over slavery. Describe how these arguments shaped federal government policy on expansion and slavery in these territories. The issues were whether or not the territories would be free or slave states. 42.What expectations did the South have at the beginning of the Civil War? What expectations did the North have?

The South felt like they could win because they had a cash crop and many generals and could thrive as their own country. The North did not care for the South, but also felt like they could win until they were defeated a couple of times. 43.What was the Anaconda Plan? An outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War. Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by the vociferous faction who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. 44.What was Lincolns goal in issuing the Emancipation Proclamation? Why did he wait until two years after the beginning of the war to make such a declaration? He wanted to free all the slaves of the Confederacy and waited because he did not want the Border States to secede. 45.How did Lincoln ensure that the Border States did not leave the union? They did not want to leave the union or get rid of slaves so Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to them. 46.What were the direct economic effects of the Civil War on the North and the South? The South suffered because no one would buy their cotton. Both were in debt because of the war, though. 47.What was the Battle of Bull Run and its result? One of the first major battles-- First Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas), the engagement began when about 35,000 Union troops marched from the federal capital in Washington, D.C. to strike a Confederate force of 20,000 along a small river known as Bull Run. After fighting on the defensive for most of the day, the rebels rallied and were able to break the Union right flank, sending the Federals into a chaotic retreat towards Washington. The Confederate victory gave the South a surge of confidence and shocked many in the North, who realized the war would not be won as easily. 48.What was significant about the Battle of Antietam? It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. 49.How did Presidential Reconstruction differ from Congressional Reconstruction? Presidential Reconstruction Conditions for reentering the union Appointed governors to supervise the drafting of new state constitutions and agreed to readmit each state provided it ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery. Hoping that Reconstruction would be complete by the time Congress (more than 10%) opposed the Freedmens Bureau because he felt that targeting former slaves for special assistance would be detrimental to the South Congressional Reconstruction (UNDER THE MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT) Congress also declared that southern states needed to redraft their constitutions, ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, and provide suffrage to blacks in order to seek readmission into the Union

What to do with freed slaves

Enacted Martial law to protect freed slaves and passed the Second Reconstruction Act, placing Union troops in charge of voter registration

What to do with former confederat es

Needed a pardon from the president

reduced the secessionist states to little more than conquered territory, dividing them into five military districts, each governed by a Union general

50.What did the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments say? Describe the ways that the southern states circumvented these amendments. 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery, and with limited exceptions, such as those convicted of a crime, prohibits involuntary servitude. 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War amendments (known as the Reconstruction Amendments), first intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses among others. It was proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 9, 1868. It is perhaps the most significant structural change to the Constitution since the passage of the United States Bill of Rights. The amendment provides a broad definition of United States citizenship, overturning the Dred Scott case, which excluded African Americans. It requires the states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons (not only to citizens) within their jurisdictions, and was used in the mid-20th century to dismantle legal segregation, as in Brown v. Board of Education. Its Due Process Clause has driven much important and controversial case law regarding privacy rights, abortion (see Roe v. Wade), and other issues. 15th Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that governments in the United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude (i.e. slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870. 51.What was the economic role of most southern freed blacks after the Civil War? Describe this system and identify the ways that it was problematic. Southern freed blacks took jobs in factories and were paid much less than white people. They took up jobs, but were confined and often times were segregated. 52.What conditions of the Compromise of 1877? Why did Reconstruction end in 1877? In the Compromise of 1877, Hayes promised that as President, he would remove federal troops from all southern states. Southern Democrats would regain complete control of the region. In return, Democrats would allow Hayes to claim a victory he had not clearly won. 53.What were political machines and why were they problematic?
A disciplined political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. The power of the machine is based on the ability of the workers to get out the vote for their candidates on election day.

54.Define horizontal integration, vertical integration, and holding companies. Describe how each of these methods allowed capitalists to consolidate their industries to maximize profits and minimize competition. Horizontal is when a company buys othersleading to a monopoly, vertical is when it buys every process of the productfrom scratch all the way to the market, and holding is when a company or firm holds other companies outstanding stock 55.What was Social Darwinism and which class of Americans supported it most? How did it justify the actions of capitalists? The best, strongest, toughest, etc. survives. There should be no government aid and most rich people supported this, especially those who were once poor. 56.Identify all of the following Gilded Age personalities by describing their contribution: a. JD Rockefeller: founder of Standard Oil Company b. Andrew Carnegie: leader of steel industry c. Jay Gould: leader of American railroad and speculator d. Cornelius Vanderbilt: American entrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads e. Edward Bellamy: American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward, set in the year 2000. f. Horatio Alger: prolific 19th-century American author, best known for his many formulaic juvenile novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty 57.Complete the following chart: Labor union Knights of Labor AFL IWW Leader Terence Powderly Samuel Gompers Who could join Anyone, no skin or gender discrimination Craftsmen
membership does not require that one work in a represented workplace, nor does it exclude membership in another labor union

Goals Working conditions and rates of pay

working conditions and rates of pay

Accomplishments/problems Aided boycotts and strikes

Racism, sexism, related to anarchy

All workers should be united as a class and that the wage system should be abolished.

58.What were the characteristics of new immigrants of the Gilded Age? Where did they come from? Why? Where did they go to live? They came from South and East Europe, China, and Japan. They needed work and American had plenty of opportunities. 59.What were some of the negative effects of rapid urbanization in the late 19th century? Work ethics, people were underpaid and over worked. 60.Who was Thomas Nast ? He was a political cartoonist.