4.

1 Economics: Europe
-Primogeniture Laws: English laws that only led
eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to
search for money via things like joint-stock
companies.
Omani-European Rivalry: Portuguese vs the
Omani over the Muslim controlled Indian ocean
trade -- this was a reason for Columbus to search
for a new route to India
Technology: Maritime
Cartography: Mapmaking - improved navigation
Astronomical Chart: any map of the starts and
galaxies -- helped mariners guide ships, especially
before the invention of the compass
Government: Europe
Maritime Empires: based on sea travel

4.2 Economics: Europe

- trading post empire: one based in small
outposts, rather than control of large
territories; Portugal in the early 1500s
- Manila: Spanish commercial center in the
Philippines
Government: Portugal
- Prince Henry the Navigator: (1394-1460)
Prince of Portugal who became the first
European-monarch to sponsor seafaring
expeditions. Portugal began importing
African slaves by sea instead of land
under him.
Technology: Maritime
- Galleons: heavily armed Spanish ships,
what they used to transfer silver from
Mexico to East Asia
Government: Exploration
- Christopher Columbus: discovered the
Americas in 1492, Italian born but did
expeditions under Spanish monarchy. He
was trying to find a faster route to India
by sea but ended up in Caribbean islands (
present-day Haiti/DR); established
Columbian Exchange.
- Bartholomew Diaz: sailed around the
southern tip of Africa (cape of good hope)
in 1488
- Vasco de Gama (Portugal): First European
to reach India by going around Africa;
 claimed territory was part of Portugal's
Empire. Brought back spices to Portugal
- Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese navigator
who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-
1522 that was the first to sail around the
world. This proved that the earth could be
circumnavigated
- Northwest Passage: a waterway through
or around North America that would lead
to East Asia. French, English and Dutch
explorers all looked for this ( not really a
real thing
- Jacques Cartier: French explorer who
explored the St. Lawrence river and laid
claim to the region (that is now Canada)
for France (1491-1557)
- Samuel de Champlain (France): realized
there were valuable goods and rich
resources available in the Americas so
there was no need to go beyond into Asia.
- John Cabot: Sent by King in 1497;
English explorer who claimed
Newfoundland for England while looking
for Northwest Passage
- Henry Hudson: An English explorer who
explored for the Dutch. He claimed the
Hudson River around present day New
York and called it New Netherland. He
also had the Hudson Bay named for him.
He was looking for the northwest passage
too

Government: Colonies
- Quebec: French established this town in
1608; land was rich in furs and other
natural resources
- New France: French colony in North
America, with a capital in Quebec,
founded 1608. It fell to the British in
1763. French settlements grew slower
compared to the Spanish or English.
- Jamestown, Virginia: the first permanent
English settlement, founded in 1607 by
the Virginia Company for economic
reasons, named after English Monarch
James I.
- New Amsterdam: known today as New
York City; Dutch established a
community on the island of Manhattan.
 Dutch claimed this based on the voyage of
Henry Hudson.

4.3 Environment: Disease

- Smallpox: The overall deadliest known
disease in the history of the world. In the
20th century alone there were
approximately 500,000,000 people who
died of this disease.
Environment: Animals
- Horse: Animal introduced by Europeans
that changed Indian way of life on the
Great Plains
Government: Empire
- Conquistadores: Spanish 'conqueror' or
soldier in the New World. They were
searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and
glory.
Environment: Foods
- Maize: An early form of corn grown by
Native Americans
- Cacao: Tropical tree whose seeds are used
to make chocolate and cocoa
- Okra: a flowering plant in the mallow
family. It is valued for its edible green
seed pods.
- Rice: crop upon which China's and Native
American agricultural economy was based
- Sugarcane: a grassy plant that is a natural
source of sugar
Cultural: African
- Creole: A language that results from the
mixing of a colonizer's language with the
indigenous language of the people being
dominated.
- Gumbo: a traditional Louisiana dish; a
hearty Creole soup made of seafood,
chicken, okra, and other vegetables
Economy: Exchanges
- Columbian Exchange: The exchange of
plants, animals, diseases, and technologies
between the Americas and the rest of the
world following Columbus's voyages.
- Transatlantic Slave Trade: Trading of
slaves from Africa to the Americas
- Engenhos: Portuguese term for sugar cane
mill and the associated facilities
- cash crop: a crop produced for its
commercial value rather than for use by
 the grower.
Society: Population
- African Diaspora: The separation of
Africans from their homeland through
centuries of forced removal to serve as
slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

4.4 Government: African States

- Asante Empire: Established in Gold Coast
among Akan people settled around
Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many
clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650.
- Kingdom of Kongo: Basin of the Congo
(Zaire) river, conglomeration of several
village alliances, participated actively in
trade networks, most centralized rule of
the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency:
cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until
undermined by Portuguese slave traders
Government: East Asian
- Ming Dynasty: Succeeded Mongol Yuan
dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until
1644; initially mounted huge trade
expeditions to southern Asia and
elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts
on internal development within China.
Government: Americas
- Aztec Empire: Central American empire
constructed by the Mexica and expanded
greatly during the fifteenth century during
the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.
- Inca Empire: Empire in Peru. conquered
by Pizarro, who began an empire for the
Spanish in 1535
- New Spain: After the defeat of the Aztecs,
it was a Spanish colony. Its capital was
Mexico City.
- Mexico City: Capital of New Spain; built
on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
- Francisco Pizarro: Spanish explorer who
conquered the Incas in what is now Peru
and founded the city of Lima (1475-
1541).
- Atahualpa: Last ruling Inca emperor of
Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.
- Treaty of Tordesillas: A 1494 agreement
between Portugal and Spain, declaring
that newly discovered lands to the west of
an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean
 would belong to Spain and newly
discovered lands to the east of the line
would belong to Portugal.
- Hispaniola: First island in Caribbean
settled by Spaniards; settlement founded
by Columbus on second voyage to New
World; Spanish base of operations for
further discoveries in New World.
Economy: Silver
- Silver: Due to the changes in the growing
Atlantic economy, by 1581 China was
requiring that all land taxes were to be
paid for with what form of currency?
Economy: Economic Systems
- Colonies: a group of people who leave
their native country to form in a new land
a settlement subject to, or connected with,
the parent nation.
Economy: Labor Systems
- Indentured Servitude: A worker bound by
a voluntary agreement to work for a
specified period of years often in return
for free passage to an overseas
destination. Before 1800 most were
Europeans; after 1800 most indentured
laborers were Asians.
- Chattel Slavery: Absolute legal ownership
of another person, including the right to
buy or sell that person.
- Encomienda: A grant of land made by
Spain to a settler in the Americas,
including the right to use Native
Americans as laborers on it
- Encomenderos: Spanish settlers who were
granted natives for labor and in return
looked after their welfare and instructed
them into the Christian faith.
- Coercive Labor Systems: Included
slavery, indentured servitude, serfdom,
and other coercive labor systems in the
Americas.
- Hacienda system: similar to the feudal
system, Natives got money and had to buy
their products from their owners
- Mita System: The system recruiting
workers for particularly difficult and
dangerous chores that free laborers would
not accept.
- Middle Passage: A voyage that brought
enslaved Africans across the Atlantic
 Ocean to North America and the West
Indies

4.5 Economy: Strategies

- Capital: money for investment
- Commercial Revolution: the expansion of
the trade and business that transformed
European economies during the 16th and
17th centuries.
- Price Revolution: period in European
history when inflation rose rapidly
- Joint Stock Companies: a company whose
stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.
- limited liability: A form of business
ownership in which the owners are liable
only up to the amount of their individual
investments.
- East India Company: An English
company formed in 1600 to develop trade
with the new British colonies in India and
southeastern Asia.
- Dutch East India Company: Government-
chartered joint-stock company that
controlled the spice trade in the East
Indies.
- Triangular Trade: A three way system of
trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent
slaves to America, America sent Raw
Materials to Europe, and Europe sent
Guns and Rum to Africa
- Monopoly: A market in which there are
many buyers but only one seller.
Culture: Blending
- Syncretism: a blending of beliefs and
practices from different religions into one
faith
- Polygyny: One male, several females.
- Creoles: Descendents of Spanish-born but
born in Latin America; resented inferior
social, political, economic status.
- Santeria: Cuban religion that combines
Catholic and West African beliefs
- Vodun: African religious ideas and
practices among descendants of African
slaves in Haiti.
- Candomble: African religious ideas and
practices in Brazil, particularly among the
Yoruba people.
- Virgin of Guadalupe: Apparition of the
Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of
 Mexican nationalism.
Government: Latin America
- Viceroys: representatives of the Spanish
monarch in Spain's colonial empire
- Audiencias: Courts appointed by the king
who reviewed the administration of
viceroys serving Spanish colonies in
America.
Society: Slave Trade
- Dahomey: West African kingdom that
became strong through its rulers'
exploitation of the slave trade.
- Oyo: yoruban city-state; had a king who
used nobles in provinces. secret society of
Ogboni checked the king's power

4.6 Environments: Location

- Ndongo: Central African kingdom that
ruled during the 1400s
- Matamba: A pre-colonial African state
located in what is now modern day
Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that
long resisted Portuguese colonization
attempts.
- Black Sea: This body of water is North of
present-day Turkey.
- Steppe: A large area of flat unforested
grassland in southeastern Europe or
Siberia.
- Maratha Empire: The Maratha or
Mahratta Confederacy was a South Asian
imperial power that existed from 1674 to
1818. An excellent example of yet another
rebellion against imperial power (the
Mughals) in this time period
Government: Leaders
- Ana Nzinga: 17th century Angolan queen
who fought off the Portuguese colonizers
by pretending to accept Christianity, but
actually was partnered with their enemies,
the Dutch, and also developed a powerful
trade nation instead of waging internal
war.
- Yemelyan Pugachev: Cossack who led an
unsuccessful peasant rebellion in the
1770s.
- James II: This was the Catholic king of
England after Charles II that granted
everyone religious freedom and even
 appointed Roman Catholics to positions in
the army and government
- William of Orange: Dutch prince invited
to be king of England after The Glorious
Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg
as a foe of Louis XIV.
- Mary II: (1689-1694) This daughter of
James II came to the throne and ruled
jointly with her husband and 1st cousin,
William of Orange, when James II was
deposed in the Glorious Revolution.
Society: Native American People
- Mohegan: a member of a group of Pequot
Indians that broke with the Pequot and
then fought against them in the Pequot
War
- Pequot: First Native-American group to
take a major stand against colonists
- Wampanoag: a member of the Algonquian
people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts
who greeted the Pilgrims
Society: Revolts
- Fronde: a french rebellion that was caused
by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal
revenue and expand state bureaucracy,
caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and
turn to absolutism
- Metacom's War: Native Americans battle
New England colonies; large percentage
of native americans died, making it one of
the bloodiest wars in US; severely
damaged the Native American presence in
the new world
- Pugachev Rebellion: Eugene Pugachev, a
Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-
demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army
service; landlords and officials murdered
all over southwestern Russia; eventually
captured and executed
- Pueblo Revolt: Native American revolt
against the Spanish in late 17th century;
expelled the Spanish for over 10 years;
Spain began to take an accommodating
approach to Natives after the revolt
- Gloucester County Rebellion: The
Gloucester County Conspiracy, also
known as the Servant's Plot or
Birkenhead's Rebellion, is one of the first
slave rebellions in America. This event set
the stage for many of the slave uprisings
 that followed in the decades to come.
- Glorious Revolution: A reference to the
political events of 1688-1689, when
James II abdicated his throne and was
replaced by his daughter Mary and her
husband, Prince William of Orange.